2023年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案

2023年考研考博-考博英语-湘潭大学考试历年高频考点真题荟萃带答案第1卷一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题Foryears,studieshavefoundthatfirst-generationcollegestudents-thosewhodonothaveaparentwithacollegedegree-lagotherstudentsonarangeofeducationachievementfactors.Theirgradesarelowerandtheirdropoutratesarehigher.Butsincesuchstudentsaremostlikelytoadvanceeconomicallyiftheysucceedinhighereducation,collegesanduniversitieshavepushedfordecadestorecruitloreofthem.Thishascreated’’aparadox"inthatrecruitingfirst-generationstudents,butthenwatchingmanyofthemfail,meansthathighereducationhas"continuedtoreproduceandwiden,ratherthanclose”achievementgapbasedonsocialclass,accordingtothedepressingbeginningofapaperforthcominginthejournalPsychologicalScience.Butthearticleisactuallyquiteoptimistic,asitoutlinesapotentialsolutiontothisproblem,suggestingthatanapproach(whichinvolvesaone-hour,next-to-no-costprogram)canclose63percentoftheachievementgap(measuredbysuchfactorsasgrades)betweenfirst-generationandotherstudents.Theauthorsofthepaperarefromdifferentuniversities,andtheirfindingsarebasedonastudyinvolving147students(whocompletedtheproject)atanunnamedprivateuniversity.Firstgenerationwasdefinedasnothavingaparentwithafour-yearcollegedegreeMostofthefirst-generationstudents(59.1percent)wererecipientsofPellGrants,afederalgrantforundergraduateswithfinancialneed,whilethiswastrueonlyfor8.6percentofthestudentswithatleastoneparentwithafour-yeardegree.Theirthesis-thatarelativelymodestinterventioncouldhaveabigimpactwasbasedontheviewthatfirst-generationstudentsmaybemostlackingnotinpotentialbutinpracticalknowledgeabouthowtodealwiththeissuesthatfacemostcollegestudents.Theycitepastresearchbyseveralauthorstoshowthatthisisthegapthatmustbenarrowedtoclosetheachievementgap.Manyfirst-generationstudentsstruggletonavigatethemiddle-classcultureofhighereducation,learnthe’rulesofthegame,'and"takeadvantageofcollegeresources,"theywrite.Andthisbecomesmoreofaproblemwhencollegesdon’ttalkabouttheclassadvantageanddisadvantagesofdifferentgroupsofstudents.BecauseUScollegesanduniversitiesseldomacknowledgehowsocialclasscanaffectstudents’educationalexperience,manyfirst-generationstudentslackinsightaboutwhytheyarestrugglinganddonotunderstandhowstudentslikethemcanimprove.1.Recruitingmorefirst-generationstudentshas（

）.2.Theauthorofthepaperbelievesthatfirst-generationstudents（

）.

3.Wemayinferfromthelastparagraphthat（

）.问题1选项A.reducedtheirdropoutratesB.narrowedtheachievementgapC.misseditsoriginalpurposeD.depressedcollegestudents问题2选项A.areactuallyindifferenttotheachievementgapB.canhaveapotentialinfluenceonotherstudentsC.maylackopportunitiestoapplyforresearchprojectsD.areinexperiencedinhandlingtheirissuesatcollege问题3选项A.universitiesoftenrejectthecultureofthemiddle-classB.studentsareusuallytoblamefortheirlackofresourcesC.socialclassgreatlyhelpsenricheducationalexperiencesD.collegesarepartlyresponsiblefortheprobleminquestion2.翻译题世界上最幸福的十种工作很多职场新人都曾梦想找到一份理想工作，做喜欢的事，享受那份喜悦。而现实往往不尽人意，人们总是抱怨着自己的工作。本文为你盘点了十种最幸福的工作。神职人员：最不谙世事的工作据说是最幸福的工作。消防员：消防员的工作能给人们提供帮助，而80%的消防员都表示对自己的工作“非常满意”。理疗师:社会互动和帮助他人明显使得这份工作是最幸福的工作之一。作家：对于大多数作家来说，他们的报酬少得可怜，或者根本没有，但是写下自己心中所想显然会带来快乐。特殊教育老师：如果你不在乎金钱，特殊教育老师这个工作或许是个幸福的职业。教师：尽管当前存在着教育经费和教室条件的问题，一般来说教师们还是感到自己的工作很幸福的。

这一职业继续吸引着年轻的理想主义者，尽管有50%的新教师都在5年以内选择转行了。艺术家：雕刻家和画家据称是工作满意度最高的职业，尽管在这一职业上谋生有着相当大的困难。心理学家：心理学家不一定能解决其他人的问题，但是似乎他们已经解决了自己的问题。金融理财销售代理:据报道65%的金融理财销售代理认为自己的工作很幸福。这大概是因为他们中的一些人在舒服的办公环境中工作，每周工作40个小时，平均每年挣9万多美元。施工工程师：摆弄那些大型玩具可能是很有趣的，比如推土机、前载车、反铲挖土机、刮土机、平地机、装载机、起重机、大型水泵以及空气压缩机。同时施工工程师的工作供不应求，这使他们感觉很幸福。3.单选题Iremembermeetinghimoneeveningwithhispushcart.Ihadmanagedtosellallmypapersandwascominghomeinthesnow.IthasthatstrangehourindowntownNewYorkwhentheworkerswerepouringhomewardinthetwilight.Imarchedamongthousandsoftiredmenandwomenwhomthefactorywhistleshadunyoked.Theyflowedinriversthroughtheclothingfactorydistricts,thendownalongtheavenuestotheEastSide.ImetmyfathernearCooperUnion.Irecognizedhim,ahunched,frozenfigureinanoldovercoatstandingbyabananacart.Helookedsolonely;thetearscametomyeyes.Thenhesawme,andhisfacelitwithhissad,beautifulsmile——CharlieChaplin'ssmile.“Arch,it’sMikey,”hesaid.“Soyouhavesoldyourpapers!Comeandeatabanana.”Heofferedmeone.Irefusedit.Ifeltitcrucialthatmyfathersellhisbananas,notgivethemaway.HethoughtIwasshy,andcoaxedandjokedwithme;andmademeeatthebanana.Itsmelledofwetstrawandsnow.“Youhaven’tsoldmanybananastoday,pop,Isaidanxiously.Heshruggedhisshoulders.“WhatcanIdo?Nooneseemstowantthem.Itwastrue.Theworkcrowdspushedhomemoroselyoverthepavements.TherustyskydarkenedoverNewYorkbuildings,thetallstreetlampswerelit,innumerabletrucks,streetcarsandelevatedtrainsclatteredby.Nobodyandnothinginthegreatcitystoppedformyfather’sbananas.“Ioughttoyell,”saidmyfatherdolefully.66Ioughttomakeabignoiselikeotherpeddlers,butitmakesmythroatsore.Anyway,I’mashamedofyelling.Itmakesmefeellikeafool.’’Ihadeatenoneofhisbananas.MysickconsciencetoldmethatIoughttopayforitsomehow.Imustremainhereandhelpmyfather.“I’llyellforyou,pop.”Ivolunteered,“Arch,no，’’hesaid,“gohome;youhaveworkedenoughtoday.JusttellmommaI’llbelate.”ButIyelledandyelled.Myfather,standingby,spokeoccasionalwordsofpraise,andsaidIwasawonder&lyeller.Nobodyelsepaidattention.Theworkersdriftedpastuswearily,endlessly;adefeatedarmywrappedindreamsofhome.Elevatedtrainscrashed;theCooperUnionclockburnedaboveus;theskygrewblack,thewindpoured,theslushburnedthroughourshoes.Therewerethousandsofstrange,silentfigurespouringoverthesidewalksinsnow.Noneofthemstoppedtobuybananas.Iyelledandyelled,butnobodylistened.Myfathertriedtostopmeatlast.“Nu,”hesaidsmilingtoconsoleme,“thatwaswonderfulyelling,Mikey.Butit’splainweareunluckytoday!Let’sgohome.”Iwasfrantic,andalmostintears.Iinsistedonkeepingupmydesperateyells..Butatlastmyfatherpersuadedmetoleavewithhim.1.“Unyoked”inthefirstparagraphisclosestinmeaningto（

）.2.Whichofthefollowingisintendedtobeapairofcontrastinthepassage?3.WhichofthefollowingwordsisNOTsuitabletodescribethecharacteroftheson?4.Whatisthethemeofthestory?5.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefatherandtheson?问题1选项A.sentoutB.releasedC.dispatchedD.removed问题2选项A.Hugecrowdsandlonelyindividuals.B.Weatherconditionsandstreetlamps.C.Clatteringtrainsandpeddlers’yells.D.Movingcrowdsandstreettraffic.问题3选项A.Compassionate.B.Responsible.C.Shy.D.Determined.问题4选项A.Themiseryofthefactoryworkers.B.Howtosurviveinaharshenvironment.C.Generationgapbetweenthefatherandtheson.D.Lovebetweenthefatherandtheson.问题5选项A.Indifferent.B.Sympathetic.C.Appreciative.D.Sneering4.翻译题Thenumberskeeprising,thesuperlativeskeepglowing.Eachyear,selectivecollegespromotetheirapplicationtotals,alongwiththevirtuesoftheirapplicants.Forthisfairsfreshmanclass,thestatisticsreachedremarkablelevels.Stanfordreceivedarecord32,022applicationsfromstudentsitcalled’’simplyamazing”andaccepted7percentofthem.Brownsawanunprecedented30,135applicants,wholefttheadmissionsstaff"deeplyimpressedandattimesawed."Ninepercentwereadmitted.ThebiggestboastcamefromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.Inanewsrelease,UCLAsaiditsacceptedstudentshad"demonstratedexcellenceinallaspectsoftheirlives."Citingitsrecord57,670applications,theuniversityproclaimeditself"themostpopularcampusinthenation.”Suchannouncementstellastoryinwhichcollegesgetbetter——andstudentsgetmoreamazing-everyyear.Inreality,thenarrativeisfarmorecomplex,andtheimplicationsfarlesssunnyforstudentsaswellascollegescaughtupinthecruelcycleofselectivityToSomedegree,theincreasesareinevitable:thecollege-boundpopulationgrown,andso,too,hasthenumberofapplicationsstudentsfile,thanksinparttoonlinetechnology.

Butwhereveritisrainingapplications,collegeshavehelpedseedthecloudsbyrecruitingwidelyandaggressivelyforevermoreapplicants.Admissionsofficersarechasingnotsomuchamoreperfectstudentasamoreperfectclass.Inagivenyear,thiselusiveidealmightrequiremoreviolinists,goalies,aspiringengineersorstudentswhocanpaythefullcostofattendanceCollegeseverywherewantmoreminoritystudents,moreout-of-statestudentsandmorestudentsfromoverseas.

Thepursuitrevealsthedualityofthemodemcollege:it’saplacethatservesthepublicinterestandabusinesswithabottomline.Althoughthetensionbetweenmissionandmarketinghaslongdefinedadmissions,manybelievethebalancehastiltedtoofartowardthelatter.ManycollegeshavemadeapplyingassimpleasupdatingaFacebookpage.Somedeansandguidancecounselorscomplainthatit’stooeasy.Theyquestiontheethicsofintenserecruitmentbycollegesthatrejecttheoverwhelmingmajorityofapplicants."It’slikeneedinganewstereoandbuyingthewholeRadioShack,saysMarkSpeer,directorofcollegecounselingattheColumbiaGrammarandPreparatorySchoolinNewYork."Withthesebiggerpools,collegesaregettingalotofstudentswhohavenochance."FredHargadon,formerdeanofadmissionsatPrincetonandStanford,doubtsthatmoreandmoreapplicantsmakeforastrongerclass,

“Icouldn’tpickabetterclassoutof30000applicantsthanoutof15.000hesays,"I’djustenduprejectingmultiplesofthesamekid.”5.单选题Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.Forexample,thesunspotcycleandthealliedmagnetic-polaritycyclehavebeenlinkedtoperiodicitiesdiscernedinrecordsofsuchvariablesasrainfall,temperature,andwinds.Invariably,however,therelationisweak,andcommonlyofdubiousstatisticalsignificance.Effectsofsolarvariabilityoverlongertermshavealsobeensought.TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivity,atthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaundermin/mum).TheMaunderminimumhasbeenlinkedtoaspanofunusualcoldinEuropeextendingfromthesixteenthtotheearlynineteenthcenturies.TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,however,especiallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.Scientistshavealsosoughtevidenceoflong-termsolarperiodicitiesbyexaminingindirectclimatologicaldata,suchasfossilrecordsofthethicknessofancienttreerings.Thesestudies,however,failedtolinkunequivocallyterrestrialclimateandthesolar-activitycycle,oreventoconfirmthecycle’spastexistenceIfconsistentandreliablegeological,orarchaeologicalandclimatologicalevidencetracingthesolar-activitycycleinthedistantpastcouldhefound,itmightalsoresolveanimportantissueinsolarphysics:howtomodelsolaractivity.Currently,therearetwomodelsofsolaractivity.ThefirstsupposesthattheSun'sinternalmotions(causedbyrotationandconvection)interactwithitslarge-scalemagneticfieldtoproduceadynamo,adeviceinwhichmechanicalenergyisconvertedintotheenergyofamagneticfield.InshorttheSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdriveswouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.Thealternative,explanationsupposesthattheSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldisaremnantofthefieldtheSunacquiredwhenitformed，andisnotsustainedagainstdecay.Inthismodel,thesolarmechanismdependentontheSun'smagneticfieldrunsdownmorequickly.Thus,thecharacteristicsofthesolar-activitycyclewouldbeexpectedtochangeoveralongperiodoftime.ModemsolarobservationsspantooshortatimetorevealwhetherpresentcyclicalSolar-activityisalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,ormerelyatransientphenomenon.1.Theauthorfocusesprimarilyon（

）.2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetwomodelsofsolaractivityisaccurate?3.Accordingtothepassage,lateseventeenthandearlyeighteenth-centuryChineserecordsareimportantforwhichofthefollowingreasons?4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheargumentinfavorofthefirstmodelwouldbestrengthenedifwhichofthefollowingwerefoundtobetrue?问题1选项A.presentingtwocompetingscientifictheoriesconcerningsolaractivityandevaluatinggeologicalevidenceoftencitedtosupportthemB.givingabriefoverviewofsomerecentscientificdevelopmentsinsolarphysicsandassessingtheirimpactonfutureclimatologicalresearchC.discussingthedifficultiesinvolvedinlinkingterrestrialphenomenawithsolaractivityandindicatinghowresolvingthatissuecouldhaveanimpactonourunderstandingofsolarphysicsD.outlinethespecificreasonswhyaprobleminsolarphysicshasnotyetbeensolvedandfaulttheoverlytheoreticalapproachofmodemphysicists问题2选项A.Inbothmodelscyclicalsolaractivityisregardedasalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,persistingwithlittlechangeoverbillionsofyears.B.Inbothmodelsthesolar-activitycycleishypothesizedasbeingdependentonthelarge-scalesolarmagneticfield.C.InonemodeltheSun’smagneticfieldisthoughttoplayaroleincausingsolaractivity,whereasintheothermodelitisnot.D.Inonemodelsolaractivityispresumedtobeunrelatedtoterrestrialphenomena,whereasintheothermodelsolaractivityisthoughttohaveobservableeffectsontheEarth.问题3选项A.TheysuggestthatthedataonwhichtheMaunderminimumwaspredicatedwereincorrect.B.TheysuggestthattheMaunderminimummightbevalidonlyforEurope.C.TheyestablishtheexistenceofaspanofunusuallycoldweatherworldwideatthetimeoftheMaunderminimum.D.TheyestablishthatsolaractivityatthetimeoftheMaunderminimumdidnotsignificantlyvaryfromitspresentpattern.问题4选项A.Episodesofintensevolcaniceruptionsinthedistantpastoccurredincycleshavingverylongperiodicities.B.Atthepresenttimethegloballevelofthunder-stormactivityincreasesanddecreasesincycleswithperiodicitiesofapproximately11years.C.Inthelastcenturythelengthofthesunspotcyclehasbeenknowntovarybyasmuchas2yearsfromitsaverageperiodicityof11yearsD.Hundredsofmillionsofyearsago,solar-activitycyclesdisplayedthesameperiodicitiesasdopresent-daysolar-activitycycles.6.单选题Unfortunately,hisdamagingattacksontheramificationsoftheeconomicpolicyhavebeen（

）byhiswholeheartedacceptanceofthatpolicy’sunderlyingassumptions.问题1选项A.supplementedB.underminedC.divertedD.redeemed7.单选题

JustimaginetheshockofthePrimeMinisterwhenthreeofhisseniorcabinetcolleagues（

）andresignedinprotestonFridaynight.问题1选项A.revolvedB.resolvedC.revivedD.revolted8.单选题Theoriginofcontinentalnucleihaslongbeenapuzzle.Theoriesadvancedsofarhavegenerallyfailedtoexplainthefirststepincontinentgrowth,orhavebeensubjecttoseriousobjections.Itisthepurposeofthisarticletoexaminethepossibleroleoftheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsintheproductionofcontinentalnuclei.Unfortunately,thegeologicalevolutionoftheEarth’ssurfacehashadanobliteratingeffectontheoriginalcompositionandstructureofthecontinentstosuchanextentthatfurtherterrestrialinvestigationshavesmallchanceofarrivingatanunambiguousanswertothequestionofcontinentalorigin.Paradoxically,cluestotheoriginandearlyhistoryofthesurfacefeaturesoftheEarthmaybefoundontheMoonandplanets,ratherthanontheEarth,becausesomeofthesebodiesappeartohavehadamuchlessactivegeologicalhistory.Asaresult,relativelyprimitivesurfacefeaturesarepreservedforstudyandanalysis.InthecaseofboththeMoonandMars,itisgenerallyconcludedfromtheappearanceoftheirheavilycrateredsurfacesthattheyhavebeensubjectedtobombardmentbylargemeteoroidsduringtheirgeologicalhistory.Likewise,itwouldappearareasonablehypothesisthattheBarthhasalsobeensubjectedtometeoroidbombardmentinpast,andthatverylargebodiesstrucktheEarthearlyinitsgeologicalhistory.ThelargecraterontheMoonlistedbyBaldwinhasadiameterof285km.However,ifweacceptthehypothesesofformationofsomeofthemarebasinsbyimpact,themaximumlunarimpactcraterdiameterisprobablyaslargeas650km.Basedonalunaranalogy,onemightexpectseveralimpactcratersofatleast500kmdiametertohavebeenformedonEarth.ByapplyingBaldwin’sequation,thedepthofsuchacratershouldbeabout20km.Baldwinadmitsthathisequationgivesexcessivedepthsforlargecraterssothattheactualdepthshouldbesomewhatsmaller.Basedonthemeasureddepthofsmallerlunarcrater,Baldwin’sequationgivesthedepthofthezoneofbrecciationforsuchacraterasabout75km.TheplasticityoftheEarth’smantleatthedepthmakesitimpossibletospeakof“bracciation”intheusualsense.However,localstressesmaybetemporarilysustainedatthatdepth,asshownbytheexistenceofdeep-focusearthquakes.Thus,short-termeffectsmightbeexpectedtoadepthofmorethan50kminthemantle.Evenwithoutknowingthepreciseeffects,thereislittledoubtthattheformationofa500-kmcraterwouldbeamajorgeologicalevent.Numerousauthorshaveconsideredthegeologicalimplicationsofsuchanevent.Donnatal.have,forexample,calledontheimpactofcontinent-sizebodiesofsialiccompositiontofromtheoriginalcontinents.Twomajordifficultiesinherentinthisconceptarethelackofanyknownsialicmeteorites,andthehighprobabilitythattheenergyofimpactwouldresultinawidedisseminationofsialicmaterial,ratherthanitsconcentrationatthepointofimpact.Gilvarry,ontheotherhand,calledonmeteoroidimpacttoexplaintheproductionofoceanbasins.Themajordifficultieswiththismodelarethatmorphologyofmostoftheoceanbasinsisnotconsistentwithimpact,andthattheoriginandgrowthofcontinentsisnotadequatelyexplained.WeagreewithDonnatal.thattheimpactoflargemeteoritesorasteroidsmayhavecausedcontinentformation,butwouldratherthinkintermsofthelocalizedadditionofenergytothesystem,ratherthanintermsoftheadditionofactualsialicmaterial.Amarebasinis（

）.Thewriterdoesnotbelievethat（

）.

Thearticleisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.

Sialicmaterialrefersto（

）.问题1选项A.aformulafordeterminingtherelationshipbetweenthedepthandwidthofcratersB.avalleythatisfilledinwhenaspatialbodyhasimpactwiththemoonortheearthC.aplanetoid(smallplanet)createdwhenameteorite,uponstrikingthemoon,breaksoffapartofthemoonD.adarkspotonthemoon,oncesupposedtobeasea,nowaplain问题2选项A.anasteroidislargerthanameteorite.B.materialfromspace,uponhittingtheearth,waseventuallydistributedC.theearth,atonetime,hadcratersD.oceanwereformerlycraters问题3选项A.theoriginofcontinentsB.therelationshipbetweenastralphenomenaandthemoonC.differencesofopinionamongauthoritativegeologistsD.therelationshipbetweenasteroidsandmeteorites问题4选项A.thebrokenrockresultingfromtheimpactofameteoriteagainsttheearthB.materialthatexistsonplanetsotherthantheearthC.acompositeofrocktypicalofcontinentalareasoftheearthD.materialthatisman-madetosimulatematerialsthatexistedfarbackingeologicalhistory9.单选题Ithasbeenknownformanydecadesthattheappearanceofsunspotsisroughlyperiodic,withanaveragecycleofelevenyears.Moreover,theincidenceofsolarflaresandthefluxofsolarcosmicrays,ultravioletradiation,andX-radiationallvarydirectlywiththesunspotcycle.Butaftermorethanacenturyofinvestigation,therelationoftheseandotherphenomena,knowncollectivelyasthesolar-activitycycle,toterrestrialweatherandclimateremainsunclear.Forexample,thesunspotcycleandthealliedmagnetic-polaritycyclehavebeenlinkedtoperiodicitiesdiscernedinrecordsofsuchvariablesasrainfall,temperature,andwinds.Invariably,however,therelationisweak,andcommonlyofdubiousstatisticalsignificance.Effectsofsolarvariabilityoverlongertermshavealsobeensought.TheabsenceofrecordedsunspotactivityinthenoteskeptbyEuropeanobserversinthelateseventeenthandearlyeighteenthcenturieshasledsomescholarstopostulateabriefcessationofsunspotactivityatthattime(aperiodcalledtheMaunderminimum).TheMaunderminimumhasbeenlinkedtoaspanofunusualcoldinEuropeextendingfromthesixteenthtotheearlynineteenthCenturies.TherealityoftheMaunderminimumhasyettobeestablished,howeverespeciallysincetherecordsthatChinesenaked-eyeobserversofsolaractivitymadeatthattimeappeartocontradictit.Scientistshavealsosoughtevidenceoflong-termsolarperiodicitiesbyexaminingindirectclimatologicaldata,suchasfossilrecordsofthethicknessofancienttreerings.Thesestudies,however,failedtolinkunequivocallyterrestrialclimateandthesolar-activitycycleoreventoconfirmthecycle’spastexistence.Ifconsistantandreliablegeologicalorarchaeologicalandclimatologicalevidencetracingthesolar-activitycycleinthedistantpastcouldbefound,itmightalsoresolveanimportantissueinsolarphysics:howtomodelsolaractivity.Currently,therearetwomodelsofsolaractivity.ThefirstsupposesthattheSun’sinternalmotions(causedbyrotationandconvection)interactwithitslarge-scalemagneticfieldtoproduceadynamo,adeviceinwhichmechanicalenergyisconvertedintotheenergyofamagneticfield.Inshort,theSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldistakentobeself-sustaining,sothatthesolar-activitycycleitdrivesfromwouldbemaintainedwithlittleoverallchangeforperhapsbillionsofyears.ThealternativeexplanationsupposesthattheSun’slarge-scalemagneticfieldisaremnantofthefieldtheSunacquiredwhenitformed,andisnotsustainedagainstdecay.Inthismodel,thesolarmechanismdependentontheSun’smagneticfieldrunsdownmorequickly.Thus,thecharacteristicsofthesolar-activitycyclewouldbeexpectedtochangeoveralongperiodoftime.Modemsolarobservationsspantooshortatimetorevealwhetherpresentcyclicalsolar-activityisalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,ormerelyatransientphenomenon.1.Theauthorfocusesprimarilyon（

）.2.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetwomodelsofsolaractivityisaccurate?3.Accordingtothepassage,lateseventeenth-andearlyeighteenth-centuryChineserecordsareimportantforwhichofthefollowingreasons?4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheargumentinfavorofthefirstmodelwouldbestrengthenedifwhichofthefollowingwerefoundtobetrue?问题1选项A.presentingtwocompetingscientifictheoriesconcerningsolaractivityandevaluatinggeologicalevidenceoftencitedtosupportthemB.givingabriefoverviewofsomerecentscientificdevelopmentsinsolarphysicsandassessingtheirimpactonfutureclimatologicalresearchC.discussingthedifficultiesinvolvedinlinkingterrestrialphenomenawithsolaractivityandindicatinghowresolvingthatissuecouldhaveanimpactonourunderstandingofsolarphysicsD.outlinethespecificreasonswhyaprobleminsolarphysicshasnotyetbeensolvedandfaultingtheoverlytheoreticalapproachofmodernphysicists问题2选项A.Inbothmodelscyclicalsolaractivityisregardedasalong-livedfeatureoftheSun,persistingwithlittlechangeoverbillionsofyears.B.Tobothmodelsthesolar-activitycycleishypothesizedasbeingdependentonthelarge-scalesolarmagneticfield.C.ToonemodeltheSun'smagneticfieldisthoughttoplayaroleincausingsolaractivity,whereasintheothermodelitisnot.D.Inonemodelsolaractivityispresumedtobeunrelatedtoterrestrialphenomena,whereasintheothermodelsolaractivityisthoughttohaveobservableeffectsontheEarth.问题3选项A.TheysuggestthatthedataonwhichtheMaunderminimumwaspredicatedwereincorrect.B.TheysuggestthattheMaunderminimummightbevalidonlyforEurope.C.Theyestablishtheexistenceofaspanofunusuallycoldweatherworldwideatthetimeofthefounderminimum.D.TheyestablishthatsolaractivityatthetimeoftheMaunderminimumdidnotsignificantlyvaryfromitspresentpattern.问题4选项A.Episodesofintensevolcaniceruptionsinthedistainpastoccurredincycleshavingverylongperiodicities.B.Atthepresenttimethegloballevelofthunderstormactivityincreasesanddecreasesincycleswithperiodicitiesofapproximately11years.C.Inthelastcenturythelengthofthesunspotcyclehasbeenknowntovarybyasmuchas2yearsfromitsaverageperiodicityof11years.D.Hundredsofmillionsofyearsago,solar-activitycyclesdisplayedthesameperiodicitiesasdopresent-daysolar-activitycycles.10.翻译题Despitetheweb,wewatchmoretelevisionthanever.Inthechaosoftoday’smediaandtechnologybrawl-iPodvs.Zune,Googlevs.Yahoo,Windowsvs.Linux,Intelvs.AMD-wecandeclareoneunlikelywinner.Standingtallinafieldofnewtechwonders,it’sageezertechnologythatareinventedinthe1920sandcommercializedinthe1940s,andit’sstillmorepowerfulthananythingcreatedsince.

Asyoutrytofigureoutwhereconsumerinfo-techisgoing,andwhatitmeansforsociety,rememberthisbig,centralreality: