耶鲁大学心理学导论中英文字幕14

性很奇怪Sexisreallystrange.你问别人你最喜欢什么活动Youaskpeople,"What'syourfavoriteactivity?"如果你问人们andifyouaskpeople,特别是问大学生particularlycollegestudents,尤其是春季刚入学的新生particularlyjustfreshfromspringbreak我看过青春电影I'veseenteenmovies他们通常会回答性they'lloftenanswer,"Sex."或者是与性意义相同的字眼orsomewordthatissynonymouswithsex.但我们究竟会在性上花费多少时间Butthere'sakindofapuzzle这仍然是个谜题abouthowmuchtimewespendonsex.关于这方面是有数据的Anditturnsoutthereisdataonthis.人们说性是他们最喜欢的事情So,peoplesaysexistheirfavoriteactivity,但实际上我们知道butitturnsoutweactuallyknow美国人花在性上的平均时间howmuchtimetheaverageAmericanspendsonsex.我将要探讨的数据AndthedataI'mgoingtofollowfrom来自詹姆斯·克雷格的书中wassummarizedinthiswonderfulbookbyJamesGleick:美国人告诉调查者Americanstellpollsters他们唯一最喜欢的活动就是性theirsinglefavoriteactivityissex.在享受程度上Intermsofenjoyability,他们对性的评价甚至超过了运动theyranksexaheadofsports,垂钓泡吧拥抱和亲吻fishing,bar-hopping,huggingandkissing,与家人聊天吃饭看电视talkingwiththefamily,eating,watchingtelevision,旅行计划旅行园艺沐浴goingontrips,planningtrips,gardening,bathing,购物打扮家务洗碗洗衣shopping,dressing,housework,dishwashing,laundry,看牙医修理汽车visitingthedentist,andgettingthecarrepaired.另一方面Ontheotherhand,相同研究认为thesesamestudiessuggested人们每天花在性上的平均时间theaveragetimeperday大概为四分三秒devotedtosexisfourminutesandthreeseconds.这个时间并不多Thisisnotmuch,即使只是四分钟但其中包括了evenifthefourminutesexcludestime调情跳舞抛媚眼林荫大道散步spentflirting,dancing,ogling,cruisingtheboulevard,健身房美容院toningupingyms,toningupinbeautyparlors,预演搭讪淋浴rehearsingpickuplines,showering,考虑性阅读关于性相关内容thinkingaboutsex,readingaboutsex,色情涂鸦doodlingpornographically,看色情杂志lookingateroticmagazines,租录影带性幻想rentingvideos,dreamingofsex,看时尚杂志lookingatfashionmagazines,性行为后清理cleaningupaftersex,处理性行为的后果copingwiththeconsequencesofsex,建立塔楼或者失落buildingtowersorotherwiserepressing,转移升华transferring,andsublimating.我喜欢这一段话是因为它说明了两点AndIlikethispassagebecauseitillustratestwopoints,很重要的两点twoimportantpoints.一是我们实际上没有在性上花费很多时间Oneiswedon'tactuallyspendthatmuchtimesex.实际上四分三秒是Infact,thefourminutesandthreesecondsis很有趣的一个数字aninterestingnumberbecause因为当你去研究美国人平均花在whenyoudotimesstudiesonhowmuchAmericans填写美国国税局的税务表格的时间spendfillingouttax-relatedformsfortheIRS,它也是四分几秒it'sfourminutesandafewseconds.但是文章还指出Butthepassagealsopointsout尽管我们花费在性上的时间很少thatregardlessofthebrutetimewespendonit,性非常的重要itisextraordinarilyimportant.一生中的所有事物由性产生Everythinginlifefollows婚姻家庭子女fromitmarriage,family,children,很多侵略很多竞争muchofaggression,muchofcompetition,很多艺术音乐以及创意追求muchofartandmusicandcreativepursuits.很多事物都由此产生Muchofeverythingfollowsfromit.如果我们是没有性的生物Ifwewereacreaturewithoutsex,那所有事物都会变得不同everythingwouldbedifferent.有趣的是Andwhat'sinterestingis,确实存在没有性的生物therearecreatureswithoutsex.他们通过无性繁殖产生后代Therearecreaturesthatreproducebycloning.事实上这个关于人的基本事实Andinfact,thisbasicfactaboutpeoplethatwefall,我们被粗略划分为男性和女性roughly,intomalesandfemales是一个进化谜团isanevolutionarymystery.为什么动物It'snotclearwhyanimals大多都有两性的原因还不是很清楚thataresomewhatlargehavetwosexes.生物学家达尔文的观点认为FromabiologicalDarwinianperspective,有两性是很奇异的因为每次havingtwosexesisbizarrebecauseeachtime你有一个后代都会丢掉你的一半基因youhaveanoffspringyoutossawayhalfyourgenes.我子女只有他们每人都只有我一半的基因Mychildrenonlyhave--eachofthemhavehalfDNA.如果我是无性繁殖的IfIweretoclone,但他们就有我所有的基因了theywouldhaveallofit.所以关于性是如何进化的仍是一个迷Andso,it'sapuzzlehowsexeverevolved.这不是进化生物学课程Thisisnotacourseinevolutionarybiology,这也不是我们andthat'snotthepuzzle今天要考虑的谜团we'regoingtobelookingattoday.我们要思考一些问题We'regoingtolookatafewquestions.首先我们将从理论视角First,we'regoingtotalkfromfirstatheoreticalpointofview和经验视角来讨论andthenanempiricalpointofviewabout男性和女性的差别howmalesandfemalesaredifferent.然后我们将讨论性吸引Thenwe'regoingtotalkaboutsexualattractiveness,一些关于someresearchabout人们认为具有性吸引力的研究whatpeoplefindtobesexuallyattractive,最后我们会简单讲一下andthenwe'lltalkaverylittlebitattheend性取向的起源abouttheoriginsofsexualpreference:为什么有些人是异性恋whysomepeoplearestraight,有些人是同性恋有些是双性恋othersgay,othersbisexual,还有一些很难去分类andothershardertoclassify.我所讲的论题中Now,ofallthetopicsI'mpresenting,性可能是sexisoneofthesortofdiceyonesfrom情绪观点的一种anemotionalpointofview.这些问题很复杂是因为性Thesearedifficultissuesbecausesexis,从定义上来说是我们生活的一个亲密部分bydefinition,anintimatepartofourlives,它与很多事物有关anditmattersalot.而且性还充斥着道德问题Moreover,sexisfraughtwithmoralimplications.既然我是从AndsinceI'mtalkingaboutthisfrom,至少是起源开始讲atleastatthebeginning,从达尔文进化论角度来谈论性的fromaDarwinianevolutionaryperspective,我必须开始处理I'mobligedtostartoffbydealingwith一些道德后果和道德含义someofthemoralconsequencesandmoralimplications.比如说很多生物学家所有生物学家So,forinstance,manybiologistsallbiologists都对性行为有争议Iwouldsaywillhavearguedthatsexualbehavior,性行为性欲在某种程度上sexualaction,sexualdesireis,tosomeextent,是一种生物适应来传播我们的基因abiologicaladaptationexistingtospreadourgenes.从这个角度出发Fromthatperspectivethen,无生殖的性包括同性性行为non-procreativesexincludinggaysex,节育的性行为sexwithbirthcontrol,更年期后女性的性行为sexbypost-menopausalwomendoesnot没有为生殖的目标服务servethisreproductivegoaland,也许在某种意义上是反常的insomesenseperhaps,isunnatural.可能有人会争辩道Andonemightarguethen,这意味着它就是错的吗"Doesthismeanit'swrong?"我们也会讨论性别差异We'llalsobetalkingaboutsexdifferences,男性和女性之间的差异differencesbetweenmenandwomen,比如说forinstance,多大程度上想要匿名性接触inhowmuchyouwantanonymoussexualencounters,男性和女性在社交智力differencesbetweenmenandwomeninsocialintelligence,在攻击性和同情心上的差别inaggressionandempathy.不管你是怎么思考这些差异的Andregardlessofwhatyouthinkaboutthesedifferences,你认为它们是正确与否都没关系whetheryouthinkthey'rerightorwrongoritdoesn'tmatter,你会问这样一个问题you'llaskthequestion,在多大程度上它们是可变的"Towhatextentaretheymutable?"就是说如果它们通过达尔文的自然选择Thatis,iftheyexist保存下来throughDarwiniannaturalselection,在多大程度上我们可以摆脱它们towhatextentcanweevergetridofthem?我想说两个问题AndIwanttoaddressthosetwoissues,道德性和必然性theissuesofmoralityandinevitability,在开始的时候fromtheverystart.它们每个都有一位AndIwanttostartoffwith--杰出进化论学者对其评论foreachofthemhaveaquote我想以此开始byaprominentevolutionaryscholar.第一个是由史蒂文·平克写在So,thefirstoneisbyStevePinkerin其著作心智探奇中HowtheMindWorks.他写道Andhewrites,自然并不指示我们应该接受什么Naturedoesnotdictatewhatweshouldaccept或者我们应该如何过我们的生活orhowweshouldliveourlives.在我适合生育的时候Wellintomyprocreatingyears,我自愿不要孩子Iamsofarvoluntarilychildless,把我的生物资源浪费在阅读写作 havingsquanderedmybiologicalresourcesreadingwriting,做研究帮助朋友和学生doingresearch,helpingfriendsandstudents,还有绕圈慢跑上andjoggingincircles--忽略了传播我的基因的严肃需求ignoringthesolemnimperativetospreadmygenes.根据进化论者的标准ByDarwinianstandards,我是一个可怕的错误Iamahorriblemistake,一个可怜的失败者但我很开心于这种方式apatheticloser,butIamhappytobethatway,如果我的基因不喜欢这样andifmygenesdon'tlikeit他们可以去跳湖theycangojumpinthelake.我认为平克的观点是合理的Pinker'spoint,Ithink,isareasonableone.确实我们做的有些事情Itistruethatcertainthings是为了服务于自然选择的指令wedoexisttoservethedictatesofnaturalselection,但那就意味着它们是对的吗butthatdoesn'tmakethemright?如果你考虑事情只考虑其正确性Ifyouthinkthatsomethingisonlyright如果这会导致更多基因的产生ifitleadstothegenerationofmoregenes,如果这会导致生育繁殖ifitleadstoreproduction,那么你就不会考虑很多关于节育的事情thenyou'renotgoingtothinkverymuchaboutcontrol.你不会去考虑各种You'renotgoingtothinkverymuchabout无生殖力的性行为anysortofnon-procreativesex.另一方面如果你Ontheotherhand,ifyou're--Moreover,如果你认为非自然的事物是错误的ifyouthinksomething'swrongifit'sunnatural,你不会去考虑坐飞机you'renotgoingtothinkmuchaboutflyinginaplane或者冷藏食物orrefrigeratingfood或者幸免于一场严重的传染病orsurvivingasevereinfection.一般来说Moregenerally,我们的身体和大脑为成功生殖而进化ourbodiesandbrainshaveevolvedforreproductivesuccess,但我们可以利用大脑去选择自己的命运 butwecanusethesebrainstochooseourdestinies.道德并不一定由生物事实所产生Nothingmoralnecessarilyfollowsfromthefactsofbiology.这是我想讲的关于道德性的内容That'sallI'mgoingtosayaboutmorality.但是我要你们记住ButIwantyoutokeepitinmind当我们讨论什么进化了whenwediscussdifferentclaimsabout什么没有的不同观点时what'sevolvedandwhathasn't.那其必然性又如何呢Whataboutinevitability?我们来看理查德·道金斯的观点HereIwanttoturntoRichardDawkins.理查德·道金斯写道RichardDawkinswrites,如果一名儿童的数学被教得不怎么样Ifachildhashadbadteachinginmathematics,他可以通过来年良好的课余教学itisacceptedthataresultingdeficiencycanberemedied获得补救byextra-goodteachinginthefollowingyear.但是任何关于儿童缺陷Butanysuggestionthatthechild'sdeficiency可能是遗传而来的推论mighthaveageneticorigin都得到了几近令人绝望的认同islikelytobegreetedwithsomethingapproachingdespair.如果这是基因的结果Ifit'sinthegenes,那么这已经决定了的不可改变itisdeterminedandnothingcanbedoneaboutit.和占星术差不多一样是有害而没意义Thisisperniciousnonsenseonanalmostastrologicalscale.基因原因和环境原因Geneticcausesandenvironmentalcauses原则上两者没有差别areinprinciplenodifferentfromeachother.有些可能很难彻底改变Somemaybehardertoreverse,有些会很容易othersmaybeeasy.基因做了什么才使它们有灾难性Whatdidgenesdotodeservetheirsinister,强大破坏力的声誉juggernaut-likereputation?为什么基因被认为Whyaregenesthoughttobesomuchmorefixed其效果比电视修女或是书andinescapableintheireffectsthantelevision,更固定更不可避免nunsorbooks.我喜欢修女Ilikethenuns.这里要说的是Andthepointhereis某物产生的原因与能推翻它的原因whatcausessomethingislogicallyseparatefrom在逻辑上是分离的whatcanreverseit.你可以想出具体的例子Andyoucanthinkofclearcases某些事物是显而易见是基因所为wheresomethingisplainlygenetic但很容易改变butisfairlyeasilyreversed某些事物是文化的andwheresomethingiscultural却很难去改变andisverydifficulttoreverse.这里有个例子Here'sanexample.我的视力非常差Myeyesightisquitepoor.我视力差的原因是Thereasonwhymyeyesightisquitepoor不是因为家长电视文化isnotduetothepatriarchy,television,culture或者智勇神探[电影]or"Theman."相反我的视力差是Rather,myeyesightisquitepoordueto我爸妈糟糕的基因给我的thecrappygenesMomandDadgaveme.这是由基因决定的Itisgeneticallydeterminedifanythingis.它又相当容易修正Itisalsofairlyeasytofix.有这样的机器Therearethesemachines把带框的玻璃放在你眼睛前面wheretheyputpanesofglassinfrontofyoureyes帮助你看的更清楚andhelpyoutoseebetter.更先进的机器被称为隐形眼镜Moreadvancedmachinesknownascontactlenses直接粘在你的眼球上actuallystickthethingintoyoureyes,以偶然感染为代价andatthecostofoccasionalinfections你可以看的更清楚youcometoseebetter.这虽是生理问题却很容易修正It'sbiologicallycausedbutfairlyeasytofix.另一方面Ontheotherhand,以社会对待肥胖的态度为例takeanexampleofsociety'streatmentoftheobese.当我们讨论性吸引时Itturnsoutwhenweandwe'llgettothisalittlebit会讲到这方面whenwetalkaboutsexualattractiveness人有多瘦或者多胖howthinsomebodyisorhowfattheyare;人们对它的想法实际上并不固定whatyouthinkofthatisactuallynotparticularlyhard-wired.随着文化差异而不同Itvariesalotfromculturetoculture.但是一旦到了某个文化中Butonceit'sinaculture,几乎不可动摇itisalmostimpossibletoshake.这里要点是So,thepoint,遗传的并不意味着必然的thereisjustthatgeneticdoesnotmeaninevitable,文化的并不意味着容易去改变andculturaldoesnotmeaneasytofix.这是基本背景Okay.That'sgeneralbackground.我们从基础性教育开始Let'sstartwithbasicSexEd.雄性与雌性之间的差别是什么What'sthedifferencebetweenmalesandfemales?不要只想到阴茎和阴道Well,don'teventhinkpenisandvagina.有很多动物Therearealotofanimals两者都没有thathaveneitherone.实际上差别可以更深入Andthedifferenceactuallyrunsdeeper.根据定义当生物学家讨论这Bydefinition,whenbiologiststalkaboutthis,雄性动物携带有很小的生殖细胞animalsthataremaleshavealittlesexcell,除了精细胞外没有其他的东西了whichcarriesgenesandnothingelsespermcells.雌性动物有很大的生殖细胞Animalsthatarefemaleshaveabigsexcell,除了有基因还有食物保护罩whichhasgenesbutalsofoodandaprotectivecover以及各种其他东西andallsortsofotherstuff.典型的小的生殖细胞比Typically,thelittlesexcellismuchlittler大生殖细胞要小很多thanthebigsexcell.这是今天给你们展示的唯一一张色情图片ThisistheonlyeroticpictureI'mgoingtoshowyoutoday.这是一群小精子在卵子四周环绕It'sabunchoftheselittlespermcirclingaroundtheegg.很浪漫It'sromantic.但这产生了一个谜团Butthisraisesapuzzle.我只是从大小差异来Ijustdescribedmaleandfemaleroughly大致描述雌雄intermsofasizedifference.雄性有较小的生殖细胞Malesarethesmallerofthesexcells;雌性的较大femalesarethebigger.那么为什么很多雄性动物Whyisitthenthatforsomanyanimalsmales体型上更大arethebiggerones,physically,攻击性也更强andthemoreaggressiveones.这成为一个谜团Thishasbeenapuzzle科学家们花了很长很长的时间在上面thathasoccupiedscientistsforalong,longtime.现在对其有一个很明确的解释Andwe'repretty--thereisnowaprettyclearanswertoit.回答是这样的Andtheanswergoeslikethis.它是基于罗伯特·特里弗斯的观点ItisbasedonanideabyRobertTrivers称作亲本投资called"Parentalinvestment."什么是亲本投资Andwhatparentalinvestmentis,这里定义为it'sdefinedhereas,任何提高后代anyinvestmentthat'sgoingto存活率的投资increasetheoffspring'schanceofsurvival通过耗费父母的精力atthecostoftheparent'sabilityto投资其他后代investinotheroffspring.比如假设一个动物可以So,forexample,supposeananimal通过眨眼睛创造一个后代createanoffspringbyblinkinganeye然后这个后代就跑掉了andthentheoffspringwouldrunoff?这只需极少的投资Thatwouldbeextremelylittleinvestment.假设另一个动物必须工作十年Supposeanotheranimalhadtoworkfortenyears,在这十年中不能创造另外的后代andduringthosetenyearscouldnotcreateanotheroffspring.这将是一个巨大的投资Thatwouldbeahugeinvestment.特里弗斯指出在一个物种内Triverspointsoutthatwithinaspecies,雌性会比雄性有更高的亲本投资femalestypicallyhaveamuchhigherparentalinvestmentthanmales.因为雌性有这些大的生殖细胞Becausefemaleshavethesebigsexcells,在内部孵化它们theytypicallyincubatetheminternally.她们携带它们Theycarrythem.如果是蛋她们必须坐在上面Ifthey'reeggs,theymighthavetositonthem.因此每个潜在的子女都要付出巨大的代价Andhence,eachpotentialchildisahugecost.雄性的生殖细胞小Formales,whichhavethesmallsexcell,不会有相同的事情发生youdon'thavethesamething.对于雄性可能只是Formales,itmightjustbe交配片刻的事情afewmomentsofcopulationandthat'sit.试问你们自己对人类来说Ifyoucouldaskyourself,forhumans,教室里的每一个人eachoneofyouintheroom,"Whatistheminimumeffortyoucando你可以作出的最小努力是什么tocreateachildthathashalfyourgenes?"很明显通常雄性投资Andit'sapparentthatthemaleinvestment,onaverage,比雌性投资要小islowerthanthefemaleinvestment.雄性可以选择Malescanchoose,或者通过对其后代投入很多ormightdobetteroffinsomecircumstances使情况更好byputtingalotofinvestmentintotheiroffspring,但雌性没有选择butfemalesdon'thaveachoice.雌性排开技术进步Females,barringtechnologicaladvance,对后代有巨大的帮助haveahugeinvestmentintoanyoffspring;不是努力付出意义上的投资notinvestmentinthesenseofhardworkandeffort,尽管这是其中一部分thoughthere'sthattoo.这种意义上的投资是指当你Investmentinthesensethatwhenyou're--当你怀有一个后代时whenyou'repregnantwithoneoffspring,你不能再有其他的youcan'thaveanother.这使得Whatthisdoesisithasramifications保证后代质量变的很重要thatpercolateupwards.所以它导致了不同的心理状态So,itleadstodifferentpsychologies.雄性单一雄性可以使数个雌性受精Males--andasinglemalecouldfertilizeseveralfemales,这迫使一些雄性伴侣减少forcingsomemalestogomate-less并引起雄性之间看andgivingrisetocompetitiontosee谁可以与最多的雌性交配的竞争whocanmatewiththemostfemales.对于雌性不管怎样总能找到雄性Forfemales,however,femalescanalwaysfindmates.所以单纯的数量并不重要So,sheernumbersdon'tcount.但雌性竞争的是与恰当的雄性交配Butthere'scompetitiontomatewiththerightmales,那样的后代存活率高thosewhoseoffspringhavethebestchanceofsurviving.这些竞争解释了我们之前的谜团Thecompetitionnowexplainsthepuzzlewestartedwith.解释了为什么雄性体型都比较大Itexplainswhymalesaretypicallylarger,为什么通常雄性会进化出特殊的武器andoftenwhymaleshaveevolvedspecialweapons.这些特殊武器是为了与其他雄性Thesespecialweaponsevolvedforfightingothermales竞争生殖权利而进化的forreproductiveaccess.这同时解释了其他事情Italsoexplainssomethingelse.生物学上来讲雌性是挑剔的Females,biologically,arechoosy.所以雄性不仅要与其他雄性竞争Andsomaleshavetocompetenotmerelywithothermales生殖权利还要竞争向雌性求爱togetreproductiveaccessbutalsotowoofemales.所以通常雄性会进化出Andsooften,maleshaveevolved类似这样的特殊展示specialdisplayslikethis,只是为了漂亮而存在whichexistonlytobebeautiful,只是为了变得有吸引力来吸引雌性onlytobeattractiveandtoattractmates.这冷酷的进化论逻辑Thiscoldevolutionarylogic可以在这个卡通中体现出来wascapturedinthiscartoon,实际上它总结了一百种whichreallydoessumupahundred有关配偶选择的研究ofmate-selectionresearch.逻辑是这样的Thelogicgoeslikethisthen:生殖细胞大小的差异导致differenceinthesizeofsexcellsleadsto典型的亲本投资的差异differencesintypicalparentalinvestment,导致各种心理的leadingtodifferencesinthesortsofpsychological和生理机能的进化差异andphysiologicalmechanismsthatevolved.这是一个很好的故事Okay,that'sagoodstory.有什么证据支持呢Whatsortofevidenceisthereforit?它可以解释Well,itturnsoutthiscouldexplain其他一些奇怪的事情someotherwisesurprisingthings.比如有这样Forinstance,thereshouldbe--有这样的例子亲本投资转换了therearesomecaseswheretheparentalinvestmentisswitched,这些研究结果发现somecaseswhereitturnsout--雄性最终比雌性wherethemalesendupwithmoreinvestment付出更多thanthefemales.此理论预测Andit--andthetheorypredicts在这些案例中会获得结果是不对称的thatinthesecasesyoushouldgetanasymmetry.比如尖嘴鱼So,incaseslikepipefish,forinstance,雄性将受精卵放进育儿袋themaletakestheeggsintoapouch再把它们塞进自己的血管中andplugsthemintohisbloodstream.而雌性跑了Thefemalesshootoff.她们比雄性付出少Theyhavelessofaninvestmentthanthemales.在这种情况下你能预测也是真实的Inthiscase,youwouldpredict,asistrue,雌性应该更大thefemalesshouldbelarger,雌性之间的斗争比雄性更多thefemalesfightotherfemalesmorethanmalesfightmales,雌性努力为吸引雄性而竞争andthefemalestrytocompetefortheattentionofthemales.回忆电影帝企鹅日记Recallthemovie"MarchofthePenguins."里面有个片段Wesawaclipfromit,其内容是讨论andthiswasinthecontextofdiscussing后代的情绪进化theemotionsthathaveevolvedtowardouroffspring.回忆故事中的雄性和雌性是如何Butrememberthestoryandhowboththemale经历漫长的历程andthefemalehavetogototremendouslengths去保护企鹅蛋toprotecttheegg.如果其中一个失败了Andifoneofthemfails,蛋死掉了它们俩个都见将失去孩子theeggdiesandneitheronehasit.你甚至不用去回忆Youshouldthennotevenhavetoremember雄性企鹅是不是比雌性企鹅大很多 whethermalepenguinsaremuchbiggerthanpenguins.你应该注意到它们不是这样的Youshouldrealizetheyshouldnotbe,事实上也不是andinfacttheyaren't.它们大小相同They'reaboutthesamesize因为它们的亲本投资是相等的becausetheparentalinvestmentisequal.你应该能根据不同亲本投资Youshouldbeabletopredictthesizedifferences来预测体型差异andaggressiondifferencesbasedon和攻击性差异differingparentalinvestment.比如海象有四倍大Soforinstance,elephantsealsarefourtimes--雄性海象是巨大的themalesareenormous.他们有雌性海象四倍大They'refourtimesbiggerthanthefemales.这很大程度上Andthisisinlargepart是因为海象要为拥有妻妾竞争becauseelephantsealscompeteforharemsoffemales.这是赢者通吃It'sa"Winnertakeall."长臂猿有相同的体型Gibbonsareaboutthesamesize.这因为长臂猿实行一夫一妻制Andthisisbecausegibbonsareprettymonogamous;它们共同抚养后代theyraisechildrentogether.这阐明了一些事Thisillustratessomething,就是并不是whichis,it'snotalwaysthecase雄性亲本投资在所有情况中都是少的thatmaleparentalinvestmentislow.有一些物种包括长臂猿Therearesomespecies,includinggibbons,雄性的生殖优势whereit'sinthemale'sreproductiveadvantage有利于照顾后代tocarefortheoffspring.比如想象这样一个情景Imagineasituation,forinstance,如果父母双方很多年不看管后代的话whereanoffspringwoulddieifbothparents它会死去didn'twatchitformanyyears而抚养后代的努力andwheretheeffortdevotedto必须是的专注thatoffspringhadtobeexclusive.如果你关注其他家庭或是离开了Ifyoufocusedonanotherfamilyorwentaway,后代就会死去theoffspringwoulddie.在这种情况下需要有等量的投资Inthatcase,you'dhaveequalinvestment.雄性和雌性对后代的Itwouldmatterequallytothemale付出都同等重要andthefemaletoinvestintheiroffspring,所付出的代价也是相同的andthecostwouldbethesame.没有物种很难找到There'snospecies--it'shardtoseespecies具有非常相等的系统thathavethatmuchofanequalsystem,但一些灵长类比较接近butsomeprimatesareclosetoit.这就有了下面的问题Andthisraisesthequestionthen,那人类呢我们是怎样的"Whatabouthumans?"Whataboutus?有关男女差异Whatdoweknowabout我们知道什么thedifferencesbetweenmalesandfemales?人类是一个相对一夫一妻制的物种Well,humansarearelativelypolygamousspecies.大多数人类文化都是一夫一妻制Mostcultures--mosthumanculturesarepolygamous.美国文化被称作是系列婚姻Americancultureiswhattheycall"Serialmonogamy."所以我们不像一些鸟类So,we'renotlikesomespeciesofbirds.我们不是为了生活而交配Wedon'tmateforlife.我们花时间建立一系列伴侣关系Wedoaseriesofpeer-bondingsforsomeperiodoftime.可能是为了生活Itcouldbeforlife,但事实上也许不是通常不是butindeedmaynotbeandusuallyisn't.男性比女性体型大Malesarebiggerthanfemales.人类男性的体型变化较大Humanmales--thesizeestimatesvarysomuch,但平均男性体型要比女性buttheaveragehumanmaleisaboutfifteenpercentlarger大百分之十五左右thantheaveragehumanfemale.这说明有Thissuggeststhatthere'ssome--there's在我们的进化史中inourevolutionaryhistory,一些男性为取悦女性而竞争somemale-malecompetitionforaccesstofemales,反过来说明whichsuggests,inturn,亲本投资不对等thattheparentalinvestmentisnotquiteequal.男性睾丸相对其身体比例Maleshavesmallertesticles要比黑猩猩小fortheirbodysizethanchimpanzees,但是比大猩猩和长臂猿大butlargertesticlesthangorillasandgibbons.这说明存在精子产生能力Andthissuggeststhattherewassomeintermediate的中间级竞争amountofcompetitionforthecapacitytocreatesperm.这与其他一些竞争相关Andthisisrelevantforadifferentsortofcompetition,比如女性受精whichregardstheimpregnationoffemales要多个伴侣thathavemultiplemates.这说明在人类进化史上Andthissuggeststhatoverevolutionaryhistorywomen女性并非放荡滥交werenotwantonlypromiscuous,但也不是完全一夫一妻制butwerenotentirelymonogamouseither;这里我们用somuchsothatitpaidfrom进化论的观点去看anevolutionarypointofviewtoevolve--男性进化出malestoevolvethecapacityto比其他男性产生更多精子的能力producemorespermthanothermales.攻击性男人是坏人Aggression.Malesaremeaner.我是说在这里我总结一下ImeanI'msummarizinghere.坏人并不是个术语Meanerisnotatechnicalterm.是的女性也可以是坏人Yes,femalescanbemeaner,但至少男性在肢体上更暴力butmalesareatleastmorephysicallyviolent.他们在子宫内就更加的暴力They'remoreviolentinthewomb,inutero;在儿童时期更加暴力they'remoreviolentaschildren,作为成年人也更加的暴力andthey'remoreviolentasadults.再次说明这不是说Again,thisisnottosay你找不到暴力的女性或是不暴力的男性thatyoucan'tfindviolentwomenornon-violentmen.这只是种平均差异It'sjustonaveragethereisthisdifference.他们踢得更多男性在子宫中踢得更多Theykickmore;maleskickmoreintheuterus.儿童时期他们更多的参与打斗Aschildrenthey'remoreinvolvedinplayfighting和激烈的对抗式运动andviolentcombat-likesports.成年后不管你去哪里都会见到监狱Andasadults,whereveryougoyouwillfindaprison.不管你去哪个监狱Andwhereveryougoyouwillfind里面几乎都是男性thatprisonismostlyfullofmen.他们更可能Theyarefarmorelikely杀人或是伤人tokilloneanotherandtoharmoneanother.雄性激素如睾酮Malesexhormones,liketestosterone,没人想要注射那东西到身体里arenotthesortofthingonewouldwanttoinjectinsomebody除非你想用它变坏unlessyouwantthemtoturnkindofmean.它们会增强人的攻击性Theyincreaseaggressiveness,在人类及其他灵长类动物中都会bothinhumansandinotherprimates.那关于性选择呢Whataboutsexualchoosiness?男性和女性在赞同匿名性行为的Domalehumansandfemalehumansdifferin比例上是否有差异theextenttowhichtheywillfavoranonymoussex?这与进化论的观点有联系Andthisisrelevantfromanevolutionaryperspective,因为亲本投资理论预测男性becausetheparentalinvestmenttheorypredicts应该更能接受匿名性行为shouldbemorereceptivetoanonymoussex.因为对男性而言Becauseformales,让某人受精可能偶尔会导致toimpregnatesomebodyelsemightfortuitouslylead产生另一个后代toanotheroffspring;这对男性也许是好事itmightbegoodforyou并不需要承受女性所受的那样伤害anddoesn'tcarrythesortofharmthatfemales,另一方面女性会很挑剔ontheotherhand,havetobeverypicky.因为她们必须谨慎选择Becausetheyhavetochoosecarefully.记住这些系统进化是在节育Remember,thesesystemsevolvedbeforebirthcontrol输精管切除等出现之前andvasectomiesandsoon.在跨文化的和心理上我们知道什么呢So, what do we know cross-culturally psychologically?卖淫是一个普遍现象Well,prostitutionisauniversally,或者普遍更接近男性爱好ornearuniversally,maleinterest.当然也有男性卖淫者Therearemaleprostitutes,ofcourse,但与各种幻想和情景剧相反butcontrarytosomevariousfantasiesandsitcoms,以迎合男性顾客theycatertomalecustomers.色情文学也具有普遍性Pornographyisahumanuniversal.在每个社会中Ineverysociety,男性以各种形式描写裸体女子maleshavedonesomesortofdepictionsofnakedfemales来使之兴奋forthepurposesofarousal.他们经常将其刻在树上或做成雕塑Oftentheycarvethemintotreesordosortofsculptures.在过去十年左右最古怪的发现是Oneoftheweirdestfindingsinthelastdecade这中现象也延伸到猴子色情中orsoisthatthisextendsaswelltomonkeyporn.因此杜克大学一些科学家建立了一个情境Andso,somescientistsatDukesetupasituation猴子可以用水果汁付款wheremonkeyscouldpayinfruitjuice,通过放弃水果汁bygivingupfruitjuice,可以观看一幅图或者是雌性猴子的后半部tolookapictureeitherofthefemale'shindquarters或是一只有名望的猴子orofacelebritymonkey,一只社交上占统治地位的猴子asociallydominantmonkey,就像人物和阁楼的组合somesortofcombinationofPeopleMagazineandPenthouse.非人类的灵长类动物对此也有兴趣Andso,there'ssomeinterestinthisevenbynon-humanprimates.实际上对性种类的偏好是什么呢Whataboutactuallypreferenceforsexualvariety?你可以通过不同的方式来获得Well,youcangetatthisindifferentways.生物学家描述为库立奇效应Thereiswhatbiologistsdescribeasthe"CoolidgeEffect."我这里有Ihavethishere.库立奇效应AndtheCoolidgeEffectis是基于美国总统卡尔文·柯立芝basedonPresidentCalvinCoolidge.有个关于卡尔文·柯立芝和他妻子的故事Andit'sastoryaboutCalvinCoolidgeandhiswife,他们被分别地带领参观一个农场whowerebeingshownaroundafarmseparately.带领他妻子参观的人指出Andthepersonshowingaroundhiswifepointedout农场有很多的母鸡thattherewerealotofhens;她发现有很多母鸡但只有一只公鸡shenoticedthattherewerealotofhensbutonlyonerooster.然后她问带领她参观的人Andsheaskedtheguyshowingheraround,一只公鸡足够了吗"Isoneroosterenough?"然后那人说道Andtheguyssaid,你知道公鸡很努力的工作"Well,youknow,theroosterworksveryhard.这只公鸡每天要进行很多交配Theroosterhassexdozensoftimesaday."然后她说一定要告诉总统Andshesaid,"Well,besuretotellthattothepresident."故事继续进行总统去参观了Thestorygoes,thepresidentwentaround,那人把这个事情告诉了总统theguytellsthestorytothepresident.总统就问那人Thepresidentaskstheman,每天都要进行很多次交配"Huh.Hassexdozensoftimeseachday.每一次都是同一只母鸡吗Sameheneverytime?"那人说道不每一次都是不同的母鸡Theguysays,"No,differentheneverytime."然后他说道把这告诉总统夫人"Andhesays,"TellthattoMrs.Coolidge."现在对于这个故事有两个反应Now,therearetworesponsestothissortofstory,都是消极的andthey'rebothkindofnegative.一个是Onethingis,每个人都知道男性"Well,everybodyknowsmales喜欢和陌生女人进行匿名性行为preferanonymoussexwithstrangewomen.Duh."另一个反应是这是性别歧视的噱头Theotherresponseis,"That'ssexistclaptrap."你也许会想你也许是一名男性然后说Youmightthink--youmightbeamaleandsay,这不是我"That'snotme."你也许了解男性然后说Youmightknowmalesandsay,我认识的男性不是这样的"ThemalesIknowarenotlikethat."那么你是怎么知道的呢So,howdoyoufindout?有间接的了解方式Well,thereareindirectmeasures,比如谁去找妓女了suchwhogoestoprostitutes.但也有相当直接的方式Buttherearealsofairlydirectmeasures.一个很直接的方式是Onefairlydirectmeasureis你可以用匿名调查来问人们youcouldaskpeopleinanonymoussurveys.事实上我会给你们做一些匿名调查So,infact,I'llgiveyousomeanonymoussurveys.我不会去问人们你们可以去I'mnotgoingtoaskpeople.Andyoujustaskthem.比如我想让所有人考虑这个问题So,forinstance,Iwanteverybodytoconsiderthisquestion.下个月你想要有多少个性伴侣Howmanysexualpartnersdoyouwanttohaveinthenextmonth?比如说快四月份了Whatisit--we'recominguptoApril.四月份你想要有多少个性伴侣HowmanysexualpartnersdoyouwantinApril?接下来的两年呢你们中很多人毕业了Nexttwoyears?Takemanyofyouthroughgraduation.当你离开耶鲁的时候你想要WhenyouleaveYale,whatdoyouwant--like,我有X个性伴侣"IhadXsexualpartners,这就是我想要的andthat'swhatIwanted."或者你的一生Oryourlifetime?我们让人们来回答这些问题Wegetpeopletoanswerthesequestions.去年春教授在这门课上使用了迎宾ProfessorChunlastyearinthiscoursehadclickers,他叫人们这么做我们没那么高科技andhegotpeopletodoit.Wearenotsohightech,所以我们只是在我们头脑中进行sowe'lljustdoitinourheads.但这是回答的方式Buthereisthewaytheanswerscomeout.女性说下个月少于一个Womensaylessthanoneinthenextmonth.这并不是说她们想要少于一个性伴侣Thatdoesn'tmeantheywantlessthanone;意思是她们很多回答是零thatmeansmanyofthem--manyofthemsayzero,有些说一个等等somesayoneandsoon.一个四到五个One--fourtofive.男性两个八个十八个Men--two,eight,eighteen.你可