2018年6月英语六级考试真题第1套

ns’contributiontocodeQuestions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustA)AllserviceswillbeB)Alotofknowledge-intensivejobswillbereced.C)TechnologywillrevolutionizeallsectorsofD)MoreinformationwillbeA)Intherobotics C)InthealcareIntheinformation D)Inhigh-endA)Theychargehigh C)TheycatertotheneedsofyoungTheyneedlotsof D)Theyfocuson A)Therisingdemandineducationandhealthcareinthenext20Thedisruptioncausedbytechnologyintraditionallywell-paidThetremendouschangesnewtechnologywillbringtoTheamazingamountofalattentionpeoplewouldliketoSectionDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeyedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)Itwasthelongestroadinancient C)Itlay8fromthemonumentItwasconstructedsome500years D)ItlinkedastonepittosomeA)Sawsusedforcutting C)AnancientgeographicalTracesleftbyearly D)SomestonetoolA)TotransportstonestoblockToprovideservicesforthestoneTolinkthevariousmonumentToconnectthevillagesalongtheQuestions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)Dr.Gongdidn’tgivehimanyconventionalDr.Gongmarkedhisofficewithahand-paintedDr.Gongdidn’taskhimanyquestionsabouthisDr.GongslippedinneedleswherehefeltnoA)HehadheardofthewondersacupuncturecouldDr.GongwasveryfamousinNewYork’sPreviousmedicaltreatmentsfailedtorelieveHefoundtheexpensivemedicaltestsA)MoreandmorepatientsaskfortheAcupuncturetechniqueshavebeenItdoesn’tneedtheconventionalmedicalItdoesnothaveanynegativesideQuestions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustA)TheywereonthevergeofbreakingTheywerecompatibledespiteTheyquarreledalotandneverresolvedtheirTheyarguedpersistentlyaboutwhethertohaveA)NeitherofthemhasanybrothersorNeitherofthemwontheirparents’Theyweren’tspoiledintheirTheydidn’tliketobetheappleoftheirparents’A)TheyareusuallygoodatmakingTheytendtobeadventurousandTheyareoftencontentwithwhattheyTheytendtobeself-assuredandA)Theyenjoymaking C)TheyareleastlikelytotakeTheytendtobewell D)TheyusuallyhavesuccessfulPartIII ReadingComprehension SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Questions26to35arebasedonthefollowingScientistsscanningandmaptheGizapyramidssaythey’vediscoveredthatGreatPyramidofGizaisnotexactlyeven.Butreallynotbymuch.Thispyramidistheoldestoftheworld’sSevenWonders.Thepyramid’sexactsizehas26expertsforcenturies,asthe“morethan21acresofhard,whitecasingstones“thatoriginallycovereditwere27longago.Reportinginthemostrecentissueofthenewsletter“AERAGRAM,”which28theworkortheAncientEgyptResearchAssociates,engineerGlenDashsayshisteamusedanewmeasuringapproachthatinvolvedfindinganysurviving29,ofthecasinginordertodeterminewheretheoriginaledgewas.Theyfoundtheeastsideofthepyramidtobea30of5.5inchesshorterthanthewestside.Thequestionthatmost31him,however,isn’thowtheEgyptianswhodesignedandbuiltthepyramidgotitwrong4,500yearsage,buthowtheygotitsocloseto32.“WecanonlyspeculateastohowtheEgyptianscouldhavelaidouttheselineswithsuch33usingonlythetoolstheyhad,”Dashwrites.Hesayshis34isthattheEgyptianslaidouttheirdesignonagrid,notingthatthegreatpyramidisorientedonly35awayfromthecardinaldirections(itsnorth-southaxisruns3minutes54secondswestofduenorth,whileitseast-westaxisruns3minutes51secondsnorthofdueeast)—anamountthat’s“tiny,butsimilar,”archeologistAtlasObscurapointsout.N)SectionDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.PeerPressureHasaPositiveParentsofteenagersoftenviewtheirchildren‘sfriendswithsomethinglikesuspicion.Theyworrythattheadolescentpeergrouphasthepowertopushitsmembersintobehaviorthatisfoolishandevendangerous.Suchwarinessiswellfounded:statisticsshow,forexample,thatateenagedriverwithasame-agepassengerinthecarisathigherriskofafatalcrashthananadolescentdrivingaloneorwithanadult.Ina2005study,psychologistLaurenceSteinbergofTempleUniversityandhisco-author,psychologistMargowithameanageof19;andadults,aged24andolder.Subjectsyedacomputerizeddrivinggameinwhichtheyermustavoidcrashingintoawallthatmaterializes,withoutwarning,ontheroadway.SteinbergandGardnerrandomlyassignedsomeparticipantstoyaloneorwithtwosame-agepeerslookingon.Olderadolescentsscoredabout50percenthigheronanindexofriskydrivingwhentheirpeerswereintheroom—andthedrivingofearlyadolescentswasfullytwiceasrecklesswhenotheryoungteenswerearound.Incontrast,adultsbehavedinsimilarwaysregardlessofwhethertheywereontheirownorobservedbyothers.“Thepresenceofpeersmakesadolescentsandyouth,butnotadults,morelikelytotakerisks,”SteinbergandGardnerconcluded.Yetintheyearsfollowingthepublicationofthisstudy,Steinbergbegantobelievethatthisinterpretationdidnotcapturethewholepicture.Asheandotherresearchersexaminedthequestionofwhyteensweremoreapttotakerisksintheofotherteenagers,theycametothatacrowd‘sinfluenceneednotalwaysbenegative.Nowsomeexpertsareproposingthatweshouldtakeadvantageoftheteenbrain’skeensensitivitytothepresenceoffriendsandleverageittoIna2011study,SteinbergandhiscolleaguesturnedtofunctionalMRI（磁）toinvestigatehowthepresenceofpeersaffectstheactivityintheadolescentbrain.Theyscannedthebrainsof40teensandadultswhowereyingavirtualdrivinggamedesignedtotestwhetheryerswouldbrakeatayellowlightorspeedonthroughthecrossroad.Thebrainsofteenagers,butnotadults,showedgreateractivityintworegionsassociatedwithrewardswhentheywerebeingobservedbysame-agepeersthanwhenalone.Inotherwords,rewardsaremoreintenseforteenswhentheyarewithpeers,whichmotivatesthemtopursuehigher-riskexperiencesthatmightbringabigpayoff（suchasthethrillofjustmakingthelightbeforeitturnsred）.ButSteinbergedthistendencycouldalsohaveitsadvantages.Inhislatestexperiment,publishedonlineinAugust,SteinbergandhiscolleaguesusedacomputerizedversionofacardgamecalledtheIowaGamblingTasktoinvestigatehowthepresenceofpeersaffectsthewayyoungpeoplegatherandapplyinformation.Theresults:TeenswhoyedtheIowaGamblingTaskundertheeyesoffellowadolescentsengagedinmoreexploratorybehavior,learnedfasterfrombothpositiveandnegative es,andachievedbetterperformanceonthetaskthanthosewhoyedinsolitude.“Whatourstudysuggestsisthatteenagerslearnmorequicklyandmoreeffectivelywhentheirpeersarepresentthanwhenthey‘reontheirown,”Steinbergsays.Andthisfindingcouldhaveimportantimplicationsforhowwethinkabouteducatingadolescents.MatthewD.Lieberman,asocialcognitiveneuroscientistattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,andauthorofthe2013bookSocial:WhyOurBrainsAreWiredtoConnect，sthatthehumanbrainisespeciallyadeptatlearningsociallysalientinformation.Hepointstoaclassic2004studyinwhichpsychologistsatDartmouthCollegeandHarvardUniversityusedfunctionalMRItotrackbrainactivityin17youngmenastheylistenedtodescriptionsofpeoplewhileconcentratingoneithersociallyrelevantcues（forexample,tryingtoformanimpressionofa basedonthedescription）ormoresociallyneutralinformation（suchasnotingtheorderofdetailsinthedescription）.Thedescriptionswerethesameineachcondition,butpeoplecouldbetterrememberthesestatementswhengivenasocialmotivation.Thestudyalsofoundthatwhensubjectsthoughtaboutandlaterrecalleddescriptionsintermsoftheirinformationalcontent,regionsassociatedwithfactualmemory,suchasthemedialtemporallobe,becameactive.Butthinkingaboutorrememberingdescriptionsintermsoftheirsocialmeaningactivatedthedorsomedialprefrontalcortex—partofthebrain‘ssocialnetwork—evenastraditionalmemoryregionsregisteredlowlevelsofactivity.Morerecently,ashereportedina2012review,Liebermanhasdiscoveredthatthisregionmaybepartofadistinctnetworkinvolvedinsociallymotivatedlearningandmemory.Suchfindings,hesays,suggestthat“thisnetworkcanbecalledontoprocessandstorethekindofinformationtaughtinschool—potentiallygivingstudentsaccesstoarangeofuntappedmentalpowers.”Ifhumansaregenerallygearedtorecalldetailsaboutoneanother,thispatternisprobablyevenmorepowerfulamongteenagerswhoareveryattentivetosocialdetails:whoisin,whoisout,wholikeswhomwhoismadatwhom.Theirpenchantforsocialdramaisnot—ornotonly—awayofdistractingthemselvesfromtheirschoolworkorofdrivingadultscrazyItisactuallyaneurological（神经的）sensitivity,initiatedbyhormonalchanges.Evolutionarilyspeaking,peopleinthisagegroupareatastageinwhichtheycanpreparetofindamateandstarttheirownfamilywhileseparatingfromparentsandstrikingoutontheirown.Todothissuccessfully,theirbrainpromptsthemtothinkandevenobsessaboutothers.Yetourschoolsfocusprimarilyonstudentsasindividualentities.Whatwouldhappenifeducatorsinsteadtookadvantageofthefactthatteensarepowerfullycompelledtothinkinsocialterms?InSocial,Liebermanlaysoutanumberofwaystodoso.HistoryandEnglishcouldbepresentedthroughthelensofthepsychologicaldrivesofthepeopleinvolved.OnecouldthereforepresentNapoleonintermsofhisdesiretoimpressorChurchillintermsofhislonelymelancholy.Lessinherently alsubjects,suchasmath,couldacquireasocialaspectthroughteamproblemsolvingandpeertutoring.Researchshowsthatwhenweabsorbinformationinordertoteachittosomeoneelse,welearnitmoreaccurayanddeeply,perhapsinpartbecauseweareengagingoursocialcognition.Andalthoughanxiousparentsmaynot ethenotion,educatorscouldturnadolescentrecklessnesstoacademicends.“Risktakinginaneducationalcontextisavitalskillthatenablesprogressandcreativity,”wroteSarah-JayneBlakemore,acognitiveneuroscientistatUniversityCollegeLondon,inareviewpublishedlastyear.Yet,shenoted,manyyoungpeopleareespeciallyriskaverseatschool—afraidthatonelowtestscoreormediocregradecouldcostthemaspotataselectiveuniversity.Weshouldassuresuchstudentsthatrisk,andevenpeerpressure,canbeagoodthing—aslongasithappensintheclassroomandnotthecar.Itisthoughtprobablethatthehumanbrainisparticularlygoodatpicking-upsociallyimportantItcanbeconcludedfromexperimentthatthepresenceofpeersincreasesrisk-takingbyadolescentsStudentsshouldbetoldthatrisk-takingintheclassroomcanbesomethingTheurgeoffindingamateandgettingmarriedaccountsforadolescents’greaterattentiontosocial AccordingtoSteinberg,thepresenceofpeersincreasesthespeedandeffectivenessofTeenagers’parentsareoftenconcernedaboutnegativeActivatingthebrain’ssocialnetworkinvolvedinsociallymotivatedlearningandmemorymayallowstudentstotapunusedmentalpowers.Thepresenceofpeerintensifiesthefeelingofrewardsinteens’Whenweabsorbinformationforthepurposeofimpartingittoothers,wedosowithgreatersecretarySomeexpertsaresuggestingthatweturnpeerinfluencetogooduseinSectionDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingTheEbroDelta,inSpain,famousasabattlegroundduringtheSpanishCivilWar,isnowthesettingforadifferentcontest,onethatispittingricefarmersagainsttwoenemies:therice-eatinggiantapplesnail,andrisingsealevels.WhathappensherewillhaveabearingonthefutureofEuropeanriceproductionandtheoverallhealthofsouthernEuropeanwetlands.LocatedontheMediterraneanjusttwohourssouthofBarcelona,theEbroDeltaproduces120millionkilogramsofriceayear,makingitoneofthecontinent’smostimportantrice-growingareas.Astheseacreepsintothesefreshwatermarshes,however,risingsalinity（盐分）ishamperingriceproduction.Atthesametime,thissea-wateralsokillsoffthegreedygiantapplesnail,anintroducedpestthatfeedsonyoungricents.Themostpromisingstrategyhas etoharnessonefoeagainsttheother.Thebattleiscurrentlybeingwagedonland,ingreenhousesattheUniversityofBarcelona.Scientistsworkingunderthebanner“ProjectNeurice”areseekingvarietiesofricethatcanwithstandtheincreasingsalinitywithoutlosingtheabsorbencythatmakesEuropeanriceidealfortraditionalSpanishandItaliandishes.“Theprojecthastwosides,”saysXavierSerrat,NeuriceprojectmanagerandresearcherattheUniversityof“Theshort-termfightagainstthesnail,andamid-tolong-termfightagainstclimatechange.Butthesnailhasgiventheprojectgreaterurgency.”OriginallyfromSouthAmerica,thesnailswereaccidentallyintroducedintotheEbroDeltabyGlobal,a thatraisedthesnailsforfresh-wateraquariums（水族馆）,butfailedtopreventtheirescape.Fornow,thegiantapplesnail’sfootholdinEuropeislimitedtotheEbroDelta.Butthesnailcontinuesitsmarchtonewterritory,saysSerrat.“Thequestionisnotifitwillreachotherrice-growingareasofEurope,butwhen.”Overthenextyearandahalfinvestigatorswilltestthevariousstrainsofsaline-tolerantricethey’veconcocted.In2018,farmerswillntthevarietieswiththemostpromiseintheEbroDeltaandEurope’sothertwomainrice-growingregions—alongthePoinItaly,andFrance’sRhône.Aseasoninthefieldwillhelpdeterminewhich,ifany,ofthevarietiesarereadyforAsanEU-fundedeffort,thesearchforsalt-tolerantvarietiesofriceistakingceinallthreecountries.EachteamiscrossbreedingalocalEuropeanshort-grainricewithalong-grainAsianvarietythatcarriesthesalt-resistantgene.Thescientistsarebreedingsuccessivegenerationstoarriveatvarietiesthatincorporatesalttolerancebutretainabout97percentoftheEuropeanricegenome（组）.WhydoestheauthormentiontheSpanishCivilWaratthebeginningofthepassage?A）IthadgreatimpactonthelifeofSpanishricefarmers.ItisofgreatsignificanceintherecordsofRicefarmersintheEbroDeltaarewagingabattleofsimilarimportance.D）RicefarmersintheEbroDeltaareexperiencingashardatimeasintheWhatmaybethemosteffectivestrategyforricefarmerstoemployinfightingtheirenemies?A）Strikingtheweakerenemyfirst. B）Eliminatingtheenemyonebyone。C）Killingtwobirdwithonestone. D）Usingoneeviltocombattheother.Whatdowelearnabout“ProjectItsgoalswillhavetoberealizedatacost.B）ItaimstoincreasetheyieldofSpanishrice.C）Itsimmediatepriorityistobringthepestundercontrol.D）IttriestokillthesnailswiththehelpofclimateWhatdoesNeuriceprojectmanagersayaboutthegiantapplesnail?A）ItcansurviveonlyonsouthernEuropeanwetlands.Itwillinvadeotherrice-growingregionsofEurope.C）Itmultipliesataspeedbeyondhumanimagination.D）Itwasintroducedintothericefieldsonpurpose.WhatistheultimategoaloftheEU-fundedCultivatingidealsalt-resistantricevarieties. B)IncreasingtheabsorbencyoftheSpanishrice.C)IntroducingSpanishricetotherestof D)PopularizingthericePassageQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingPhotographywasonceanexpensive,laboriousordealforlife’sgreatesttones.Now,theonlyapparentcosttotakinginfinitephotosofsomethingascommonasamealisthespaceonyourharddriveandyourdiningcompanion’sButisthereanothercost,adeepercost,toingalifeexperienceinsteadofsimplyenjoyingit?“Youhearthatyoushouldn’ttakeallthesephotosandinterrupttheexperience,andit’sbadforyou,andwe’renotlivinginthepresentmoment,”saysKristinDiehl,associateprofessorofmarketingattheUniversityofSouthernCaliforniaMarshallSchoolofDiehlandherfellowresearcherswantedtofindoutifthatwastrue,sotheyembarkedonaseriesofnineexperimentsinthelabandinthefieldtestingpeople’senjoymentinthepresenceorabsenceofacamera.Theresults,publishedintheJournal alityandSocialPsychology,surprisedthem.Takingphotosactuallymakespeopleenjoywhatthey’rengmore,not“Whatwefindisyouactuallylookattheworldslightlydifferently,becauseyou’relookingforthingsyouwanttocapture,thatyoumaywanttohangonto,”Diehlexins.“Thatgetspeoplemoreengagedintheexperience,andtheytendtoenjoyitTakesightseeing.Inoneexperiment,nearly200participantsboardedadouble-deckerbusforatourofPhiladelphia.Bothbustoursforbadetheuseofcellphonesbutonetourprovideddigitalcamerasandencouragedpeopletotakephotos.Thepeoplewhotookphotosenjoyedtheexperiencesignificantlymore,andsaidtheyweremoreengaged,thanthosewhodidn’t.Snapaphotodirectsattention,whichheightensthepleasureyougetfromwhateveryou’relookingat,Diehlsays.Itworksforthingsasboringasarchaeological（考古的）museums,wherepeopleweregiveneye-trackingglassesandinstructedeithertotakephotoso