跨文化交际英文

跨文化交际英文ppt演示文稿目前一页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点跨文化交际英文ppt目前二页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点FurtherReading林大津《跨文化交际学：理论与实践》，福建人民出版社“Communication

Between

Cultures”（美）萨莫瓦等著，陈治安导读

《中国和英语国家非语言交际对比》Leger

Brosnahan

著，毕继万译，北京语言学院出版社《语言研究的跨文化视野》许力生著，上海外语教育出版社胡文仲主编《跨文化交际丛书》外语教学研究出版社胡文仲《跨文化交际概论》杜学增《中英（英语国家）文化习俗比较》平洪&张国扬《英语习语与英美文化》毕继万《跨文化非言语交际》王克非《从翻译史看文化差异》朱永涛《美国价值观一个中国学者的探讨目前三页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点FurtherReading

与陌生人交际——跨文化交流方法（第四版）WilliamB.Gudykunst&

YoungYunKim著，Steve

Kulich

等导读跨文化交际学基础，Guo-Ming

Chen

&

William

J.Starosta

著，林大津、尤泽顺导读

跨文化能力：文化间人际沟通导论（第五版）Myron

W.Lustig

&

Jolene

Koester

编著，庄恩平导读目前四页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点WarmUp

Pleasereadthefolktale,thenanswerthequestions:1.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?Unit1

CommunicationAcrossCultures

目前五页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点WarmUpItisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciences－thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.Howwouldyoucommunicatewithsomeonewhodoesnotsharethesameexperienceswithyou?目前六页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点ReadingI

Readthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyone’squicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?What’sthedifferencebetweentoday’sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?Whatdoesone’sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?目前七页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点ReadingIReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?目前八页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点DiscoveringProblems:

SlimisBeautiful?Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder?OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywood-like,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.However,thedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.What’smore,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.目前九页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点CulturalValuesCulturesdiffernotonlyintheirbeliefsbutalsoinwhattheyvalue.

Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Becausevaluesarethedesiredcharacteristicsorgoalsofaculture,aculture'svaluesdonotnecessarilydescribeitsactualbehaviorsandcharacteristics.However,valuesareoftenofferedastheexplanationforthewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate.目前十页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement

Whatisinterculturalcommunication(IC)?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?1.DefinitionICisconcernedwithcommunicationamongpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

目前十一页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点FormsofIC(1)InternationalCommunication:Internationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(仪式化).(2)Interethnic(不同种族间的)Communication:Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames,language,religion,values,andthelike.(3)Interracial(不同人种间的)Communication:Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(4)IntraculturalCommunication(内文化交际):Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.目前十二页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点FeaturesofIC

Itisabranchofcommunication.Itmainlydealswithverbalandnonverbalinteractionandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication.Itsverbalmediumislanguagewhileitsnonverbalcommunicationsystemsincludebodylanguage,facialexpressions,etc.目前十三页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点GroupWorkDiscussthecasesofcommunicationgivenon12ispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.(fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:)CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;Communicationbetweenafirst-generationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).目前十四页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点GroupWorkAllthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferintheextenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichismoreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.目前十五页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点DebateReadthesetwodifferentviewsonICmentionedonpage12,thenstateyourpointofviewclearlyandsupportyourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantialevidence.Pro:Peoplearepeople;moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachother.（Commonalityprecedes）Con:Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)目前十六页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点DebateSomethingtokeepinmindinIC:First,allhumanbeingssharesomeheritagesthatlinkustooneanother.Peoplethroughouttheworldareprettymuchalikeinmanyaspects,andthatiswhyitispossibleforpeopleofvariousculturestocommunicate.However,whatwehavetorealizeisthattherearealsovastdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromvariousculturalgroups.Toreallyunderstandapersonwhoseculturalbackgroundisdifferentfromyourscanbeverydifficult,forbothyouandthatpersonmaybesubconsciouslyinfluencedbyeachone’sculturalupbringing.Inasense,whatweshoulddoininterculturalcommunicationistotreatpeopleofotherculturesbothasthesamewithandasdifferentfromus.目前十七页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点ReadingIIReadthearticleof“TheChallengeofGlobalization”on16andanswerthequestions.1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“the‘global’maybemorelocalthanthe‘local’”?5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?目前十八页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

1.ICandICstudiesICstudiesarerathernewwhileIC(activities)isalmostaslongasourhumanhistory.Seenfromworldwide,exchangebetweencountrieshasbecomecloseandfrequentsinceWWIIasaresultofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Statesman,businessmenandothersfinditnecessarytocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures.Thecoinedword“globalvillage”couldbestrevealthis.Butdifferentculturesmayfavordifferentsocialinstitutions,valuesystemsandworldviews.Theymayhavedifferentbeliefs,customsandhabits.AllthesemayhinderIC.Thusthenewsubject—IC—poppedup.目前十九页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

1.ICandICstudiesAlthoughthebeginningsofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldcanbetracedbacktothe1920sintheteachingoflinguisticsandinvariousaca­demicandyouth-orientedprograms,communicationscholarscommonlyrec­ognizeE.T.Hallasthefatherofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationstudy(Condon,1981;Dodd,1982;Gudykunst,1985;Singer,1987).Hallintroducedtermssuchas"interculturaltensions"and"interculturalproblems"in1950.目前二十页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

In1950sand1960sAmerica,asthemostpowerfulcountry,hadfrequentcontactswithothercountries.Someoftheseactivitiesweresuccessfulbutotherswerefailures.SomeoftheAmericansleftabadorevendisgustingimpressiononthenativepeople.Thusin1958TheUglyAmericanshowstheAmericanofficialsinSoutheastAsia.(ThetriggerofICstudies)In1959TheSilentLanguagebyAmericanculturalanthropologistEdwardHallsignifiedtheemergenceofthisdiscipline.ThiscoursewasofferedinUSAinlate1960sinfiveuniversities.Since1970sithasbeenpopularinUSAwith200universitiesand60graduatedschoolsofferingitin1978.ThiscoursewasintroducedtotheChinesescholarsin1980s.AccordingtoHuWenzhongin1995therewereonlyBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,HeilongjiangUniversity,HarbinIndustrialUniversity,ShanghaiForeignStudiesUniversityandFujianTeachersUniversity.ItisrathernewinChina.目前二十一页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherReadthestoryof“HowWeAddressEachOther?”(p18-19).HowdoyouaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountry?AndhowshouldwedoitifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother?IdentifythedifferencesonaddressingbetweenChinesepeopleandAmericans.目前二十二页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherUsuallywecanaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountrybyhis/herfirstnamewithoutmentioninghis/hersurnameortitleoutofrespectforhis/herculture.BecausepeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesattachgreatimportancetocasualnessinaddressingeachotherinordertoformarelativelyintimateandequalrelationship.ButifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother,wecanaddresshim/herintheChineseway.Justastheoldsayinggoes,“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”,it’sbetterforourfriendtolearnmoreaboutandbecomebetteracquaintedwiththeChineseculture.目前二十三页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherInthisway,whenaddressinghim/her,wecanadd“xiao”(young)or“lao”(aged)beforehis/herfamilynameaccordingtohis/heragesoastocreateanamicableatmosphere.Wecanalsoaddresshim/herbyusinghis/hertitleinahumorousway,orbyinventingsomenicknameforhimorherineitherEnglishorChinese,dependingonthedegreeofintimacy.目前二十四页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点SurveyHowmuchdoyouknowaboutthepossibleculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish-speakingpeopleinthespeechbehaviors,suchasgreeting,apologizing,makingrequests,expressinggratitudeanddisapproval,andleave-taking?目前二十五页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点SurveyGreeting:Whengreetingeachother,theChineseoftenbeginwith“Haveyoueaten?”,“Whereareyougoing?”,“Whatareyoudoing?”,“Longtimenosee.”andsoon.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesusuallysay“Hello.”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.”“Nicetomeetyou./Gladtoseeyou.”or“Howdoyoudo?”ApologizingChinesepeopleseemtoapologizelessoftenthanEnglish-speakingpeople.TheChineseapologizeonlywhentheythinkitisaboutsomethingthatreallymatters.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesoftenapologizeintheirdailylifeevenforthemosttrivialthings.目前二十六页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点SurveyMakingrequestsChinesepeopletendtomakerequestsinindirectways,especiallywhenthepeopleinvolvedarenotonintimatetermswithoneanother.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtomakerequestsdirectlyandopenly.ExpressinggratitudeChinesepeopleoftenexpresstheirgratitudenotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoandwhattheygivetootherswhohavedonethemafavor.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoshowtheirgratitudemoreverballytootherswhohavehelpedthem.目前二十七页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点SurveyExpressingdisapprovalChinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.Iftheyhavetoexpressdisapproval,theyoftenprefertodoitinaveryindirectway.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesaremorelikelytoexpresstheirdisapprovalfreelyanddirectly.Leave-takingChinesepeopletendtoexcusethemselvesbyclaimingthattheothersmustbetiredorbusy,etc,usingtheexpressionsthatimputethemotiveoftirednessorbusinesstotheotherpartywhenparting.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountrieswouldusuallyfindreasonstopartrelatedtothemselvesratherthantoothers.目前二十八页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

1.InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard’smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.”目前二十九页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

2.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitself－beitafamilyoravastcorporation－ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richard’smistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.目前三十页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

3.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.目前三十一页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Case2Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.Case3Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.目前三十二页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点CaseStudyCase4Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendseasily,andtheydon’tfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.目前三十三页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Readthearticleof“StumblingBlocksinInterculturalCommunication”(p26-31).Somequestionswillbeaskednextclass.HomeworkWhatarestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?Howtoovercometheseblocks?ReviewofUnit1目前三十四页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点ABritishtouristgotlostinasmalltowninChina.AChinesecouplevolunteeredtooffertheirhelp.Andnowtheyareintroducingthemselves.Britishtourist:Itwassonicetomeetyoubothhere.I'mSusanWilliams.Thankyouverymuch.Chinesecouple:It'sapleasure.I'mLiFang,andthisismyhusband.WelcometoChina,MissSusan.

Thankyou.Britishtourist:Mrs.Li.Wouldbothofyoulikeacupofcoffee?Chinesecouple:No,thanks.Caseanalysis目前三十五页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点WarmUp

Pleasereadthestoryonpage38,thenanswerthequestions:1.WhywasTomconsideredarudehostbyhisvisitors?2.HowcanyouexplainthefactthatTomismisunderstoodwhenheactuallywantstobekindandfriendlytothevisitors?

Unit2

CultureandCommunication目前三十六页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点ReadingI

Readthearticleof“WhatIsCulture”(p39-43).Whatcanyoulearnaboutculturefromit?Pleaseanswerthequestionsfollowed:1.Whichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyouprefer?Why?2.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture?3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds?目前三十七页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsTheory(p41)

目前三十八页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点ReadingI4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads?5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment?6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife?7.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingcountries?目前三十九页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

Whatisculture?

OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“Culture”isaloanwordfromLatinmeaning“cultivatingortillingtheland”.Itwasoriginallyassociatedwithphysicalactivitiesandproductionoffood.Later,itsmeaningwasextendedtoincludemental,moral,aesthetic,educationalandintellectualactivities.IncontemporaryEnglishitsoriginalmeaningisstillretained.目前四十页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

Whatisculture?

OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“文化”isanativewordinChinese.“文”and“化”wereusedtogetherintheWarringStates.“人文”in“观乎人文，以化成天下”referstotheinterwovenrelationshipsbetweenthemonarchandhissubjects,fathersandsons,husbandsandwives,brothersandfriends,and“化”means“changingand/orcultivating”.Whenusedtogether,“文”and“化”mean“以文教化”.TheywerecombinedintoonewordinHanDynasty,withitsmeaningcontrastedwith“nature”ononehandand“primitiveness”and“savage”ontheotherhand.So“文化”wasoriginallyassociatedwithmentalactivities.目前四十一页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

Whatisculture?

DefinitionofCultureinEnglishandChineseTheterm“culture”doesnotcorrespondperfectlywith“文化”.Forexamples:他没有文化(Heisilliterate.)“Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculturetheideasandthestandardstheyhaveincommon.”—R.BenedictDefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”[BatesandPlog]目前四十二页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

Whatisculture?Therearealtogethernolessthan250definitionsofculturebyscholarsfromseveraldifferentfields.Despiteso,almostallscholarsagreethatculturehastwosenses:thebroadsenseandthenarrowsense.A.CultureinitsbroadsenseCultureistheattributeofman,or,whateverdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworldisculture.Basedonthis,Prof.LinDajinprovidesaChinesecounterpartdefinition:文化是人类区别于动物的综合特征.目前四十三页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

Whatisculture?Itmayincludethefollowingcomponents:①Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds,includingscienceandtechnology,suchasspaceshuttles,airplanes,andcars;②Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished,includingsocioeconomicinstitutions,politico-legalinstitutions,andreligiousorganizations;③Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment,includingvarioussubjectssuchasmathematicsandeducation,andartisticformssuchasliterature,painting,musicanddance;④Languageandothercommunicationsystemssuchasgesturesandfacialexpressions;⑤Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns;⑥Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.目前四十四页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

Whatisculture?Cultureinthissenseisalsocalled“largeCculture”oracademiccultureorculturewithabigC(大写字母的文化).It’scultureingeneral,cultureofallnationalitiesandethnicgroups.ButweknowtherearespecificculturessuchasChinese,AmericanandBritish.Accordingtothissense,specificculturecanbedefined(byProf.LinDajin)asthecomprehensivefeaturesthatdistinguishonegroup(beitanation,araceoranysectionofpeople)ofpeoplefromanother(一个民族区别于另一个民族的综合特征).目前四十五页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Supplement:

Whatisculture?CultureinitsnarrowsenseIt'scalled“smallcculture”oranthropologicalcultureorculturewithasmallc(小写字母的文化).Itcanbedefinedaslifewayofapopulation,Cultureinthissenseemphasizeswhatcharacterizesthewayoflifeofapeople,includingcomponents②,③,④,⑤and⑥,withcomponents②,④,⑤and⑥asthecentralpart.Somescholarsareinterestedin“largeCculture”whileothersin“smallcculture”,dependingonthepurposeofinvestigation.Weshallfocusoncultureinitsnarrowsense.目前四十六页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点SharingKnowledge(p45-48)Readthearticleon48.Fromthisarticle,wecanlearntherearethreecharacteristicsofculture–coherent,learned,theviewofagroupofpeople;andtherearethreethingsculturedoes–culturerankswhatisimportant(orculturesteachvaluesorpriorities),culturefurnishesattitudes,andculturedictateshowtobehave.目前四十七页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点SharingKnowledge(p45-48)Cultureiswhatwesharewithsomebutnotwithallotherpeople;itiscommontopeoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcategory,butdifferentfrompeoplebelongingtoothergroupsorcategories.Inourlife,cultureiseverywhereanddetermineshowweusuallybehave.Itincludesthelanguageinwhichweexpressourselves,thewayweraiseourchildren,thedeferenceweshowtoourelders,thephysicaldistancefromotherpeoplewemaintaininordertofeelcomfortable,andthewayweperceivegeneralhumanactivitiessuchaseating,makinglove,havingaconversation,formingafriendshipwithsomeone,etc.andtheceremonialssurroundingthem.目前四十八页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点PropertiesofCultureItishumanspecific.Itisasocialphenomenon(contrastbetweensocietyandnature).Itistheembodimentofhumanknowledge,skillandcooperativelabor.Itisanationalphenomenonforeachnationhasitsownculture.Itisahistoricalphenomenon.Eachculturehassomehistoryandeachgenerationcontributestoit.Butculturewon’tnecessarilyremainthesame.Itisgeneralandabstract.目前四十九页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点Fill-inTask(p44-45)

Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatisabovethewateriseasytobenoticed.Theotherpartthatishiddenbelowthewaterandisoutsideofconsciousawareness.Itissometimescalled“deepculture”.Butwhatarethethingsinaculturethatcanbesaidtobeaboveorbelowthewater–withinoroutofourawareness?目前五十页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点TheStructureofCulture

目前五十一页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点TheStructureofCulture目前五十二页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点ReadingIIDecidewhetherthefollowingareexamplesofcommunicationsornot?Why?1)Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.2)TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille.3)AGermanbusinessmannegotiates,throughaninterpreter,withhisChinesecounterpart.4)Afarmergivesinstructionstohisploughingcow.5)Aprogrammerissuescommandstoacomputer.6)Tomtalkstohimselfwhileflourishinghistoygun.7)Yousendane-mailmessagetoanAmericanfriend.8)Janeliesinbedreadinganovel.目前五十三页\总数二百九十九页\编于四点ReadingIITheBasicsofCommunication:Communicationoccursif:1.twoormorepeople;2.contact;3.a