2021高考英语一轮复习第1编话题与教材话题10学案-

话题十宇宙探索[对应教材]Book3Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars(一)核心素养下的话题解读“宇宙探索”是高中课程标准中“人与自然”主题语境内容要求之一，该内容包括“人类生存、社会发展与环境的关系；自然科学研究成果；地球与宇宙奥秘探索”等方面。这些话题为学生打开了一个了解宇宙的窗口。高考英语通过这些话题让学生认识宇宙、了解宇宙，从而培养学生对宇宙探索的好奇心和欲望。[高考探究]“宇宙探索”这个话题在近几年高考中并无涉及。(二)构建思维导图，提升思维品质图Book3Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestars(三)根据思维导图，完成概要写作图：概要写作①Nooneknowsexactlyhowtheearthbegan.②Accordingtoawidelyacceptedtheory,theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”.Theearthexplodedloudlyandproducedwatervaporandothergases,makingtheearth'satmosphere.Astheearthcooleddown,waterappearedandstayedonthesurface.Itwasthepresenceofwaterthatallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas,whichmadeitpossibleforlifetodevelop.First,theappearanceofsmallplantsencouragedthedevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.Next,greenplantsbegantogrowonland,whichwerefollowedbylandanimals.Soreptilesappearedforthefirsttime.Later,dinosaursdeveloped.However,theysuddenlydisappeared.Afterthat,mammalscameintobeing.Finally,humansappearedandspreadallovertheearth.However,theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,makingtheearthtoohottoliveon.③So,whetherlifewillcontinueontheearthwilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.

1．Lastweek,alectureaboutthetotallunareclipsewasdeliveredbyProf.Zhang,attractingalotofastronomicalenthusiaststoattend.上周张教授做了关于月全食的讲座，吸引了许多天文爱好者参加。2．Alectureaboutastronomywasdeliveredlastweekbyourteacher,whichappealedtolotsofteachersandstudentstoattend.上周我们的老师做了一个关于天文学的讲座，吸引了很多老师和学生参加。3．Tohelpyouhaveabetterunderstandingofuniverse,StudentUnionwillorganizealecturerelatedtoit.为了帮助你们对宇宙有更进一步的了解，学生会将组织一次相关讲座。4．Tomakesureyouhaveabetterideaaboutastronomy,StudentUnionwillorganizeacompetitionabouttherelatedknowledge.为了保证你对天文学有更进一步的了解，学生会将组织相关知识大赛。自主排查夯基固本Ⅰ核心单词(1)system(n.)系统；体系；制度(2)theory(n.)学说；理论→theoretical(adj.)理论上的(3)violent(adj.)猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence(n.)暴力→violently(adv.)猛烈地(4)unlike(prep.)与……不同；不像→like(反义词)(prep.&v．)像；喜欢→dislike(v.&n．)不喜欢(5)harmful(adj.)有害的→harm(n.)害处(vt.(6)exist(vi.)存在；生存→existence(n.)存在(7)puzzle(vt.&vi.)(使)迷惑；(使)为难(n.)谜；难题→puzzled(adj(8)pull(n.&vt.Ⅱ阅读单词(1)religion(n.)宗教；宗教信仰(2)billion(pron.&n．&adj.)〈英〉万亿；〈美〉十亿(3)globe(n.)球体；地球仪；地球(4)atmosphere(n.)大气层；气氛(5)fundamental(adj.)基本的；基础的(6)chain(n.)链子；连锁；锁链(7)multiply(vi.&vt.)(8)thus(adv.)因此；于是(9)biology(n.)生物学(10)gravity(n.)万有引力；重力(11)gentle(adj.)温和的；文雅的(12)climate(n.)气候(13)crash(vi.&vt.)(14)float(vt.&vi.)(使)浮动(n.)[单句语法填空]1．Harvard答案：religion2．Water________(exist)inthreeforms,whichareliquid,gasandsolid.答案：exists3．Someexpertsthinkreadingisthe________(fundament)skilluponwhichschooleducationdepends.答案：fundamental4．Fruitjuicecanbe________(harm)tochildren'steeth.答案：harmful5．Thereisalotofrubbish________(float)onthesurfaceoftheriver.答案：floating6．Whatmakesme________(puzzle)iswhyheleftthecountrywithouttellinganyone.答案：puzzled7．Theyhavethechancetobuildanoutward­lookingEuropethatlivesuptoits________(globe)responsibilities.答案：global8．Shegotinterestedinplantsanddecidedtobea________(biology)．答案：biologist9．Thevolcanoerupted________(violent),yetthevillageatthefootofitsurvived.答案：violently10．Themantookthelittleboy________(gentle)inhishandandputhimupintothetree.答案：gently联想积累1．“太空”单词集锦①astronomern.天文学家②astronomyn.天文学③astronautn.宇航员④satelliten.卫星⑤orbitn.轨道⑥universen.宇宙⑦gravityn.重力；引力⑧spaceshipn.宇宙飞船⑨planetn.行星2．“碰、撞”家族①hitv.碰撞；打击②crashv.碰撞；坠落③bumpn．&v.撞；碰撞(声)④collidev.碰撞；相撞⑤collisionn.撞击；碰撞⑥runinto撞上1．in_time及时；终于；迟早2．lay_eggs下蛋3．give_birth_to产生；分娩4．in_one's_turn轮到某人5．prevent...from阻止；制止6．block_out挡住(光线)7．cheerup感到高兴；感到振奋8．nowthat既然9．getthehangof熟悉；掌握；理解10．breakout突发；爆发11．watchoutfor密切注意；当心；提防[选词填空]prevent...from,watchoutfor,nowthat,intime,breakout,cheerup1．Heclimbedthemountaincarefully,allthetime________looserocks.答案：watchingoutfor2．Doctorssaymanydiseasescanbe________spreadingbyhandwashing.答案：preventedfrom3．She'senjoyingthejob________she'sgotmoreresponsibility.答案：nowthat4．Shestartedasanofficejunior,and________becamethedirectorofthewholecompany.答案：intime5．Doeseveryoneknowwhattodoifafire________？答案：breaksout6．WheneverIencounterdifficulties,shewillencouragemeandhelpme________.答案：cheerup联想积累1．动词＋out短语大全①burstout大声喊叫；突然(哭，笑……)起来②goout外出；不再流行；(灯)熄灭③putout熄灭；扑灭；生产④comeout出来；出版⑤helpout帮助解决难题(摆脱困境)⑥lookout留神；注意⑦watchout注意；提防⑧findout找出；查明⑨breakout突发；爆发⑩giveout分发；耗尽，用光，发出(光、热等)⑪workout计划，思考；计算出；锻炼身体⑫runout用光；耗尽⑬makeout理解；辨认出⑭carryout实行；实施⑮figureout理解；弄清楚2．birth用法小结①givebirthto分娩；出现；产生②atbirth在出生时③bybirth在血统上④frombirth自出生以来3．“动词...from”表“阻止；禁止”短语①preventsb.fromdoingsth.②discouragesb.fromdoingsth.③stopsb.fromdoingsth.④bansb.fromdoingsth.⑤keepsb.fromdoingsth.课文原句句式梳理仿写训练1.ButwhenItriedtostepforward,IfoundIwascarriedtwiceasfarasontheearthandfellover.而当我试着向前迈步时，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。倍数的常用表示法：以twice为例，①AistwiceasbigasB“A是B的两倍大”；②AistwicebiggerthanB“A比B大一倍”；③AistwicethesizeofB“A的尺寸是B的两倍大”。三倍以上用“基数词＋times”。Youdevoted__________________asyoudidbefore,soIbelieveyouwillsucceedthistime.你付出的是以前的时间和精力的三倍，所以我相信你这次能成功。2.“Oh,dear，”Icried,“walkingdoesneedabitofpracticenowthatgravityhaschanged.”“天哪，”我大声说，“重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”nowthat“既然，因为”，引导原因状语从句。______________youapplyforbeingthevolunteer,youshouldtakeonyourresponsibility.既然你申请当志愿者，就要承担起责任。答案：1.threetimesasmuchtimeandenergy2.Nowthat直击重点突破考点①harmfuladj.有害的(P26)(1)单句语法填空①It'simportanttoprotectyourskinfromthe______(harm)effectsofthesun.②Asweallknow,abadeatinghabitdoesharm________one'shealth.答案：①harmful②to(2)单句写作Hemaynotbeabletohelpbut________________askinghim.他可能帮不了忙，但是求他一下倒也无妨。答案：thereisnoharmin(1)beharmfulto对……有害(2)harmn．&vt.伤害；损害doharmtosb.＝dosb.harm伤害某人meannoharmto...对……没有恶意Thereisnoharmindoing...不妨做……②existvi.生存；存在(P26)(1)单句语法填空①Somespeciesexist________thissmallareaofforestandnowhereelseontheearth.②Asisknowntous,thePeople'sRepublicofChinacameinto________(exist)asanindependentcountryin1949.③Theserviceisavailabletoall__________(exist)customers.答案：①in②existence③existing(2)单句改错ThereexistsdifferentoperasinChina,suchasYueOpera,YuOpera,KunquOpera,HuangmeiOpera,etc.________________________________________________________________答案：exists→exist(1)existin存在于……之中existon靠……而生存Thereexist(s)/existed...某地有……；存在……(2)existencen.存在；生存comeintoexistence产生；成立；开始存在(3)existingadj.现存的；正在使用的③puzzlen.谜；难题vt.&vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难(P27)(1)单句语法填空①WhyLilymakesthesachets(香囊)sobeautifullyis________puzzletome.②I'mnotpuzzled________whymanyforeignersaresointerestedinChinesekungfu.③Her________(puzzle)lookonherfacesuggestedshedidn'tunderstandwhatIsaid.答案：①a②about/over③puzzled(2)单句改错Thereportersaswellassomecriticsremainedpuzzlingbytheelectionresults.________________________________________________________________答案：puzzling→puzzled(1)puzzleabout/over冥思苦想；苦苦思索(2)apuzzletosb.一件让某人感到困惑的事情(3)puzzlingadj.令人迷惑的puzzledadj.迷惑不解的；困惑的④pulln．&vt.(拉)力；拖；牵引力(P30)单句写作①Thebossemployedtenworkersto____________theoldhouse.老板雇用了十个工人拆除那座旧房子。②Theysaidtheoperationhadbeensuccessfulandtheyexpectedhiswifeto______________.他们说手术很成功，预计他妻子能恢复健康。③He______________infrontofthegates.他把车停在门前。答案：①pulldown②pullthrough③pulleduppullaway(车辆等)驶离；开走pullin(车辆等)进站；驶向路边停下pulldown拆除pullout拔出；驶出pullthrough恢复健康pullup(使)停车①intime及时；终于(P25)单句写作①Astheproverbgoes,“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”Oureffortswillpayoff______________.常言道，“有志者，事竟成”，我们的努力迟早会有所回报。②You'dbetterdoonething__________________，sothatyoucanconcentrateonit.你最好一次做一件事，这样你就能集中注意力。③______________________didanyoneinvolvedspeaktothepress.任何相关人员都没有向媒体发表过言论。④We'llbeabletofinishrepairingyourcar____________________.我们很快就能把你的车修好。答案：①intime②atatime③Atnotime④innotime(1)intimefor...刚好赶上……intimetodosth.及时做某事(2)innotime立刻；马上atnotime决不(放在句首时，句子用部分倒装)atatime每次；一次atonetime曾经；一度atthesametime同时；然而fromtimetotime有时；偶尔(3)takeone'stime别着急；慢慢来killtime消磨时光②inone'sturn轮到某人(P26)(1)单句语法填空Nowtheyoungparentshavetotaketurns________(look)aftertheirsickbaby.答案：tolook(2)单句写作①Theoryisbasedonpracticeand________servespractice.理论以实践为基础，相应地又服务于实践。②Thisweek______________________raisethenationalflaganddeliveraspeechattheflag­raisingceremonyinourschool.本周轮到我们在学校升旗仪式上升国旗并发言。答案：①inturn②itisourturntointurn依次地；相应地byturns轮流地；交替地taketurnstodo...轮流做……It'sone'sturntodosth.轮到某人做某事了③breakout突发；爆发(P31)单句写作①Atlastthefirefightersputoutthefireinthesupermarket,which______________attenthismorning.最终消防员们扑灭了今早十点超市发生的大火。②Morehealthyfood,oryourbodywill______________soonerorlater.多吃健康食品，不然你的身体迟早会垮掉。③He______________theguardandrushedintothehall.他挣脱了警卫，冲进了大厅。答案：①brokeout②breakdown③brokeawayfrombreakaway(from)摆脱；脱离breakin闯入；打断breakinto破门而入breakoff断开；中断breakthrough突破；克服；战胜breakup粉碎；解散；(关系)破裂；结束；放假breakdown(机器)出故障；(身体)垮掉；(谈判等)失败；(化学)分解①[教材原句]Theearthbecamesoviolentthatitwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.(P25)地球变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。(1)单句语法填空①________wewillgooutingornotdependsontheweather.②Itisobvioustothestudents________theyshouldgetwellpreparedfortheirfuture.③Exactly________thepotatowasintroducedintoEuropeisuncertain,butitwasprobablyaround1565.④Ithink________impressesmeabouthispaintingmostisthecoloursheuses.答案：①Whether②that③when④what(2)单句改错Whomeverisresponsibleforthisprojectwillbepunished.________________________________________________________________答案：Whomever→Whoever(1)本句中it是形式主语，真正的主语是whethertheshapewouldlastornot。(2)①在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句(SubjectClause)。引导主语从句的连接词主要有三类：a．连词that,whether等；b．连接代词what,who,whose,whatever,whichever,whoever等；c．连接副词when,where,why,how,whenever,however,wherever等。②常用it作形式上的主语由于主语从句太长，为了避免头重脚轻，常常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末。比较常见的句型有：a．It＋be＋形容词(important,likely,possible,clear等)＋主语从句；b．It＋be＋名词(secret/idea/mystery/pity/pleasure/wonder等)＋主语从句；c．It＋be＋过去分词(known/said/reported/suggested等)＋主语从句；d．It＋特殊动词(appear/seem/happen/matter等)＋主语从句。②[教材原句]Thisproducedachainreaction,whichmadeitpossibleforlifetodevelop.(P26)这就产生了一系列的反应，使得生命就有可能开始发展了。(1)单句语法填空①Thesungivesofflightandwarmth,whichmakes________possibleforplantstogrow.②Theyweremade________(work)dayandnightinthepast.③Whileweshouldprovide“safespaces”withincolleges,wemustalsomakeitsafe________(express)opinionsandchallengemajorityviews.④Asbusypeople,wearealwayslookingforwaystosavetimeandmakeourlives________(easy)．答案：①it②towork③toexpress④easier(2)单句改错Theywanttomakecleartothepublicthattheydoanimportantandnecessaryjob.________________________________________________________________答案：make后加it(1)本从句是“makeit＋形容词/名词＋forsb./sth.＋todosth.”句型。其中it为形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构。(2)make＋复合宾语的结构①make＋it＋形容词/名词＋不定式/从句②make＋宾语＋宾语补足语eq\b\lc\{\rc\(\a\vs4\al\co1(名词或形容词,不带to的不定式,过去分词,介词短语))③find,feel,think,leave等动词也有这样的用法。课文回练升华运用Noone__1__(know)exactlyhowtheearthbegan.Accordingtoa__2__(wide)acceptedtheory,theuniversebeganwitha“BigBang”.Theearth__3__(explode)loudlyandproducedwatervapourandother__4__(gas)makingtheearth'satmosphere.Astheearthcooleddown,waterappearedandstayed__5__thesurface.Itwasthepresenceofwaterthatallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas,whichmade__6__possibleforlifetodevelop.First,theappearanceofsmallplantsencouragedthelaterdevelopmentofearlyshellfishandallsortsoffish.Next,greenplantsbegantogrowonland,__7__(follow)bylandanimals.Soreptilesappearedforthefirsttime.Later,dinosaursdeveloped.However,theysuddenlydisappeared.Afterthat,mammalscameintobeing.Finally,humans__8__(appear)andspreadallovertheearth.However,theyareputtingtoomuchcarbondioxideintotheatmosphere,__9__(make)theearthtoohottoliveon.So,__10__lifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.1．________2.________3.________4.________5.________6.________7.________8.________9.________10.________答案：1.knows2.widely3.exploded4.gases5.on6.it7.followed8.appeared9.making10.whether基础达标自主训练Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．Everyyear,________makesthemostbeautifulkitewillwinaprizeintheKiteFestival.答案：whoeverwhoever“无论谁”，表泛指，在句中作主语，相当于anyonewho。2．Myrelationshipwiththeactorsisfundamental________myworkasadirector.答案：tobefundamentalto...“是……的基础”。3．Icansaythatitisthe________(violence)filmthatIhaveeverseen.答案：mostviolent由“thatIhaveeverseen”可知，此处应用形容词最高级。4．Hislastpaintingsareperhapsthemost________(puzzle),whicheventheartistscan'tmakesenseof.答案：puzzling此处形容词puzzling“令人困惑的”作表语，描述主语paintings的本质特征。5．There________(exist)agoodwaytosolvetheproblemingeography.答案：existsThereexists...“存在……；有……”。6．Assecond­handsmokingis________(harm)anddangerous,peoplewantatotalbanagainstsmokinginpublic.答案：harmful此处形容词harmful“有害的”作表语。7．Sheboughtaheavycurtain________(block)outthelight.答案：toblock此处动词不定式短语toblockout作目的状语。8．Thoughinjuredseriously,hetriedtocheer________，hopingtomakehisparentslessworried.答案：upcheerup“(使)感到高兴，(使)振作起来”。9．Measureshavebeentakentopreventtheriverfrom________(pollute)．答案：beingpollutedpreventsb./sth.fromdoingsth.“阻止某人/某物做某事”，且本句中river和pollute之间是被动关系，故填动名词的被动结构。10．________(like)whatyousupposed,onlyafewpeopleattendedtheparty,whichwasdisappointing.答案：Unlike根据语意可知，“并不像”你所猜测的那样，故填Unlike，引导名词性从句。Ⅱ.单句写作1．Ifshe__________________(生下)aboy,shewouldnameitAihua,meaning“lovingChina”．答案：gavebirthto2．__________(总有一天)you'llappreciatethebeautyofthislanguage.答案：Intime3．Nothingwill______________________HuangmeiOpera.没有什么能阻止我学习黄梅戏。答案：preventmefromlearning4．______________________________________________________________因为重阳节快要到了，我们打算本周六去敬老院。(nowthat)答案：NowthattheDoubleNinthFestivalisaroundthecorner,wedecidetovisitthenursinghomethisSaturday.5．______________________________________________________________他一想到要参加龙舟赛，心里就高兴起来。答案：Hecheeredupatthethoughtoftakingpartinthedragonboatrace.Ⅲ.语法填空LastDecembermymotherandI__1__(fly)toLondon.Thefirstthingwedidwastogoonabussightseeingtour.Thisisthebestwaytoseeallthesightsandlearnallaboutthehistoryofthecity.Bythetimethetourwasoveritwasdark.TheChristmaslightswereverycolorful.And__2__reallyimpressedmewassomanypeoplemade__3__(they)wayhomethroughtheheavytrafficonbicycles.IwaslookingforwardtospendingthenextdayinOxfordStreetwithallits__4__(amaze)shops.Andwhat__5__wonderfulexperiencethatwas!Weboughtaticketfortheundergroundandcouldgoeverywhereveryquickly.WespentallmorningshoppingandadmiringtheChristmasdisplaysinsidetheshopsandoutinthestreets.Thenwewenttoawaxmuseum__6__(call)MadameTussauds(杜莎夫人蜡像馆),whichhadalotofwax__7__(figure)offamouspeople.Mymothertookapictureofmestanding__8__PrinceCharlesandPrinceHarry.FromtherewetookthetubetoBuckinghamPalace,thehomeofthetwoprinces,towatchtheChangingoftheGuardbut__9__(fortunate)wecouldn'treallyseewellastherewerethousandsoftouristswaiting__1．________2.________3.________4.________5.________6.________7.________8.________9.________10.________篇章导读：本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了作者和妈妈去年12月份坐飞机前往英国伦敦旅游的经历。1．flew考查动词的时态。由时间状语“LastDecember”可知，应用一般过去时，故填flew。2．what考查主语从句的连接词。分析句子结构可知，空格处引导主语从句且在从句中作主语，所填词意为“……的事物”，故填what。3．their考查代词。makeone'sway意思是“前往”，且主语为people，故填their。4．amazing考查词性转换。amaze意思是“使惊奇”，它的形容词amazing意思是“令人惊奇的”，常用来修饰物。由sho