商务英语演讲辞的问题分析-文学学士毕业论文

AbstractThisthesisistodiscusstheproblemsfromthreedimensions:linguisticdescription,schematicstructureandtextfunctioning,ornamely,linguisticdescription,textualanalysis.Inchapterone,itwilldiscussthedefinitionsofstylisticsandthedevelopmentofstylisticanalysis.Inchaptertwoitgivesageneralunderstandingofbusinessspeech.Inchapterthree,ittriestoanalyzetheschematicstructureforbusinessspeech.Inthelastpart,itexploresthelinguisticfeaturesinvocabularycharacteristicsanditshowstheimportanceoflanguageandoffersanumberofpracticalguidesforusingwordsaccurately,clearly,vividlyandappropriately.Keywords:businessspeech;stylisticanalysis

中文摘要进入WTO时代，中国国际化的步伐越来越快，商务英语不仅已经成为国际商务沟通的工具，同时也变成了驰聘商场必备的筹码，其重要性不言而喻。通过所选的商务会议演讲文本的比较分析研究，总结出此类演讲文本的语言及结构上的特征，以及形成这些特征的语域因素。这将会在实际工作中对商务英语的使用者，英语教学者及翻译工作者有所启发，期望本文的研究能够为以后这类话题更为系统和全面的研究提供参考作用。作为国际性商务人员必备的技能之一，商务英语演讲不仅显示出演讲者的英语表达的水平，更能体现出演讲者的综合素质。然而，如何成功地进行商务英语演讲对许多从业人员，特别是非英语国家的从业人员而言，仍是一大挑战。目前国内有大量研究商务演讲文体的文章，但国外的研究不多，而且不太深入。本文采用实例语料。从三个方面分析研究了选材，即语言分析，文体分析。在演讲实例中，语言层面和组织结构上有共同之处，作为商务英语演讲文本，要具备意义准确，用词恰当，表达直接以及条理清晰等特点。关键词：商务演讲;文体分析Chapter1IntroductionNowadays,morepeoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofpublicspeakingandmadeconsciousefforttodeveloptheabilitytospeakinpublic.Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalization,moreandmorecountriesareinterrelated.BusinessconferenceEnglishspeaking,however,isofgreatsignificanceinfurtherstrengthencooperationwithothercountriesandhasbecomecommonininternationalbusinesssettings.InsomedevelopedcountrieslikeAmerica,coursesinpublicspeakingorsomesimilarcoursesarecommonlyofferedinuniversities.Thestudentsarerequiredorencouragedtotakethecourses.Therearealsospecialclubsandjournalsofpublicspeakinginthosecountries.InChinapublicspeakinghasalsobecomeveryflourishinginrecentyears.MoreandmoreChinesepeoplehavebecomeinterestedinpublicspeakingandthereforeparticipatedinpublicspeakingactivities.However,tounderstandtheimportanceandvalueofpublicspeaking,especiallybusinessconferenceEnglishspeaking,stilldeservesattention.Moreoftenthannot,therearemanyproblemsaboutbusinessconferenceEnglishspeakingduringthecourseofbeingaddressedbyspeakersorbeingreceivedbyaudiences.Theauthorthinksthatproblemsmayresultfromthreefactors.Firstthingfirst,languagechoiceinbusinessconference,includingthespeechformats,andtheprincipleofchoosingwordsandsentencesarethemostimportant.ThesecondislackofprofessionalknowledgeinunderstandingbusinessEnglish.Itisamatterofthequalificationofthespeakerandtheaudience.Sincetheconferencestheyparticipatearebusiness-oriented,tosomeextent,somebasicprofessionalknowledgeisanecessitytotheparticipants.Lastbutnotleast,culturalshockexistsinalmosteverysettingwhichinvolvespeoplefromdifferentcountries.However,theinfluenceofculturalshockvariesinanyspecificsetting.ThepurposeofthisthesistriestosuggesthowlanguagefactorsinfluencetheEnglish-languagespeeches,andhowidentificationbetweenspeakersandaudiencesidaffectedinterpersonallywhenthosespeechesemploytheproperwordsandsentence,figureofspeechandspeechstructure.Therefore,thefocusofthisthesisliesintheemploymentofEnglishlanguageinbusinessconferencespeechtexts.Itwillillustratesomeoflinguistic,textual,contextual,analysis,includingthestylisticfeaturesatthephonologicallevel,lexicallevel,syntacticallevel,schematicstructure,cohesivedevicesanditscontextuallevelbymeansofquantitativeanalysis.Thewholethesiscanbedividedintofivechapters.Thefirstchapterdealswiththereviewofstyleandstylisticsincludingdefinitionsofstyleandwhatstylisticsstudiesandthedevelopmentofstylistics.ThesecondchapterisageneralunderstandingofbusinessEnglishspeech,includingthedefinitionofbusinessspeech,theclassificationofbusinessEnglishSpeechandthefeaturesofeffectivebusinessspeech.Thethirdchapterisaboutschematicstructureandtheemployeddevicestoexaminetheorganizationofthespeeches.Asforthefourthchapter,itwilldealswiththelanguagechoiceinspeeches.Bycomparingandcontrastingsomespeechesatphonologicallevel,lexicallevel,syntacticallevel.Atlast,conclusionpartwillserveasasummaryofthethesis,drawingaconclusionandgivingsuggestionsaboutmakingandunderstandingbusinessconferenceEnglishspeeches.Chapter2LiteratureReviewThischapterwilldiscussthedefinitionsofstylisticsandthedevelopmentofstylisticanalysisfromvarioussources.ItalsodealswithageneralunderstandingofbusinessEnglishspeech.2.1TheDefinitionandDevelopmentofStylisticsStylisticsisthestudyofvarietiesoflanguagewhosepropertiespositionthatlanguageincontext,andtriestoestablishprinciplescapableofaccountingfortheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage.Avariety,inthissense,isasituationallydistinctiveuseoflanguage.Forexample,thelanguageofadvertising,politics,religion,individualauthors,etc.,orthelanguageofaperiodintime,allareuseddistinctivelyandbelonginaparticularsituation.Inotherwords,theyallhave‘place’oraresaidtouseaparticular'style'.Stylisticsisabranchoflinguistics,whichdealswiththestudyofvarietiesoflanguage,itsproperties,principlesbehindchoice,dialogue,accent,length,andregister.Stylisticsalsoattemptstoestablishprinciplescapableofexplainingtheparticularchoicesmadebyindividualsandsocialgroupsintheiruseoflanguage,suchassocialisation,theproductionandreceptionofmeaning,criticaldiscourseanalysisandliterarycriticism.Otherfeaturesofstylisticsincludetheuseofdialogue,includingregionalaccentsandpeople’sdialects,descriptivelanguage,theuseofgrammar,suchastheactivevoiceorpassivevoice,thedistributionofsentencelengths,theuseofparticularlanguageregisters,etc.ThedevelopmentofStylistics,giventhatitcombinestheuseoflinguisticanalysiswithwhatweknowaboutthepsychologicalprocessesinvolvedinreading,depended(atleastinpart)onthestudyofLinguisticsandPsychology(bothlargelytwentieth-centuryphenomena)becomingreasonablyestablished.Stylistics,then,isasub-disciplinewhichgrewupinthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury:ItsbeginningsinAnglo-Americancriticismareusuallytracedbacktothepublicationofthebookslistedbelow.Threeofthemarecollectionsofarticles,someofwhichhadbeenpresentedasconferencepapersorpublishedinjournalsalittleearlier.Fowler,Roger(ed.)(1966)EssaysonStyleinLanguage.London:RoutledgeandKeganPaul.Freeman,DonaldC.(ed.)(1971)LinguisticsandLiteraryStyle.NewYork:Holt,Rinehart&Winston.Leech,GeoffreyN,(1969)ALinguisticGuidetoEnglishPoetry.London:Longman.Sebeok,ThomasA.(1960)StyleinLanguage.Cambridge,PerhapsthemostinfluentialarticleisthatbyRomanJakobsoninSebeok(1960:350-77).Itiscalled'ClosingStatement:LinguisticsandPoetics'becauseitwasacontributiontoaconferencewhichSebeok(1960)publishedasacollectionofpapers.JakobsonisanimportantfigurewhoconnectstogethervariousstrandsinthedevelopmentofStylistics.Stylisticscanbeseenasalogicalextensionofmoveswithinliterarycriticismearlyinthetwentiethcenturytoconcentrateonstudyingtextsratherthanauthors.Nineteenth-centuryliterarycriticismconcentratedontheauthor,andinBritainthetext-basedcriticismofthetwocriticsI.A.RichardsandWilliamEmpson,hispupil,rejectedthatapproachinordertoconcentrateontheliterarytextsthemselves,andhowreaderswereaffectedbythosetexts.ThisapproachisoftencalledPracticalCriticism,anditismatchedbyasimilarcriticalmovementintheUSA,associatedwithCleanthBrooks,RenéWellek,AustinWarrenandothers,calledThereisanotherimportantstrandofinfluenceinthedevelopmentofStylistics(theonewhichRomanJakobsonwasinvolvedin)whichcomesfromEasternEurope.Intheearlyyearsofthetwentiethcentury,themembersoftheFormalistLinguisticCircleinMoscow(usuallycalledtheRussianFormalists).Lateron,theybegantodevelopwhatbecameaveryinfluentialaspectoftextualstudyinlaterStylistics,calledforegroundingtheory.TheRussianFormalistswere,ineffect,thefirststylisticians.ButtheirworkwasnotunderstoodinthewestbecauseoftheeffectsoftheRussianRevolutionin1917.Aftertherevolution,formalismfelloutoffavourand,inanycase,academiccommunicationbetweenwhatbecametheSovietUnionandWesternEuropeandNorthAmericavirtuallyceased.RomanJakobsonbecameoneofthemostinfluentiallinguistsofthetwentiethcentury,andthereasonforhisconsiderableinfluenceonStylistics,inadditiontohisownacademicbrilliance,wasbecausehelinkedvariousschoolsofLinguisticstogether.HeleftMoscowatthetimeoftheRussianRevolutionandmovedtoPrague,wherehebecameamemberofthePragueStructuralistcircle,whowerealsoveryinterestedinthelinguisticstructureoftextsandhowtheyaffectedreaders.Then,whenCzechoslovakiaalsobecamecommunist,hemovedtotheUSA.Ratherlikeabeneficialvirus,hecarriedtheapproachwhichlaterbecamecalledStylisticswithhim,andhelpedthosewhowantedtodevelopPracticalandNewCriticisminmorepreciseanalyticaldirections.Theterm'Stylistics'becameassociatedwithdetailedlinguisticcriticismbecause,atthetimeitdeveloped,thestudyofauthorialstylewasamajorcriticalconcern,andlinguisticanalysis,alliedtostatistics,waspopularwiththemorelinguisticallyinclinedcritics.Tosomedegree,itisalesshappynamenow,asstylisticianshave,byandlarge,movedawayfromthestudyofstyleandtowardsthestudyofhowmeaningsandeffectsareproducedbyliterarytexts.Therehavebeenafewattemptstochangethenameoftheenterprise:forexampleto'literarylinguistics'or'criticallinguistics'.Butnoneofthelabelssofarproposedcoversalltheaspectsoffieldadequately(forexamplethetwojustmentionedcanjustaseasilyapplytoareasnotcoveredbyStylisticsanddonotadequatelyrepresentthepsychologicalaspectsoftheapproach),andso'Stylistics'hassurvivedasthemostpopularlabel,despiteitsshortcomings.2.2TheDefinitionofBusinessSpeechEnglishpublicspeakingisthetransmissionofamessageinEnglishfromonepersonwhoaddressestoanaudiencewhoisphysicallypresent.Publicspeakingisnotanewtrend.Infact,peoplehavebeenspeakinginpublicsincehumanbeingsfirstdevelopedtheabilitytotalk.Publicspeakingisaskillthateveryoneneedstolearn.Almosteveryoneofuswillbeinvolvedinpublicspeakinginsomeformatsomepointinourlivessothatweneedtobepreparedtodoagoodjobwhenthattimecomes.Ofcourse,evenifyouarenevercalledupontovocalizeyourownideasinfrontofothers,learninghowtoeffectivelyspeakinpublicwillincreaseyourconfidence,andmakeyoumorecomfortablewithotherpeople.Beinganeffectivepublicspeakercangiveyouthetoolstomakeyousuccessinyourbusiness,inyourcommunity,evenintheworld.Publicspeechisanimportantsocial-culturalphenomenon.Itcoversafairlylargerange.Sofarasthefieldisconcerned,therearespeecheslikethebusinessmanagerexplainingnextyear’budget,themilitaryofficerbriefingsubordinates,theteacherlecturinginaclassroom,theunionleaderinformingmembersaboutdetailsinthemewcontrast;therearespeechesonquestionsoffact,onquestionsofvalue,andonquestionsofpolicyandtherearealsospeechesonspecialoccasion:speechesofintroduction,ofpresentation,ofacceptanceandcommemorativespeeches,etc.Sofarasthefunctionaltenorisconcerned,speechescanbeformalorlessformalorinformal.Sofarasthemodeisconcerned,thereareimpromptuspeeches(speechesmadeonthespot),speecheswithasetofbriefmotesoranoutlinetojogthememory,speechesfromrecitingandspeechesfromamanuscript;butmanyofthespeechesarewrittentobespokenbeforeanaudience.Ofallaspectsofpublicspeaking,persuasionisthemostcomplexanddifficult.Itsjobistochangetheaudience’smindstogetthemtoagreeandperhapstoact.Itsgoalmaybetodefendanidea,torefuteanopponent,tosellaprogramme,ortoinspirepeopletoaction.Inmanywayspublicspeechesaresimilartodailyconversation.Inboth,theaddresserhastotailorhis/hermessagetotheaddresseeandadapttotheaddressee’sfeedbackandbothpublicspeechesanddailyconversationmakefulluseofprosodicandparalinguisticfeaturesforexpression.Butpublicspeakingisalsodifferentfromdailyconversationinthatitconcentratesononetopicwithhighlystructuredformatandmoreformallanguage.Publicspeechesmakeamoreeffectivewayofdelivery.Publicspeakingshowsthecharacteristicsofhighlylogicalorganizationofthoughts,closely-knitstructureandformallanguage.Itdiffersfromthewrittenmodeinthatthelatterdoesnothavetoandcannotadapttoreaders’immediatefeedbackorrelyonskilfulvocaldelivery.Asanimportantvariety,publicspeechhasdrawnattentionofmanystylisticians,suchasWangZuoliang,HuZhuanglin,XuYouzhi,XuZhenzhonginChina,andM.A.K.Halliday,MartineJoos,OferFeldman,RobertC.Pooleyabroad.TheyhavediscussedthestylisticfeaturesofEnglishspeakinginmanyoftheirworks,suchas:AnIntroductiontoEnglishStylistic(WangZuoliang,1987)，“DiscussiononthestyleofEnglishaddress”(XuZhenzhong,1990:28),“OnEnglishPublicSpeaking”(XuYouzhi,1994:19),“Language,ContextandText”(Halliday,2001),TheFiveClocks(Joos,1961),PoliticallySpeaking(Feldman,1998).WangZuoliangandXuYouzhimainlystudythedegreeofformalityofpublicspeakingandsomesemanticcolorofpublicspeaking,whileHuZhuanglinemphasizestheimportanceof“context”instylisticanalysisofpublicspeech.AccordingtoHuZhuanglin,thecontextsincludesocial-culturalcontextandcontextofsituation.Britishsystemic-functionallinguistic,Hallidaymainlyadvocatesthefunctionallinguistictheory,especiallythetheoryaboutforegroundinginstylisticanalysisofpublicspeech.Thethesisintendstogiveadetailedanalysistothestylisticfeaturesofthepublicspeechfromthelexicallevel,grammaticallevel,rhetoricallevelandphonologicallevel.Italsoadoptssomecommonlyacceptedcontemporarylinguistictheories.Thisthesismainlyconsistsofthreeparts:introduction,stylisticfeaturesofpublicspeechandconclusion.Theintroductionisconcernedwiththepresentstateoftherelevantresearch,thepurposeofthispaper,andthesignificanceofthechosentopic.Stylisticfeaturesofpublicspeecharethemainpartofthisthesis.Itconsistsoffourparts,concerningtheanalysisatthelexicallevel,grammaticallevel,rhetoricallevelandphonologicallevel.Atlast,comesconclusionthatsummarizesthisthesis.2.3FeaturesofEffectiveBusinessSpeechEffectivelanguageinaspeechischaraterizedbypersonalanddirectandinstantlyunderstandableexpressions.Publicspeechesarecomposedofexpressionsofideasandtechnicaluseofdelivery.Essentialfeaturesofpublicspeechareclarityandsimplicity,appropriateness,andtransitions.2.Asaspeaker,weshouldfirstofallstrivetomakeourselvesunderstoodclearly.Itseemsthattheimportanceofthisqualityisknowntoeveryone,andso,needsnofurtheremphasis.Infact,thisisnottrue.Wemovethewordswhichmaycauseconfusionortendtopuzzlelisteners;removeeitherlexicalorsyntacticpreferable.Ifwehavetousecertainjargon,abbreviationsorthelike,explaintheminsimple,clearandplainwords.Precisewordsoftencontributetoclarity.Ifyouusemanysuchwordsorexpressionsas“probably”,“perhaps”,“andsoonandsoforth”,“somethinglikethat”,orothervague,uncertainorlessspecificexpressions,youraudiencewillsurelyfeelsomewhatunclear.Theywillprobablydoubtyourcompetence.Therefore,reduceorgetridofsuchfuzziness,orrather,trytoavoidlanguagewhichsoundstoogeneralorall-purpose.Instead,usespecificwords.Peopletendtobelieveaspeakerwhoselanguagesoundsprecise,accurateandspecific.Clarityisnotonlyrelatedtolexiconsbutalsorelatedtocertainsyntacticstructures.Duetothenatureoforalcommunication,long,involvedsentencesoftensoundobscure,sotheyarenotpreferredthoughtheyaresometiomesused.Breaklong,complexsentencesintosimple,shortones,whennecessary.2.Appropriatelanguageisanotherdecisivequalityineffectivespeeches.Tomakelanguageappropriate,youhavetorefertothesubject,occasion,audience,andyourself.Inotherwords,weshoulduselanguagethatisappropriatetotheseitems.Forexample,whentalkingonapoliticalsubjectinaquiteformalsituation,wearenaturallyexpectednottouseinformal,conversationallanguage.Andifweimitatetoomuchofthelanguagestyleofawell-knownspeaker,wewillprobablyloseappropriateness,too.Publicspeakersalwaysseekappropriateness,butitisaseasytopractiseappropriateness,asitistotalkaboutit.Muchendeavorisdefinitelyneededtoattainthisgoal.2.Bothwritingandspeechrequirecoherenceandunity,andthispurposecanberealizedpartiallybytheuseofvarioustransitionsortransitionaldevices.Comparedwithwriting,publicspeechdependsmoreontransitionaldevicestoachievecoherenceandunity.Itisbecausethatspeechappealstohearingwhilewritingtoseeing.Atleastanumberoffactorscount.First,sincemessageisconveyedthroughthemediumsoundofspeechshiftsitsideasfromonetoanotherandhowtheshiftrelatestowhathasgonebefore.Weshouldmaketheaudienceclearasyoufinishapointinyourspeechandaretomovetoanother.Secondly,inwriting,coherencedoesnotnecessarilyrelyonconnectors.Thelackofcoherencemarkersdonotalwaysspoilcoherence,whichmaybeachievedorcompensatedbysemanticorlogicmeans.Besides,inreading,readerscanrereadorreviewthepreviouspartofnecessarybutthelistenercannotreturntothepreviouspartwhenlistening.Thisuniquenesspresupposesthatfollowingtheflowordevelopmentofideasofaspeechshouldbehelpedfollowtheflowofideasinaspeechwithsomeconspicuoustransitionaldevices.Inshort,moreovertdevicesfortransitionareneededinmakingapublicspeechbecauselistenersrequiremoreinstantaneouscomprehension.Transitionscanassistustoclassifytherelationshipbetweenideas,keeptheideasshiftingsmoothlyfromonetoanother,andunifythewholespeech.Theycanconnecteitherthedivisionsliketheintroduction,bodyandconclusionofthespeech,ordifferentpointswithineachofthese.Withouttransitions,speecheswilllackcohesionandsoundbrokenorfragmented.Inthecase,theaudiencemayfindtheshiftofideasquiteabruptandunnatural;andthespeakermayalsofeeldifficulttocontinueorcompletethespeechsmoothly.Roughlyspeaking,therearetwotypesoftransitions.Thefirsttype,sometimescalledinternalsummary,referstotwodirections,lookingbothbackwardandforward.Inordertolookbackward,itoftensummarizesorrepeatacertainpointinthepreviouspartbyusing,forexample,If…isthecase,whatthenof…,Inaddition…,Besides….Thesecondtypeoftransitions,formedwithawordorsentence,onlylooksforwardsignalingthatthenewpointiscoming,suchas,But…,Secondly…,Finally…,Thereissomethingelse,Hereisasecondexample,Whatabout.Chapter3SchematicStructureDuringourcareer,we'llprobablybeaskedtomakeabusinessspeech.Itcouldbemadetoaclient,amanager,ourpeersorouremployees.Anditcouldcoveranytopic-acceptancespeech,awardpresentationspeech,employeewelcomespeech,companyoverviewspeech-tonameafew!Thesespeechesarethemostdifficultspeechestomake.Theyareoftenmadetopeopleyouknowandcanbedroppedonyouatshortnotice.Itisimportantthereforetohaveplannedandthoughtaboutthetypeofspeechesyoumaybeaskedtomakebeforeyougetaskedtomakethem!Planningisthekey.Effectivecommunicationdemandsacoherentstructureinwhichwordsandsentencesofawrittenororalcommunicationfittogether.Organizingspeechesdoestwothingsforus.First,ithelpsyoutothinkmoreclearlyandtopursueyourideasinamoresystematicway.Organizingyourthoughtsinaclear,coherent,andlogicalmannerisonesteptobecomingagoodcriticalthinker,someonewhocanreflectupontheirownideasandanalyzeothers'.Second,organizationincreasesthelikelihoodthatyourspeechwillbeeffective.Audiencesareunlikelytounderstanddisorganizedspeechesandunlikelytothinkthatdisorganizedspeakersarereliableorcredible.3.1SchematicStructureApublicspeechusuallycontainsthreeparts:introduction,bodyandconclusion.Thefollowingsectionswilldealwiththedifferentpartstoseehowtheythemselvesfunctioninparticularways.3.11TheIntroductionoftheSpeechTheintroductionofthespeechestablishesthefirst,crucialcontactbetweenyouandyouraudience.Theintroductionneedstoaccomplishthreethings:1)Focusyouraudience'sattention.Theintroductionistheplacewhereyoushouldstateyourmainclaimorideaveryclearlyandgivetheaudienceasenseofwhatyouaimtodooraccomplishinthespeech.Youneedtoorientyouraudienceandmakeconnectionsbetweenwhattheyknoworarealreadyinterestedinandwhatyouarespeakingon.

2)Establishgoodwillandcredibility.Aristotlebelievedthemostimportantpartofpersuasionwasethos,orthecharacterthespeakerexhibitedtotheaudience.Youraudienceneedstoseeyouassomeonetolistentoattentivelyandsympathetically.Youneedtoappearreliabletomakethathappen.Ethosisgeneratedbybothdeliveryorstyleandideas.Makingeyecontactwithyouraudienceanddisplayingconfidenceinyourvoiceandbodyaretwoimportantwaystoestablishethos.Inaddition,ifyouexpressideasthatareoriginalandintelligent,youwillshowwhatAristotlewouldconsideryourintellectualcharacter.Youaredisplayinghabitsofthoughttoanaudiencewhichseessomethinginterestingandworthlisteningtowithtrust.

3)Giveapreviewwhereyoumentionthemainpointsyouwillcoverinthebodysothattheaudiencecanbepreparedtolistenforthem.Repetitionisanimportantaspectofpublicspeaking,forlisteningisanimperfectart,andaudiencemembersnearlyalwaystuneoutinparts--sometimestothinkaboutyourspeech,sometimesforotherreasons.Thepreviewshouldendwithatransition,abriefphraseorapausetosignaltoyouraudiencethatyouaremovingoutoftheintroductionandintothebody.3.12TheBodyoftheSpeechThebodyfollowsandisitselfstructuredbyamodeoforganization,alogicalorculturallyspecificpatternofthinkingaboutideas,events,objects,andprocesses.Havingamodeoforganizationmeansgroupingsimilarmaterialtogetherandlinkingthecomponentpartstogetherwithtransitions.Goodtransitionsshowtherelationbetweenpartsofaspeech.Theydisplayyourlogic.Commontransitionphrasesinclude:inadditionto,furthermore,evenmore,next,afterthat,then,asaresult,beyondthat,incontrast:,however,ontheotherhand.Onespecialtypeoftransitioniscalledtheinternalsummary,abriefnutshellrestatementofthemainpointyouarecompleting.Inthebody,thefewerthemainpointsthebetter.Inthespeech,mainpointsshouldbeclearlystatedandsignposted,markedoffasdistinctandimportanttoyouraudience,becauseaudienceswillhavetroublefollowingandrememberingyourspeech.Transitionsoftenservetosignpostnewpoints,asdopausesbeforeanimportantidea.Additionally,youmightnumberyourmainpoints--first,second,thirdorfirst,next,finally.Alwaysmakeiteasyforyouraudiencetorecognizeandfollowkeyideasyoudon'twantthemtomiss.3.13TheConclusionoftheSpeechFollowingatransition,theconclusionfollows.Theconclusionshouldbesomewhatshorterthanyourintroductionandneedstoaccomplishtwopurposes:sumupyourmainideasandgivethespeechasenseofclosureandcompletion.Goodconclusionsmightreferbacktotheintroduction,offerananalogyormetaphorwhichcapturesthemainidea,orleavetheaudiencewithaquestionorachallengeofsometype.Briefquotationscanalsomakeeffectiveconclusions(justastheycanmakeeffectiveopeningsforintroductions).3.14CaseStudyForinstance,ifyouareamanager,thenyouwillalmostcertainly(asaminimum)beaskedatsometimetomakethesespeeches:1)EmployeeLeavingSpeech2)WelcomingANewEmployeeSpeech3)AwardAcceptanceSpeech4)CompanyOverviewSpeechInyourownsituation,youshouldbeabletolistthetypeofspeechesyoumaybeaskedtomake.ThekeyistousethisFastSpeechWritingTooltohelpyoupreparethesespeechesquicklyandeffectively.Here'showtodoit:1)Assoonasyouknowyouaregoingtobemakingaspeech,blockout1houroftimetoprepareyourspeech.2)Usethisspeechtemplateandanswerthequestionstoprepareyourspeech:a)Introduction(eg.'Helloandwelcome')b)WhoAreYou?(eg.'Forthoseofyouwhodon'tknowme,mynameisnameandI'mtheyourpositioninthecompany')c)WhatIsTheSpeechAbout?(eg.'Weareheretodaytostatewhatthespeechisabouteg.'sayabighellotoournewestemployee,FredBloggs')d)SayYourPiece(eg.'It'sagreattimeforFredtobejoiningusaswearerapidlyexpanding.Fred'sskillsandpreviousexperiencewillhelpustomoveforwardasateamandprovideareallystablebackboneonwhichwecanexpandfurther.WhenIfirstmetFred,Iwastakenbackbyhowprofessionalhewasandhowmuchhealreadyknewaboutourorganizationandaims.Hereallyhaddonehishomework(eitherthatorhehiredtheCIA!).Anyway,IwantyoualltowelcomeFredtoourcompanyandIknowhe'llbecomeoneofourgreatfriends.')e)Summarize(eg.'CongratulationsonyournewroleFredandIlookforwardtoworkingwithyou.')f)End(eg.'Thankyoueveryone-here'sFred!')3)Read(atleast20times)YourSpeech(th