《实战整合促销营销学》完整讲稿英文版

ComputerOperatingSystemsFANGDingyi(房鼎益)DepartmentofNetworking&CommunicationEng.TEL:88308273(lab);88308114(O)Email:dyf@WordsbeforetheCourse:Textbook:OperatingSystems—InternalsandDesignPrinciples

(3irdor4thedition)，WilliamStalling,PrenticeHall/清华大学出版社;魏迎梅等译，电子工业出版社出版WordsbeforetheCourse:Grade:30%(10%presentation+10%homewwork+10%project)+

30%(midtermexam)+40%(finalexam)Claimoftheexam:allquestionareinEnglishWordsbeforetheCourse:Referenceboobs（inChinese）:1.《计算机操作系统》,骆斌等著，高等教育出版社；2.《计算机操作系统》,孙雅如、房鼎益著，西电出版社；

3.《计算机操作系统》,汤子赢等著，西电出版社；4.《计算机操作系统》,何炎祥等著，清华大学出版社；ComputerSystemOverviewChapter1OperatingSystemExploitsthehardwareresourcesofoneormoreprocessors(充分利用处理机资源)Providesasetofservicestosystemusers(提供方便用户使用的服务)ManagessecondarymemoryandI/Odevices(管理外存与外设)BasicElementsProcessorMainMemoryreferredtoasrealmemoryorprimarymemoryVolatile(易挥发的—掉电后内容丢失)I/OmodulessecondarymemorydevicescommunicationsequipmentterminalsSystembuscommunicationamongprocessors,memory,andI/OmodulesTop-LevelComponentsProcessorRegistersUser-visibleregistersEnableprogrammertominimizemain-memoryreferencesbyoptimizingregisteruseControlandstatusregistersUsedbyprocessortocontroloperatingoftheprocessorUsedbyoperating-systemroutinestocontroltheexecutionofprogramsUser-VisibleRegistersMaybereferencedbymachinelanguageAvailabletoallprograms-applicationprogramsandsystemprogramsTypesofregistersDataAddressIndexSegmentpointerStackpointerUser-VisibleRegistersAddressRegistersIndexinvolvesaddinganindextoabasevaluetogetanaddressSegmentpointerwhenmemoryisdividedintosegments,memoryisreferencedbyasegmentandanoffsetStackpointerpointstotopofstackControlandStatusRegistersProgramCounter(PC)ContainstheaddressofaninstructiontobefetchedInstructionRegister(IR)ContainstheinstructionmostrecentlyfetchedProgramStatusWord(PSW)conditioncodesInterruptenable/disableSupervisor/usermodeControlandStatusRegistersConditionCodesorFlagsBitssetbytheprocessorhardwareasaresultofoperationsCanbe

accessedbyaprogrambutnotalteredExamplespositiveresultnegativeresultzeroOverflowInstructionExecutionTwostepsProcessorreadsinstructionsfrommemoryFetchesProcessorexecuteseachinstructionInstructionCycleInstructionFetchandExecuteTheprocessorfetchestheinstructionfrommemoryProgramcounter(PC)holdsaddressoftheinstructiontobefetchednextProgramcounterisincrementedaftereachfetchInstructionRegisterFetchedinstructionisplacedintheinstructionregisterTypesofinstructionsProcessor-memorytransferdatabetweenprocessorandmemoryProcessor-I/OdatatransferredtoorfromaperipheraldeviceDataprocessingarithmeticorlogicoperationondataControlaltersequenceofexecutionCharacteristicsofaHypotheticalMachineExampleofProgramExecutionDirectMemoryAccess(DMA)I/OexchangesoccurdirectlywithmemoryProcessorgrantsI/OmoduleauthoritytoreadfromorwritetomemoryRelievestheprocessorresponsibilityfortheexchangeProcessorisfreetodootherthingsInterruptsAninterruptionofthenormalsequenceofexecutionImprovesprocessingefficiencyAllowstheprocessortoexecuteotherinstructionswhileanI/OoperationisinprogressAsuspensionofaprocesscausedbyaneventexternaltothatprocessandperformedinsuchawaythattheprocesscanberesumedClassesofInterruptsProgramFlowofControlWithoutInterruptsProgramFlowofControlWithInterrupts,ShortI/OWaitProgramFlowofControlWithInterrupts;LongI/OWaitInterruptHandlerAprogramthatdeterminesnatureoftheinterruptandperformswhateveractionsareneededControlistransferredtothisprogramGenerallypartoftheoperatingsystemInterruptsSuspendsthenormalsequenceofexecutionInterruptCycleInterruptCycleProcessorchecksforinterruptsIfnointerruptsfetchthenextinstructionforthecurrentprogramIfaninterruptispending(待解决的),suspendexecutionofthecurrentprogram,andexecutetheinterrupt-handlerroutineTimingDiagramBasedonShortI/OWaitTimingDiagramBasedonShortI/OWaitSimpleInterruptProcessingChangesinMemoryandRegistersforanInterruptChangesinMemoryandRegistersforanInterruptMultipleInterruptsDisableinterruptswhileaninterruptisbeingprocessedMultipleInterruptsDefineprioritiesforinterruptsMultipleInterruptsMultiprogrammingProcessorhasmorethanoneprogramtoexecuteThesequencetheprogramsareexecuteddependontheirrelativepriorityandwhethertheyarewaitingforI/OAfteraninterrupthandlercompletes,controlmaynotreturntotheprogramthatwasexecutingatthetimeoftheinterruptMemoryHierarchyFasteraccesstime,greatercostperbitGreatercapacity,smallercostperbitGreatercapacity,sloweraccessspeedMemoryHierarchyGoingDowntheHierarchyDecreasingcostperbitIncreasingcapacityIncreasingaccesstimeDecreasingfrequencyofaccessofthememorybytheprocessorLocalityofreferenceSecondaryMemoryNonvolatileAuxiliarymemoryUsedtostoreprogramanddatafilesDiskCacheAportionofmainmemoryusedasabuffertotemporarilytoholddataforthediskDiskwritesareclusteredSomedatawrittenoutmaybereferencedagain.ThedataareretrievedrapidlyfromthesoftwarecacheinsteadofslowlyfromdiskCacheMemoryInvisibletooperatingsystemIncreasethespeedofmemoryProcessorspeedisfasterthanmemoryspeedExploittheprincipleoflocalityCacheMemoryCacheMemoryContainsacopyofaportionofmainmemoryProcessorfirstcheckscacheIfnotfoundincache,theblockofmemorycontainingtheneededinformationismovedtothecacheanddeliveredtotheprocessorCache/MainMemorySystemCacheReadOperationCacheDesignCachesizeSmallcacheshaveasignificantimpactonperformanceBlocksizeTheunitofdataexchangedbetweencacheandmainmemoryLargerblocksizemorehitsuntilprobabilityofusingnewlyfetcheddatabecomeslessthantheprobabilityofreusingdatathathavetobemovedoutofcacheCacheDesignMappingfunctionDetermineswhichcachelocationtheblockwilloccupyReplacementalgorithmDetermineswhichblocktoreplaceLeast-Recently-Used(LRU)algorithmCacheDesignWritepolicyWhenthememorywriteoperationtakesplaceCanoccureverytimeblockisupdatedCanoccuronlywhenblockisreplacedMinimizesmemorywriteoperationsLeavesmainmemoryinanobsoletestateProgrammedI/OI/Omoduleperformstheaction,nottheprocessorSetsappropriatebitsintheI/OstatusregisterNointerruptsoccurProcessorchecksstatusuntiloperationiscompleteInterrupt-DrivenI/OProcessorisinterruptedwhenI/OmodulereadytoexchangedataProcessorsavescontextofprogramexecutingandbeginsexecutinginterrupt-handlerNoneedlesswaitingConsumesalotofprocessortimebecauseeverywordreadorwrittenpassesthroughtheprocessorDirectMemoryAccessTransfersablockofdatadirectlytoorfrommemoryAninterruptissentwhenthetransferiscompleteProcessorcontinueswithotherwork市场营销基础材料单击此处添加副标题内容讲座笔记2020/01/01艺术艺术80%20%50%营销的科学观与艺术观科学科学发达国家现状0180%中国现状02科学中国未来0320%单击此处输入你的正文，文字是您思想的提炼04艺术单击此处输入你的正文，文字是您思想的提炼0550%单击此处输入你的正文，文字是您思想的提炼06从共性需求到个性需求的演变消费者需求的满足过程添加标题单击此处输入你的正文，文字是您思想的提炼，请尽量言简意赅的阐述观点；01添加标题单击此处输入你的正文，文字是您思想的提炼，请尽量言简意赅的阐述观点；02目标市场的细分工业品行业/领域、用途/目的、使用者/操作者、地区/领域消费品年龄/性别、收入/价格、职业/学历、地域/城市市场形势与竞争状况横向透明度（消费者的判别能力）纵向透明度（生产者的判别能力）无序过度竞争适度和平竞争适度垄断竞争小公司大公司竞争状况的演变厂家数目厂家实力强弱少多初级竞争垄断竞争完全竞争无序竞争1234BAC商场上的生物链供应商生产商分销商最终用户供应商的供应商供应商的上游产品上游企业上游产品基础设施配套产品下游产品通讯广播电视交通消耗品饮料服务下游企业代理商专卖店竞争优势的维持和演变可变因素不可变因素优势劣势竞争的战术进攻战老二、老三找出对手长处和弱点集中优势兵力各个击破防守战自己打自己（新旧更替）睁着眼睛睡觉迂回进攻动作要快游击战找到看不上的市场空间夹着尾巴做人市场营销的经典理论创造价值（产品Product）交付价值（渠道Place）体现价值（定价Price）宣传价值（宣传Promotion）用户分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