2022年黑龙江省七台河市大学英语6级大学英语六级模拟考试(含答案)

2022年黑龙江省七台河市大学英语6级大学英语六级模拟考试(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Themostcommonfaultamongpoorreadersistilehabitualmakingoftoomany______.

2.

AccordingtotheUNestimates,mostcountriesintheworldwillexperiencenegativepopulationgrowthin2040.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Consumersareencouragedtobuylow-fatmilkratherthan____________________.

4.

______haddominatedsocietyfor10,000yearsbutdeclinedrapidlyinthe20thcentury.

5.

DavidJablonskiandhiscolleaguesdividedtheEarth'ssurfaceintotwo:______andthe"extratropics".

6.

Thepassageismainlyabout______oncuttingdownonit.

7.

Usingwhatyouknowinotherfieldsoffersyouthechancenotonlytotesttheknowledgebutalsotodevelop______.

8.

Theprimarypurposeofthisarticleistoinstructthereaderto______.

9.

OneoftheadvantagesofrecordingCDoneselfisthatonehastotalcontrolofhisownmusic.

A.YB.NC.NG

10.

Whatisthefirstthingtodotoplanforanearlyretirement?

A.Tomaintainagoodfigure.

B.Toearnasmuchmoneyasyoucannow.

C.Toworkoutadetailedplanofworldtravelling.

D.Toknowexactlytheamountofyourwealth.

11.

PaulSalopekandhisChadianassistantswerearrestedonAugust6aftercrossingtheborderbecausetheydidn'thaveavisa.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Canadahadtototallybanfishingineastcoastwatersintheyearof______.

A.1975B.1980C.1990D.1992

13.

Beforesheswitchedfields,Freeland'sformerresearchdirectionwas______.

14.TheLawofSupplyandDemand

Iftradeistotakeplace,atleasttwoeconomicunitsmustbeinvolved(business,households,tradesmen,etc.):Onemusthavesomethingtosellandtheothermustdesiretheproductoftheseller.Thesetwoeconomicunitsmeetorcommunicatethroughwhatiscalleda"market".Marketscanbephysicalplacessuchasthefarmers'marketinlargecities,thecommoditymarketsinChicago,orthestockexchangesofNewYorkCity.Theycanalsobenothingmorethana"happening"wherebuyerandsellernevermeetbutmaycommunicatehalfwayaroundtheworldbytelephone,radio,etc.Wewillviewamarketasbeingsomecombinationofbuyers(demanders)andsellers(suppliers),whichdealswithadefinablecommodity.Notice,wehavealreadysplittheconceptofmarketintotwosubgroups--demandersandsuppliers.Toseehowmarketsoperate,wewillfirstdeveloptiledemandandsupplyideasseparately;thenwewillcombinethem.

PriceoftheDemandedGoods

Everyoneofyouisfamiliarwiththeconceptofdemand,althoughyoumaynotbeawareofthefact.Toanalyzedemand,wemerelylookatallthethingsthataffectpeople'sdesiresforgoodsandservices.Whataresomeofthesethings?Ifwetalkingabouteconomicgoodsitisimpliedthattogetapieceofgoods,somethingelse(suchasmoneyorsomeothergoods)mustbegivenup.Theamountthatmustbegivenupperunitofthedesiredgoodsisthepriceofthedesiredgoods--$8.00perbookorIshirtperbook.Thusitcanbesaidthatthequantitydemandedofsomegoodsdependspartlyonthepriceofthatgoods.

PricesofSubstituteandComplementaryGoods

Manygoodsareconsumedorusedeitherinsteadoforalongwithsomeothergoods.Inotherwords,theremaybesubstitutesfororcomplementstosomegod&.Examplesofsubstitutesincludebutterandmargarine(人造黄油).automobiletransportationandairlinetransportation,universitytrainingandtechnicalschooltraining.Notice,asubstitutedocsnothavetobethesamegoods,andinfact,substituteimpliesthatitmaynithavetobethesamegoods.Nickelsanddimes,intheproperportions,areperfectsubstitutesinmostcases,buttheyareveryimperfectifonehasonlynickels,thecoffcemachinetakesonlydimes,andnobody'saroundtomakechange.Complementsarefoundinsuchitemsastiresandautomobile,sailsandsailboats,etc.Asyoumayhaveguessed,thepricesoftheserelatedgoodswillundoubtedlyaffectthequantitydemandedofthedesiredgoodsinquestion.MuchasIdislikemargarine(andIcantellthedifference),ifthepriceofbuttergoesmuchhigher(relativetomargarine),Icanassureyou,margarinewillbemuchmoreacceptabletome.Notice,asthepriceofagivengoodsbecomeshigherinrelationtoitssubstitute(orthepriceofsubstitutebecomeslower),thequantitydemandedofthegivengoodswilldecrease.Theconverseistrueforcomplementarygoods.Ifthepriceofautomobilesincreasessubstantiallymydemandforautomobiletireswilldecrease,sinceIwillbebuyingfewerautomobilesonwhichtousethetires.Whiletheexamplemaynotbeveryimportantformeasindividualbuyerofautomobiles,itisveryimportantifonelooksatthetotalmarketincludingallbuyersofautomobilesandautomobiletires.

TheIncomeofPotentialBuyers

Athirditemthatcanaffectthequantitydemandedofgoodsistheincomeofthebuyerorbuyers.Atfirstthought,onewouldthinkthatpeoplewithhighincomeswoulddemandmoregoodsthanthosewithlowincomes.Forsomegoods(economistscallthem"normalorsuperior"goods),thisistrueforexample,thequantitydemandedofRollsRoyceautomobiles.Butforothergoods("inferior"goods)suchasporkandbeans,theoppositeistrue.Forthelattercategory,increasingincomesgivepeoplethechoiceofselectingmoreexpensivefoods,suchas

A.YB.NC.NG

15.

Evenifthecompanyoverallcannotpassthe12-questiontest,______maypassit.

16.

China'smostfamousresearchuniversitieshiremostlythosewhoreceivedtheirgraduateeducationinU.K.andU.S.intherecentyears.

A.YB.NC.NG

17.

ThefirstbooktodemonstrateharmfulhumanactivitytoEarthwaswrittenby______.

18.

Organicfoodisnotnecessarilybetterthanconventionalfoodintermsofnutrition,safetyortaste.

A.YB.NC.NG

19.

______,inwhichpeoplecaneasilyanticipatewhateachotherwilldodaybyday,leadstotheformationofEnglishfriendship.

20.

TheThamesRiverrunsrightthroughthecenterofthecity.SomeoneoncecalledtheThames"______"

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.听力原文：W:Johnreallygavemeabigsurpriseyesterday．

M:Ibet．Heappearedattheweddingcatchingeverybody'seye．becausehewaswearingjeansandeveryoneelsewasdressedsoformally．Didn'thereadtheinstructionontheinvitationletteraboutthedressingcode?

Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?

(19)

A.Johngaveeveryoneabigsurpriseyesterday.

B.Everyoneworecasuallyattheweddingparty.

C.Johndidnotreadthedressingcodeontheinvitationletter.

D.EveryoneexceptJohndressedformallyattheweddingparty.

22.

【B2】

23.(13)

A.Lindamadeherownguitar.

B.Lindataughtherselftoplaythepiano.

C.Lindataughtherselftoplaytheguitar.

D.Lindadoesn'thavemuchtalentformusic.

24.(31)

A.Becompetentbutavoidbeingtoooutstanding.

B.Becompetentandgetalongwellwithhiscolleagues.

C.Becompetentandbehonestandloyaltohiscompany.

D.Becompetentandgivehisbossagoodimpression.

25.听力原文：W:IamsoluckyIdon'thavethesimilarjobasyours.Workingallnightandsleepinginthedaytime.Howterribleitistobelikethisallthetime.

M:Oh,IstoppedthatwhenIgotmypromotionlastmonth.NowIamonthreedaysandofftwo.

Q:Whatcanwelearnfromtheconversation?

(17)

A.Thewomanenviestheman'sjob.

B.Themanstoppedworkinglastmonth.

C.Themanworksthreenightseverytwoweeks.

D.Themanhastwofreedaysforeverythreedaysheworks.

26.听力原文：M:CanImakeaflightreservationforLosAngelesonJuly17th.

W:Sorry,Sir.It'sfullybookedonthe17th.Butyoucancatchaflightthenextday.

Whatdoesthewomantelltheman?

(17)

A.Hecantakeanotherflightonthesameday.

B.Hecantakeaflightonanotherday.

C.Hecangethisticketthenextday.

D.Hecangetaconfirmationfilenextday.

27.(46)

28.(34)

A.Itisinterestingandexciting.

B.Itisperfectwithoutanylimitations.

C.Itissupportedbythegovernment.

D.Itsconclusioncanbeuniversallyaccepted.

29.(28)

A.Thefriendwasveryhungry.

B.Thereareeggsandchickenintherefrigerator.

C.Hewouldcomelate.

D.Thefriendwasgoodatcooking.

30.听力原文：M:Nowthatthey'vesound-proofedthisroom,it'ssurealoteasiertoworkinhere.

W:Yousaidit.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(16)

A.Themantendstorepeathimselfalot.

B.Theroomwasfixedattheman'srequest.

C.Shealsofindsiteasiertoworktherenow.

D.Themantalksaboutworkinginsteadofdoingit.

31.听力原文：M：IfIwereyou，I'drideabiketowork．Takingacrowdedbusduringrushhoursisreallyterrible．

W：Thankyouforyouradvice，butmybikehasgotaflattyre．

Q：Howdoesthewomanmostprobablygettowork?

(14)

A.Shewillgotoworkbybike.

B.Shewilltakeabustotheoffice.

C.Shewillgettoworkbytaxi.

D.Shewillwalktotheoffice.

32.(24)

A.He'spreparingforatest.

B.Helosthisnotes.

C.Hemissedtheclass.

D.He'sstudyingthissubject.

33.(22)

A.￡5.B.￡30.C.￡50.D.￡55.

34.【B11】

35.(27)

A.Personwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderinanothergroup.

B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson.

C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership.

D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.

36.(29)

A.In1843.B.In1849.C.In1856.D.In1861.

37.听力原文：M:Whenisagoodtimetoarrangeameetingbetweenourtwoteams?

W:Well,youknowmyschedule.OtherthanthisFriday,onedayisasgoodasthenext.Justgivemeacallifyouhaveadateinmind.

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(18)

A.ShewillbeavailableonFriday.

B.Shecan'tarrangeameetingrecentlyduetohertightschedule.

C.ShecanmeetthemananydayexceptFriday.

D.Fridayisthemostsuitabletimeforher.

38.听力原文：W:ProfessorStevenson,asaneconomist,howdoyoulookuponthesurgingChineseeconomy?Doesitconstituteathreattotherestoftheworld?

M:IbelieveChina'seconomicsuccessshouldbeseenmoreasanopportunitythanathreat.ThosewholookeduponitasathreatoverlookedthebenefitofChina'sgrowthtotheworld'seconomy.Theyalsolacktheunderstandingofelementaryeconomics.

Q:WhatdoesProfessorStevensonthinkofChina'seconomy?

(15)

A.Itsrapidgrowthisbeneficialtotheworld.

B.Itcanbeseenasamodelbytherestoftheworld.

C.Itssuccesscan'tbeexplainedbyelementaryeconomics.

D.Itwillcontinuetosurgeforwardinthefuture.

39.

【B9】

40.

【B7】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Whatarehelpingtospark"greenrevolution"inAmericanworkplaces?

42.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

"TheGooglebrandhastakenonalifeofitsown,"concedesJimLanzone,thebossofA,thefourth-largestbutfastest-growingsearchengine,andthissimultaneouslyfrustratesanddelightshim.Itfrustrateshimbecausepeoplesaythey"Google"thingsevenwhentheygotoAskorotherenginestosearchtheweb;becauseGoogleisconsidered,fornogoodreason(inhisopinion),"thesafechoiceunderpressure";andbecausemanypeople"don'tseemtowantchoice"andsticktoGoogleoutofmereinertia.

Butitdelightshim,becauseGoogle,havingmademanyenemies,mustnowfightmanybattles;andbecauseGoogle,perhapsoutofhubris,appearstobegettingdistracted.Thismonth,forinstance,Googleunveiledafreeonlinespreadsheetprogram,which,likemanyGoogleproducts,haslittletodowithwebsearchandismeanttoneedleMicrosoft,theworld'slargestsoftwarecompany,whichhasanear-monopolyonspreadsheetsthroughExcel.Google,inotherwords,hasimpressivemomentum,saysMr.Lanzone,butagoodmartial-artistcanusehisopponent'smomentumtoovercomehim,so"we'reusingsearchaikido."

Yahoo!,thelargestinternetportalwithabout400musers(ofitse-mail,instant-messaging,musicandotherproducts),hascomeupwithastrategytodifferentiateitsownsearchengine.Yahoo!hasbeenatthisgameforonlytwoyears,butnowhashundredsofengineersworkingonit.Incontrasttothequasi-religiousfaiththatGoogleplacesinitsmathematicalalgorithms,saysEckartWalther,oneofYahoo!'ssearchbosses,Yahoo!is"aboutcombiningthebestofpeoplewiththebestoftechnology".

Askistakingadifferenttack.IthascomeupwithExpertRank,analgorithmthatalsorankswebpagesbyincominglinksandlinksbytheme.Soinsteadofusingawebpage'soverallpopularityto.calculateitsranking,itfindsthepagesthataremostpopularamongexpertsonaparticularsubject,amethodthatoftenreturnsbetterresultsthanGoogle's.Askalsousesthesethematicdusterstosuggestthebestwaystonarroworexpandasearch,afeaturecalled"zoom"thatisverypopular.ChrisShermanofSearchEngineWatchthinksthatAskisasgoodasGoogleforgeneralwebsearch--butbetterthanGoogleforfindingonlinemapsandimages.

AsforMicrosoft,ithasidentifiedGoogleasamortalthreattoitsbusinessandhaslaunchedanall-outefforttocatchupinonlineservicesingeneral,andinsearchinparticular.Lastwinter,ittriedtobuyitselfmarketsharebynegotiatingwithAOLforamerger--oratleastanagreementunderwhichAOLwouldswitchfromGoogle'ssearchtechnologytoMSN's;butGooglepre-emptedMicrosoftanditselftookadefensivestakeinAOL.Microsofthasalsohiredformerrivalswhoarewellrespectedintheindustry.

Whatisthecentralideaofthispassage?

A.Googledominatestheon-linesearchmarket.

B.Googleisconfrontedwithstiffcompetition.

C.Googlemanagestoseizemoremarketshareinsoftwarebusiness.

D.Google'sgrowththreatenscompanieslikeMicrosofttoalargeextent.

43.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopmentofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthediscoveryoffire,althoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenheacquiredtheuseofthelatter.

Theoriginoflanguageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafewcriesthatserveassignals,buteventhehighestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords,evenwiththemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperiorbrainofmanisapparentlyanecessityforthemasteringofspeech.Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligent,wemustsupposethathegraduallyincreasedthenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatdaywhenhediscoveredthatspeechcouldbeusedfornarrative.Therearethosewhothinkinthisrespectpicturelanguageprecededorallanguage.Amancoulddrawapictureonthewallofhiscavetoshowinwhichdirectionhehadgone,orwhatpreyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguagedevelopedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguagehasbeenthemostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman.

Twoimportantstagescamenotsolongbeforethedawnofwrittenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwasagriculture.Agriculturemadepossibleanimmenseincreaseinthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfullypracticed.Anotherfundamentaltechnicaladvancewaswriting,which,likespokenlanguage,developedoutofpictures,butassoonasithadreachedacertainstage,itwaspossibletokeeprecordsandtransmitinformationtopeoplewhowerenotpresentwhentheinformationwasgiven.

Theseinventionsanddiscoveries--fire,speech,weapons,domesticanimals,agriculture,andwriting—madetheexistenceofcivilizedcommunitiespossible.Fromabout3000BCuntilthebeginningoftheIndustrialRevolutionlessthantwohundredyearsagotherewasnotechnicaladvancecomparabletothese.Duringthislongperiodmanhadtimetobecomeaccustomedtohistechnique,andtodevelopthebeliefsandpoliticalorganizationsappropriatetoit.Therewas,ofcourse,animmenseextensionintheareaofcivilizedlife.Therewasnotechnicalprogressduringthislongtime--therewereeventwoinventionsofverygreatimportance,namelygunpowderandthemariner'scompassbutneitherofthesecanbecomparedintheirpowertosuchthingsasspeechandwritingandagriculture.

Whichofthefollowingistrue,accordingtothepassage?

A.Fireandthedomesticationofanimalsmakeagriculturepossible.

B.Picturelanguageandorallanguagemightappearatthesametime.

C.Gunpowderandmarine'scompassareasimportantasspeech.

D.Languageandcommunicationarethemostimportantfactorsforhumandevelopment.

44.

AccordingtoAIRiesPepsiissosuccessfulbecauseit______.

A.wouldliketospendbillionsofmoneyonthepromotionofitsproducts

B.hastwiceasmanyadvertisingexpertstoturntoforconsultation

C.isalwayschangingitsimagetocatertothetasteoftheyoungpeople

D.canmakeeffectiveuseoffamousstarspopularwiththeyoungpeople

45.

Itisclearfromthepassagethattheauthoradvocates______.

A.thenaturaldevelopmentofchildren'sintelligence

B.earlyinterventioninchildren'sintellectualgrowth

C.providingenoughday-carecentersforchildrenofworkingmothers

D.deprivingpoormothersoftheopportunitiestoraisetheirchildrenathome

46.

Oneofthereasonswhycommercialsareabletoat,actviewerattentionisthat______.

A.thehumanvoicesincommercialshavemoreauditoryimpact

B.peoplelikecheerfulsongsthatchangedramaticallyinsoundquality

C.high-frequencysoundsareusedtomasksoundsthatdrownouttheprimarymessage

D.theypossesssoundqualitiesthatmaketheviewerfeelthatsomethingunusualishappening

47.

Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisTRUE?

A.BritaincanbecompetitivetoUSintheareaofinformationtechnology.

B.Britainhasalreadytakentheadvantagesofrunningengineeringmanagement.

C.AswithmanyotherEuropeancountries,Britainhasmadeuseofcomputer-aidedsystems.

D.E-commercehasofferedopportunitiestoEuropeancountriestoeliminatethecompetitivenessgapwithalltherivals.

48.

Whatdidthegirlaskhim?

A.Sheaskedifhefeltpurposefulinsociety.

B.Sheaskedifhehadanyspecialpurposeinpainting.

C.Sheaskedifhehadfulfilledacertaintask.

D.Sheaskedifhethoughthehadaspecialdutyinsociety.

49.

Fromthepassage,wecaninferallexceptthat______.

A.Eskimosaremorelikelytoeatwolvesinsummer

B.Eskimowomenareresponsibleforhousework

C.animalmeatisEskimos'mainsourceoffood

D.huntingisanimportantpartofEskimolife

50.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Modernfurnituredesignhascomeinforagooddealofabuse.Theveryword"modern"hasunpleasantconnotations.Itbringstomindallthatisimpracticable,garishandvulgar;brightly-colored,angulartables:fragilesetsthatbalanceprecariouslyontwolegs;chairswithinexplicableholescarvedinthemtotraptheunwary:andspindlylampsoftwistedwirewhichcrouchincornerslikeenormousspiders.Butwemustnotconfuseallthatisgoodinmoderndesignwiththesecheap,sensationalimitations.

How,then,arewetodistinguishthegenuinefromthesham?Massproducedarticleswhichdonothingbutexploitnovelty,havebroughtmuchdesignintodisrepute.The"futuristic"coffee-barsetsthepacewithitsbright,chromiumsurfaces,itsgaudy,ridiculoustablesandchairsanditstropicalplantswhichwindinandoutofcrazybeamsintheceiling.Thissortofthingisthedesign'snightmare.Itdebasesourstandardsoftastesothatwecannotdiscriminatebetweenthegoodandthebad.Intheend,tosaythatasinglethingis"modern"isthesameassayingthatitisuglyandoffensive.

Truemoderndesignisbothsimpleandefficient.Itaimsatrelatingmethodsofconstructiontorealneeds.InVictoriantimes,designgotoutoftouchwithlife.Needlessornamentationmadeusforgetwhatfurniturewasreallyfor.Moderndesignhasstrippedawayallthatisinessential.Itspurposeisnottoastonish,buttoprovideuswithwhatispleasinganduseful.

Apieceofreallyfinemodernfurnitureshouldneverbeseeninisolation,butaspartofasetting.Onlythencanwejudgeitsshape,color,andutility.Modernhousestendtobesmallandthefurnituremustgiveusroomtomove.Itshouldbewellproportionalandatthesametimeunobtrusive.Itspresenceshouldbefeltratherthanseen.Becausewecandoawaywithunnecessarywallsanddoors,quiteasmallhousecangivetheimpressionbeinglarge,light,andairy.Anelegantpieceoffurniturecanoftenbeusedtodividealargeroomintotwo,soastomakethebestpossibleuseofspaceandprovideamaximumofcomfort.Awelldesignedmodernhouseisonewecanreallyliveinandnotmoveaboutlikeunwantedguests.

Thefirstparagraphsuggestedthatthewriterthinksthatthemodernfurnituredesignsisbasically______.

51.Theauthorwouldmostlikelyagreethat______.

A.decisionsaboutthelocationsforpowerplantsshouldbelefttotheutilities

B.governmentleadersinthenineteenthcenturywereirresponsibleinnotsupervisingurbangrowthmoreclosely

C.naturalfeaturesofaregionarenolongerimportanttourbangrowth

D.modernsocietyiscomplex,sogovernmentsmusttakeresponsibilityfordecisionssuchaspowerplantsitting

52.

Inthelasttwoparagraphs,what"advantage"referstois______.

A.westoremoreobjectsthanfaces

B.werememberobjectslongerthanfaces

C.westoremorefacesthanobjects

D.werememberfaceslongerthanobjects

53.

Thelastsentenceofthe2ndparagraphtellsusthatthewriterbelievesthat______.

A.thecomputerisassmartashumanbeings

B.thecomputerisfriendlywithhumanbeings

C.humanbeingscaninteractwiththecomputeranddowhattheywantattheirwill

D.humanbeingshavenotusedthecomputertoitsfullestadvantage

54.

Theauthorofthepassagewantstotellthat______.

A.AmericanslikesportsandsportsrevealmuchaboutthechangingethnicstructureoftheUnitedStates

B.inWashington,severalgamesareplayedinoneday

C.Americanslikeallkindsofgames

D.theAmericangamesarewatchedbynative-Americansandplayedbypeoplefromdifferentcountries

55.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thereisaphenomenainthepresent.Theaveragenumberofauthorsonscientificpapersisskyrocketing.Whatisthemainreasonforit?That'spartlybecauselabsarcbigger,problemsaremorecomplicated,andmoredifferentsubspecialtiesareneeded.Butit'salsobecauseUSgovernmentagenciesliketheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)havestartedtopromote"teamscience".Asphysicsdevelopedinthepost-WorldWarIIera,federalfundsbuiltexpensivenationalfacilities,andtheseservedassurfacesonwhichcollaborationscouldcrystallizenaturally.

Yetmultipleauthorship—howevergooditmaybeinotherways—presentsforjournalsandfortheinstitutionsinwhichtheseauthorswork.Forthejournals,longlistsofauthorsarehardtodealwithinthemselves.Butthoselonglistsgiverisetomoreseriousquestionswhensomethinggoeswrongwiththepaper.Ifthereisresearchmisconduct,shouldtheliabilitybejointandseveral,accruingtoallauthors?Ifnot,thenhowshoulditbeallocatedamongthem?Ifthereisanhonestmistakeinonepartoftheworkbutnotinothers,howshouldanevaluatoraimhisorherreview?

Variouspracticalorimpracticalsuggestionshaveemergedduringthelong-standingdebateonthisissue.Oneisthateachauthorshouldprovide,andthejournalshouldthenpublish,anaccountofthatauthor'sparticularcontributiontothework.Butadifferentviewoftheproblem,andperhapsofthesolution,comesaswegettouniversitycommitteeonappointmentsandpromotions,whichiswheretheauthorshiprubberreallymeetstheroad.Halfalifetimeofinvolvementwiththisprocesshastaughtmehowmuchauthorshipmattars.Ihavewatchedcommitteesattemptingtodecodesequencesofnames,agonizeoverwhetheramuchcitedpaperwasreallythecandidate'sworkoracoauthor's,andsendbackrecommendationsaskingformorespecificityaboutthedivisionofresponsibility.

Problemsofthiskindchangetheargument,supportingthecaseforaskingauthorstodefinetheirownroles.Afterall,ifqualityjudgmentsaboutindividualsaretobemadeonthebasisoftheirpersonalcontributions,thenthejudgesbetterknowwhattheydid.Butifquestionsariseaboutthevalidityoftheworkasawhole,whetheraschallengestoitsconductorasevaluationsofitsinfluenceinthefield,ateamisateam,andthemembersshouldsharethecreditortheblame.

Thereisatendencythatscientificpapersare______.

A.gettingmorecomplicated

B.dealingwithbiggerproblems

C.moreofaproductofteamwork

D.focusingmoreonnaturalthanonsocialsciences

56.

OneofthereasonswhyIndiaiscreatingasecondarysanctuaryfortheAsiaticlionsisthat______.

A.thepresentsanctuaryisnotlargeenough

B.scientistswanttodomoreresearchonthem

C.theyhavekilledmanypeople

D.theforestisshrinkinginsize

57.

Weknowfromthepassagethat______.

A.legislatorsareactingtopassalawtoprovidebetterprivacyprotection

B.moststatesareturningablindeyetothedeceptivepracticesofprivatebusinesses

C.thestateofMinnesotaisconsideringdrawinguplawstoprotectprivateinformation

D.lawmakersareinclinedtogiveafreehandtobusinessestoinquireintocustomers'buyinghabits

58.

Accordingtothepassage,creditcardsarebigbusinessbecausecreditcardcompaniesmakeabigprofitfromboth______.

59.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbyso