商务英语复习资料

词汇WorldEnglish:ABlessingoraCurse?1.Therehasbeenmuchoppositionfromsomesocialgroups,____fromthefarmingcommunity.A.straightforwardlyB.notablyC.virtuallyD.exceptionally2.The____viewinBritainandotherWesterncountriesassociatesagingwithdecline,dependency,isolation,andoftenpoverty.A.predominantB.credulousC.inclusiveD.sustainable3.Butgiftssuchasthesecannotbeawardedtoeverybody,eitherbyjudgesorbythemost_____ofgovernments.A.toughB.demandingC.diverseD.benign4.Theforemanreadthe____ofguiltyfourteentimes,oneforeachdefendant.AprejudiceB.verificationC.verdictD.punishment5.Theyfearitcouldhavea(n)___effectonglobalfinancialmarkets.A.sizeableB.adverseC.BeneficialD.consequential6.TheUNthreatenedto____economicsanctionsifthetalkswerebrokenoff.A.engageB.pursueC.abandonD.invoke7.Thereareatleastfourcrucialdifferencesbetweenthenew____andtheoldgovemment.A.regimeB.hegemonyC.complexD.federation8.Thesequestions____achallengetoestablishedattitudeofsuperioritytowardtheoutsideworld.A.evolveB.constituteC.tolerateD.aroused9.Becauseofthis,astrongadministrative___wasneededtoplantheuseofscarceresources,organizeproductionandregulatedistribution.A.apparatusB.constitutionC.insistenceD.promotion10.Ilearntthattherearenogenuinely____animalsinthisarea,alltheanimalswerebroughtherefromotherplaces.A.EndangeredB.domesticatedC.indigenousD.extinctLawsofLastingLove1.ThewholenationgrievedforthedeathofthetheirpresidentJohnKennedy.A.wasdistressedB.wasdistributedC.wasdefeatedD.wasdiminished2.Thecentralgovernmentcollidedwithcityparliamentoveritsindustrialplans.A.counteredB.conflictedC.correspondedD.contested3.Asubtleinfluenceemanatesfromtheteacheruponhisstudents.A.originatesB.suffersC.vanishesD.transmits4.Atthepressconference,thecrazyteenagersfullydisplayedtheirinfatuationfortheirfavoritemoviestars.A.delusionB.passionC.miracleD.inflation5.Temples,mosques,churchesandsynagoguesareallsacredbuildings.A.spiritualB.earthlyC.holyD.secular6.Thedinnertablewasgorgeouswithsilver,rarechina,andflowers.AbeautifulB.luxuriousC.lavishD.abundant7.Mr.Nathanlamentedthefactthatfor40yearsIsraelhadbeensayingithadnoonetotalktoandnowthattheothersidewaspreparedtotalk,Israelrefused.A.recognizedB.complainedC.statedD.revealed8.Westerneffortstokeepcriminalmoneyoutofthebankingsystemarebasedonthepremisethatbankscanidentifytheircustomers,evenwhentheyactthroughnominees.A.constitutionB.insuranceC.predictionD.presupposition9.Thecommitteeundertookacomprehensivediagnosisofthecity'sproblem.A.embraceB.surveyC.investigationD.analysis10.Thefrequenthurtful,infantileargumentsbetweencoupleswillinevitablyleadtodisaster.A.innocentB.mutualC.simplisticD.childishThankGodIt`sMonday1.Iadvocateaholisticrecognitionthatbiologyandcultureinterpenetrateinaninextricablemanner.A.ComplicatedB.unavoidableC.customaryD.incomprehensible2.Theromanticpaintingmovementintroducedatasteforthemysteriousaswellasaloveofthepicturesqueandsublimenature.A.immenseB.fascinatingC.magnificentD.enchanting3.OneimportantfeatureoftheperiodwasthegrowthofBuddhism.ItsadherentshonoredtheBuddhainordertobereborninhisparadise.A.sponsorsB.supportersC.advocatorsD.advisors4.Ascensorshipwasextremelystrictinthatperiod,littleauthenticnewscameoutofthecountry.A.negativeB.disastrousC.officialD.reliable5.Ifablockofwoodiscompletelyimmersedinwater,theupwardforceisgreaterthantheweightofthewood.A.dippedB.pressedC.forcedD.pushed6.AccordingtoZhuangzi,aDaoistphilosopherofthelate4thcenturyBC,throughmysticalunionwiththeDaotheindividualcouldtranscendnatureandevenlifeanddeath.A.dissolveB.upraiseC.surpassD.depress7.Aseconomicgrowthgroundtoahalt,thelocalpopulationsgrewmoreandmoredisaffected.A.indifferentBresentfulC.unvaluedDindignant8.Capitalismwasbesetbycyclesof"boomandbust",periodsofexpansionandprosperityfollowedbyeconomiccollapseandwavesofunemployment.A.failureB.transitionC.lossD.depression9.Atthattime,lifewasnearlyastaxingforall-blackbands:blackmusicianswererequiredtousekitchenentrancesandserviceelevators,whichforcedthemtoconfronttheuglyrealitiesofracialdiscrimination.A.miserableB.hardC.unbearableD.harsh10.Modernandimplicitcensorshiphasnothinglikethepoweroftheoldsystemandcontraryopinionisneverentirelystifled.AreleasedB.arrestedC.retardedDprohibited翻译WorldEnglish:ABlessingoraCurse?ForEnglishisakiller.ItisEnglishthathaskilledoffCumbric,Cornish,NornandManx.因为英语是个杀手。正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言消亡。TherearestillpartsoftheseislandswheresizeablecommunitiesspeaklanguagesthatweretherebeforeEnglish.在其中一部分岛上还有相当多人使用在英语到来之前就已存在语言。YetEnglishiseverywhereineverydayuseandunderstoodbyallorvirtuallyall,constitutingsuchathreattothethreeremainingCelticlanguages,Irish,ScottishGaelic,andWelsh....thattheirlong-termfuturemustbeconsidered....verygreatlyatrisk.然而，英语在日常生活中无处不在，全部人或几乎全部人都懂英语。英语对现存凯尔特语、爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语威胁是如此之大，他们未来岌岌可危。Healsoassociatedsuchpolicieswithaprejudicewhichhecallslinguicism(aconditionparalleltoracismandsexism).同时，他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视（和种族歧视、性别歧视情况类似）偏见亲密相关。AsPhillipsonseesit,leadinginstitutionsandindividualswithinthepredominantly"white"English-speakingworld,have(bydesignordefault)encouragedoratleasttolerated-andcertainlyhavenotopposed-thehegemonicspreadofEnglish,aspreadwhichbegansomethreecenturiesagoaseconomicandcolonialexpansion.在菲利普森看来，在以白人英语为主导世界，最主要机构和个人（有意或无意地）激励或者最少是容忍了（必定没有反对）英语霸权主义式传输。这种传输始于三个世纪之前经济及殖民扩张。Byandlarge,wenowviewthemasmoreorlessbenign,andoftentalkwithadmirationandappreciationabouttheculturesassociatedwiththemandwhattheyhavegiventotheworld.总来说，我们现在或多或少地把这些语言看作有利语言，在谈到与之相关文化及其为世界所做贡献时，我们常怀崇敬与赞赏。Anditisfairlysafetodothis,becausenoneofthemnowposesmuchofathreat.而且这么做也没有太大风险，因为这些语言现在已不会组成什么威胁。YetmanypeopleseeEnglishasablessing.Letmeleaveasideheretheobviousadvantagespossessedbyanyworldlanguage,suchasalargecommunicativenetwork,astrongliteraryandmediacomplex,andapowerfulculturalandeducationalapparatus.然而，许多人把英语看成是一件幸事。在此，我暂且不谈任何世界语言所具备显著优势，比如广泛通信网，强大文化传媒体系，及强有力文化教育机构。English-speakingSouthAfricansofBritishdescentwerenotparticularlystronginopposingtheapartheidregime,andtheblackopposition,whosemembershadmanylanguages,wasatfirstweakanddisorganized.讲英语南非英国后代并不强烈反对种族隔离政权，而黑人反对力量，其组员讲多个语言，在早期软弱无力且缺乏组织。Suchsymbolismsuggeststhattheusersoftheworld'slinguafrancashouldseektobenefitasfullyaspossiblefromtheblessingandasfaraspossibleavoidinvokingthecurse.这一象征表明这种世界通用语使用者应充分发掘这一幸事为我们带来好处，同时尽可能防止招来灾难。ThankGodIt`sMondayMihalyCsikszentmihalyi,whocoinedthetermflow,whichadherentsofpositivepsychologywouldusetodescribethejob-inducedhighs,saysthatdistinctionisafalseone.米哈里齐克森。米哈里认为这种区分是错误。他杜撰了“心流”这个术语，信仰主动心理学人惯用它来描述由工作引发兴奋状态。“Anythingcanbeenjoyableiftheelementsofflowarepresent,"hewritesinhisbookGoodBusiness.它在《称心如意工作》一书中写道：“只要存在心流原因，任何一个工作都能给我们带来愉悦。”"Withinthatframework,doingaseeminglyboringjobcanbeasourceofgreaterfulfillmentthanoneeverthoughtpossible.”依照这一观点，一份表面上看上去枯燥工作也会成为人们拥有很大成就感源泉，这是人们未曾想到。2.Butneitherthelate1990sboomnorthesubsequentbusthadmuchimpactineitherdirection,indicatingthatthestateofworkerhappinessgoesmuchdeeperthantheswingsoftheeconomy.不过20世纪90年代后期经济繁荣和随之而来经济萧条都没有对员工两种工作状态产生多大影响，这表明工人在工作中是否能取得愉快感有比经济形势更深层原因。MartinaRadix,41,tradedahigh-pressurejobasanexecutiveassistantatacompanywhereshelikedhercolleaguesforalesstaxingpositionasaclericalworkerinalawfirmsixyearsago.41岁马丁娜。蕾迪克斯原来是一家企业经理助理，即使工作压力大，但她很喜欢那些同事，6年前她换了工作，到一家律师事务所成了一名职位相对清闲办事员。Shehasmoretimeandflexibilitybutfeelsstifledbyherco-workersandunappreciatedbyherboss.如今时间多了，自由度也大了，但她感觉和这里同事共事太压抑，也得不到老板赏识。"Iamamisfitinthatdepartment,"shesays."Nomatterhowgoodyourpersonallifeis,ifyougointoabadatmosphereatwork,ittakesawayfromit.”她说：“我不适应这个部门，不论你个人生活多惬意，假如工作单位气氛不好，惬意个人生活也会消失。”Infact,engagementatworkislessafunctionofyourpersonalitythanishappinessingeneral.实际上，对工作投入与其说是人个性使然，不如说是源于人们在工作中总体上感到愉快。Harterestimatesthatindividualdispositionaccountsforonlyabout30%ofthedifferencebetweenemployeeswhoarehighlyengagedandthosewhoarenot.哈特认为，对工作高度投入与并不投入员工之间之所以存在差异，员工个性只占30%作用。Therestofitisshapedbythehundredsofinteractionsthatemployeeshaveeverydaywithco-workers,supervisorsandcustomer.其余取决于员工天天与同事、主管以及客户频繁交往。Untilrecently,businesspeoplewoulddismissemployeewell-beingas"outsidetheirdomainandkindoffringe-ish",saysThomasWright,aprofessoroforganizationalbehaviorattheUniversityofNevada,Reno.内华达大学里诺分校组织行为学教授托马斯。赖特说，直到很快前，企业家们还不愿考虑员工是否工作心情舒畅问题，认为这“不属于他们关心范围，和他们职责范围想去甚远”。Earlyhintsoftheimportanceofworkerhappinesswereslowtobeaccepted.早期关于工人幸福主要性暗示被人们慢慢接收。Butlaterstudiesthatlookedatjob-satisfactionratingswereinconsistent.但日后对工作满意度评定研究却前后矛盾。Broadermeasuresofhappiness,itturnsout,arebetterpredictorsofproductivity.结果证实使用更宽泛标准来衡量幸福感则更能有效地预测生产率。Butattheveryleast,businessescoulddobetterjustbypayingattentiontowhattheiremployeeswantandneed.但经过关心员工需求，最少企业可能发展得愈加好。Thenmoreofuscouldfindameasureoffulfillmentinwhatwedo.那样，我们更多人就会在工作中找到一定程度满足感。Andonceinawhile,wemighthopetotranscenditall.Itcanhappenonthebasketballcourt,infrontofaroaringcrowd,orinaclassroom,infrontofjustonegratefulstudent.这种情况可能发生在篮球场上喧闹欢呼人群前，也可能发生在教室里一个充满感激学生面前。Globalization伴随全球化戏剧性地重塑我们世界,人们仍在激烈争论全球化是带来了主动影响还是消极影响。Asglobalizationdramaticallyreshapesourworld,debatesrageaboutwhethertheeffectsofglobalizationarepositiveornegative.最近几十年国际贸易会议经过降低关税和补助,有效促进了富裕国家间制成品贸易。Internationaltrademeetingsinrecentdecadeshavehelpedboosttradeinmanufacturedgoodsbetweenrichcountriesbyreducingtariffsandsubsidies.3该系统已允许他们重建经济,并使他们成为原材料进口商和更有价值人造材料及后续服务出口商。Thesystemhasallowedthemtorestructuretheireconomiessothattheybecomeimportersofrawmaterialsandexportersofmorevaluablemanufacturedmaterialsand,later,services.4这种资本自由流动于全球,但其全部权仍高度集中于富裕国家和一些发展中国家。Thiscapitalflowsfreelyaroundtheglobebutownershipofthecapitalishighlyconcentratedamongrichcountriesandafewdevelopingcountries.5.金融市场信息以不停增加速度在世界各地传输,且金融交易能够在转瞬间发生。Informationaboutfinancialmarketscanspreadaroundtheworldatincreasingspeedsandfinancialtransactionscanoccurinasplitsecond.Leadership你必须实实在在地了解自己是什么样人,自己知道什么,以及自己能做什么。另外要注意一点,决定领导者是否成功是追随者,而不是领导者本人或其余什么人。Youmusthaveanhonestunderstandingofwhoyouare,whatyouknow,andwhatyoucando.Also,notethatitisthefollowers,nottheleaderorsomeoneelsewhodeterminesiftheleaderissuccessful.不一样人需要不一样领导格调。比如说新雇员就比老雇员需要更多监管,而缺乏动力人和干劲十足人相比也需要不一样领导方法。Differentpeoplerequiredifferentstylesofleadership.Forexample,anewhirerequiresmoresupervisionthananexperiencedemployee.Apersonwholacksmotivationrequiresadifferentapproachthanonewithahighdegreeofmotivation.假如一个人想要确定该不该把你当领导者来尊重,她不会考虑你品质特征,而只会观察你行事方法来了解你究竞是个什么样人。Whenapersonisdecidingifsherespectsyouasaleader,shedoesnotthinkaboutyourattributes,rather,sheobserveswhatyoudosothatshecanknowwhoyoureallyare.好领导力以可敬人格和你为组织做出无私贡献为基础。在雇员眼里,你领导力就是你为实现组织目标和寻求员工幸福所做一切。Thebasisofgoodleadershipishonorablecharacterandselflessservicetoyourorganization.Inyouremployees'eyes,yourleadershipiseverythingyoudothateffectstheorganization'sobjectivesandtheirwell-being.每个组织都有其特定工作环境,这个环境在很大程度上决定了领导者们应对问题和机会方式。Everyorganizationhasaparticularworkenvironment,whichdictatestoaconsiderabledegreehowitsleadersrespondtoproblemsandopportunities.Marketing1.对多数组织而言,关键营销职能活动包含广告、促销以及市场调研。Formostorganizations,advertising,salespromotionandmarketingresearchwouldbeconsideredcoremarketingfunctionactivities.2.在全部贸易组织中,提供给消费者产品系列很可能对一个组织成功而言是至关主要。Withinalltradingorganizationstherangeofproductsofferedtocustomersislikelytobeofcrucialimportancetothesuccessoftheorganization.确实能够认为,作为管理功效市场营销,不论它在任何详细企业中被称作什么,应该一直是大多数高级管理层关键任务。Itcanindeedb