2019考研英语语法长难句讲义

讲义（主讲：目标日期：20181229日&30日英语：听说写读初试：9篇；100分；3小 240words↑↓20×0.5=10分“选择”二~五、reading1500words↑↓4×5×2=40分“选择” 7选5 5×2=10分“选择”七、translation150words↑↓5×4×0.5=10分“选择”八、writing1100words↑ 10分九、writing2 20Reading70分英→译→Writing30分汉→译→译①词义（词汇）+②词序（语法①词Agentlemanisratherthanbe动词1）2）3）4）5）【例子存在；在；活着，生存Caesarisno已不复存在“Tobeornottobe”istheultimatequestion.出生；出现，开始存在；形成，产生；成Withthedevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology,thecomputerhascomeintobeing.Communicationwithcomputersisfastandeasy.随着现代科学和技术的发展，计算机应运而生，使用计算机通信方便快捷do做；干；学习；研究；进行；完成；解答；整理；算出；引起；行【例子完成；结束，完结，终止havedonewith与梦想一刀两Ihavedonewith我与她断绝关系旅游，游览，，在…观光，参观，逛IdidAmericainthree我花了三周游览熟词僻义e.gGodgivesallthingsto酬勤僻义：力量；；e.gTheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.这个浪潮从异常活跃的席卷到欧洲，并以不可比拟的影响到正在崛起的国家熟义：天僻义：经受风雨；度过难e.gThis“added-workereffect”couldsupportthesafetynetofferedbyunemploymentinsuranceordisabilityinsurancetohelpfamiliesweatherbadtimes.种附加工人效应可以支持失业或残疾所提供的保障制度僻义：听信；认e.gLotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.许 人相信了这些胡言乱语，在三十多年中，差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓熟义：声音；语音；噪音；听起僻义：健全的；合理的；有效的；彻底的（soundandsafe:安然无恙e.gIfweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewntsbeenvironmentallysound.如果我们准备保护大气，关键要让这些新发电厂对环境无害熟义：邀僻义：招引；吸引；引诱；引导；导致Thedishesarereallyinviting.e.gItleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationatontheshitontheshitlistshitoutofluckshitinone'se.gLet’sgotoseeaBeforemybestfriendgettingmarried,weshouldtakeashowertogetherfor【【翻译练习Thenobilityofamanrestswithhisbeingratherthan restwithbeing一个人的高贵与学养是搭锯见末，大巧不工，宁静致远，浑然天成的矫揉造作，装腔作势，哗众取宠的②词汉语——我喜欢日语——汉语 古代汉文：荆州依附的。四方之士来者。（《灭吴》）例子①Life②is③anart④whicheveryonemustlearn,andwhichnoonecan生活是一门每个人都得学但并不是每个人都会教的艺术①Everyman②is③apoet,④whoisin每个恋爱的人都是一个诗人①Law②is③reason④from法律是没有的理性 定定【例子Chickensywitheachother.Chickensareyingwitheachother.LovelychickensareyingwitheachotherThousandsoflovelychickensareyingwitheachotherveryAfterclass,thousandsoflovelychickensareyingwitheachotherveryhappily,onthe难点成分：定语，状语，同一、定汉语：定+的+中心名英语：前置+中心名+后置定前置定anavailable名apairofshoes4）ng（主动）arunning5)done（abrokenheartfrozenfoodahugewaveof后置定介宾短thebookonthethemarketfulloffake1）ng（主动thehorserunningatanamazinglyhighspeedthebro.sleeonmyupperberth（thecloudmadeoftheraininthewindthegirlcalledXiaoFanginthevillage3）todo（将来）therhythmto定语从先行词（n.）+引导词（whth-）+从thehormonewhois补补充：冠a/an;the;1.不定冠词1）一e.gabook;an2）一e.gIsuggestyouleaveittoan我建议你把它留给专家来处3）叠声词“...一及物动词/a/an+e.ghavealook;gofora2.零冠词表泛指：可数名词复数和不p.s口诀3.定冠词上文提你知我独一无修饰限anumber thenumberAinchargeof 管Ainthechargeof 由...管AinfrontofB在...AinthefrontofB在...Ainpossessionof 拥AinthepossessionofB为...AinsightofBAinthesightofB据...AA→inceof→B代Ain ceofB在...二、状定义：表示谓语动词发生的背景时地原结目条让比方伴【例子Iadore时间：Iadoreyouwhenseeing地点：Iadoreyoufromthebottomofmyheart.原因：Becauseofyourgoodlooking,Iadoreyou.结果：YoulooksogoodthatIadoreyou.目的：Pleaseallowmetoadoreyouinordertoliberatealonelysoulinthis条件：Ifpossible,Iwilladoreyoufortenthousand让步：IadoreyoueventhoughdyingEvenifthemountainhasnoedge,heavenandearthmergeintoone,Istilladoreyou.比较：IadoreyoumorethanIcansay.Iadoreyoumorefirmthangoldandasdeepas方式：Iadoreyouwithallofmy伴随：Iadoreyouwithout状状英语：状语+

++宾语状状 +谓语 +宾语+状语状状我吃午饭Ihave我↑【经常中午在和我同学的女朋友一起Ioftenhavelunchatnooninthecanteenwithmyclassmate’sgirlfriend【翻【翻译练习ItmadeHarryPotterfeeldepressive,whodiscussedthemixedusingeffectofthosethreealchemicalItmadeHarryPotterfeeldepressive,whodiscussedthemixedusingeffectofthosethreealchemicalsubstanceswiththetwowizardswhograduatedfromHogwartsinthedoornextVoldemortroom. ...and...but...or...AandBBandA,B,...Yand 重现从句与分句的识逗号 作 破折号：“—”解释说明双逗号/双破折号：插句号/叹号/

主句；主介词短语作后置定Thismovement,drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations,builtanationoutofawildernessand,byitsnature,shapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.【句式还原】drivenby在…的驱动下，byitsnature从本质上，它的性质，shape做动词当“塑造”讲。本句是一个由and连接的并列句，其中drivenbypowerfulanddiversemotivations，和byitsnature为插入语结构。主句：Thismovementbuiltanationoutofawildernessandshapedthecharacteranddestinyofanunchartedcontinent.drivenbypowerfulanddiverseTheUnitedStatesistheproductoftwoprincipals-theimmigrationofEuropeanpeopleswiththeirvariedideas,customs,andnationalcharacteristicsandtheimpactofanewcountrywhichmodifiedthesetraits.】物——思想、习俗、民族特色各异的欧洲和修改这些特征的新国家的影响Butthe ofgeographicconditionspeculiartoAmerica,theinteryofthevariednationalgroupsupononeanother,andthesheerdifficultyofmaintainingold-worldwaysinaraw,newcontinentcausedsignificantchanges.于特有的地理条件，不同民族的相互作用，以及原始老式方式的纯粹，。ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundfortheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedtheAtlanticmorethanahundredyearsafterthefifteenth-andsixteenth-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.【译文】在15-16世纪探索的一百多年之后，运往该-即的-的第一船【句式还原】immigrant“”，explorations“探索”，boundfor“驶往，开往”。其中，whichisnowtheUnitedStates为定语从句修饰限定前文的theterritory.主句：ThefirstshiploadsofimmigrantsboundforthetheterritorywhichisnowtheUnitedStatescrossedthe后置定语：morethanahundredyearsafterthefifteenthandsixteenth-centuryexplorationsofNorthAmerica.这部分可用倒序发翻译：在15-16世纪探索的一百多年之后...Thevirginwithitsrichnessandvarietyoftreeswasarealtreasure-housewhichextendedfromMaineallthewaydowntoGeorgia.toGeorgia为定语从句修饰前面的treasure-house.（（1）theidiomphraseusedtodescribewoman's【译文】描述女人美丽的成（2）a54-year-oldDarwinresidentsufferingfromlung【译文】居住于现年54岁的肺癌患nationsandpeoplestrivingtoassert【译文】那些竭力自我显示的国家和人theAmericanLawInstituteissuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones. 法学会公布了新的民事法纲要，说明公司不必警示顾客留意显而易见的，而且也不必给顾客列出一份冗长的，列举可能造成的各种。Itdoesn'thelpthatbuildingabig,powerfuldamhas easymbolofachievementfornationsandpeoplestrivingtoassertthem.Atthesametime,theAmericanLawInstitute—agroupofjudges,lawyers,andacademics mendationscarrysubstantialweight—issuednewguidelinesfortortlawstatingthatcompaniesneednotwarncustomersofobviousdangersorbombardthemwithalengthylistofpossibleones.与此同时，法学会——一群、和学者，他们的建议举足轻重——民事说明公司不必警示顾客留意显而易见的，而且也不必给顾客列出一份冗长的，列举可能造成的各种。Muchofthelanguageusedtodescribemonetary,suchas“steeringtheeconomytoasoftlanding”or“atouchonthebrakes”,makesitsoundlikeaprecisescience.Nothingcouldbefurtherfromthetruth.很多用来描述货币政策的词，如“引导经济”，“触动经济刹车”，听起来像是一门精确定语从句作后置定Unlikemostoftheworld'svolcanoes,theyarenotalwaysfoundattheboundariesofthegreatdriftingtesthatmakeuptheearth'ssurface;onthecontrary,manyofthemliedeepintheinteriorofate.TheAswanDam,forexample,stoppedtheNilefloodingbutdeprivedEgyptofthefertilesiltthatfloodsleft—allinreturnforagiantreservoirofdiseasewhichisnowsofullofsiltthatitbarelygenerateselectricity.【译文】以大坝为例，它了尼罗河洪水泛滥，但也使埃及失去了洪水冲击过后留下的积满了淤泥的以至于几乎不能发电了的Duringthediscussionofrocksingingversesatlastmonth'sstockholders'meeting,Levinassertedthat“musicisnotthecauseofsociety'sills”andevencitedhisson,ateacherintheBronx,NewYork,whousesraptocommunicatewithstudents.】“会问题的病因”，他甚至还以自己的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州克斯的一名教师，用说唱乐的表达方式与学生进行交流。【【练习Thisistheworldoutofwhichgrowsthehope,forthefirsttimeinhistory,ofasocietywheretherewillbe domfromwantanddomfromfear.growsthehope…ofasociety与主句关系紧密，所以采用融合法将Thisistheworld…ofasociety译成一个单句。where引导的定语从句太长，可用后置法译成一个单句。译文：这是历史上首次出现的一个给人以希望的世界。在上有希望诞生一个没有困、没有的社会四、同位特殊★简单句型分为5种主语＋谓语 （不及物动词作谓语【例句】Tomwholosthiscandycried丢失了糖果的大声的嚎哭主语＋谓语＋宾语.（及物动词作谓语【例句】IfoundthecandythatTom我找到了Tom丢失的糖果主语＋谓语＋宾语＋补语【例句】Tomregardedmeasa视我为恩人主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语【例句】Ireturnedthecandyto我把糖果还给了主语＋系语＋表语【例句】Webecamegood我们成为了好朋补接名词作宾语补足语的动词：call,name,think,Wecallhypocrisyhighemotional我们管虚伪叫高接形容词作宾语补足语的动词：make,keep,think,Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.读书使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，学使人庄重辞动词不定式to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词：lwant,askwishThekingaskedmetopatrolthe大王叫我来巡山接不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词：hear,see,watch,let,Ihearyou我听见你放了个to或不to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词Jackoftenhelpsagedpeople（to）crossthe经常帮助老人过马路接现在分词或过去分词作宾语补足语的动词：watch,see,hear,find,Jackfoundhisasshole发现自己菊花一紧Jackfoundhisheart发现自己的心碎了主主语补足语与宾语补足语的相互转化主动语态（宾补）：Thekingaskedmetopatrolthe语态（主补）：Iwasaskedtopatrolthemountainbythe系用来表示主语状态，只有be一词Heisa他是一名教师HealwayskeepssilentatThismatterrestsamystery.Helookstired.Heseems(tobe)very他看起来很伤心Thiskindofclothfeelsvery这种布手感很软Thisflowersmellsvery这朵花闻起来很 e,turn,get,go,come,grow,fall,runShegrewrichwithinashorttime.她没多长时间就富有了表名WangQuanisanaspiring 是个有志青年代Anaspiringyouthis 有志青年就是我形容Iam 我雄心勃勃数Iammerely31years Myjobisteaching我的工作是教英Mynextstepistorunachafingdish我下一个目标是经营一家火锅店Thechafingdishstoreisonlyownedby这家火锅店只Iamonthewayto我在成功的道前行。7）TheonlyaimofmineisthatIcanownachafingdishstorethatonlybelongstome我唯一的目标是拥有一家只属于的火锅店★并列and和both...and...二者都aswellas也、连同notonly...butalso)...不但…而且转折关but但是yet然而still仍然whereas反之，still仍然，whilenonetheless/nevertheless然而，不过，however选择关or或者, orelse否则, otherwise否则,neither...nor...既不...也不...,either...or...或者...或者...因果关Sotherefore所以，因此thus因此，forthen然后，hence【并列句中的省略现象Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,itsworkersthemost→Itsscientistsweretheworld’sbest,anditsworkerswere)themost它的科学家是世界上最好的，它的工人最Failinghipscanbereced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.→Failinghipscanbereced,clinicaldepressioncanbecontrolled,(省略and)cataracts(省略canbe)removedina30-minutesurgicalprocedure.髋骨坏了可以更换，临床的忧郁症可以得到控制，白内障仅用 分钟手术就能治好ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressinginCanadadeath（is）inevitableandinCaliforniadeath(省略is)optional.【知识拓展】“dobutdo”原则theywilltakehomenottheproblemsofscienceandtechnology, 20.[A]except [B]nor [C]or [D]butVitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements-usuallycarbonhydrogen,oxygen,and nitrogen.（选自1996年考研英语）45.[A] [B] [C] [D]Misunderstandingisoften butsometimes41.[A] [B] [C] [D]Thedivorcedmaledoesn’thaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry 20thewomanmustwaittenmonths.20. [B]so [D]in【重现Itleadsthediscussiontoextremesattheoutset:itinvitesyoutothinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedeitherwiththeconsiderationhumansextendtootherhumansorwithnoconsiderationat★复合（一）名词性从1）引导词+从句+谓宾/系表引导词+从2）It+谓宾/引导词+从引导词+从引导词+从引导词+从引导词+从.2）引导词+从3）主语+系语 引导词+从引导词+从主语+引导词+从引导词+从先行词（引导词+从引引导词种类从句缺主/宾/表：whatwho,whom,从句缺状：whenwhere,whyhow,从句缺定：whose,which,从句不缺成分：that,whether,if(只能引导宾语从句主语从句1）引导词+从句+谓宾/系表引导词+从2）It引导词+从e.gThatChrisLeewontheSuperGirlin2005arousedwidepublic→ItarousedwidepublicconcernthatChrisLeewontheSuperGirlin【重现2015TextAtatimewhenThomasPikettyandothereconomistsarewarningofrisinginequalityandtheincreasingpowerofinheritedwealth,itisbizarrethatwealthyaristocraticfamiliesshouldstillbethesymbolicheartofmoderndemocraticstates.就在和其他提醒大家要警惕这种不断加剧的不和继承力量不断壮大的年代，富有的仍作为现代国家的象征，这一点显得很怪异。2015TextDrivingherpointhome,she :“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose,ofamorallanguagewithinernment,mediaorbusinesscould eoneofthemostdangerousgoalsforcapitalismanddom.”：“、或企业对于目的性和道德语言的缺失可能会成为和自由的最的目标之一，这一点越来越明显。”【【表示强调Whatwehavetofearisfear→Wefear++宾语What++be+宾语.（强调宾语→What+谓语+宾语+be+主语. +谓语What+do/does/didbeto谓语（原型）.（强调谓语动词【例子女：我感的是你的人，而不是你的钱Notyourmoney,butyouinterest→Whatinterestsmeisnotyourmoney,but男：我喜欢的是你的，而不是 Ilovenotyourbody,butyour→WhatIloveisnotyourbody,butyour宾语从句引导词+从1）主语+引导词+从Weallexpectthattheywillwin,formembersoftheirteamare我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮引导词+从2引导词+从Thereisnoconsensusofopinionsamongpeopleinpointtowhetherculturalfusionisawealorawoe（afriendorafoe）,becausesupportersarebynomeansrarewhiletherearenolackof引导词+从3）主语+系语 引导词+从①IamsorrythatIam抱歉我来晚了②Iamgladthatyoucanjoin我很高心你能加入我们的行③IamsurethatIwillpassthe我确信我会通过考试④Iamconvincedthatitismorereasonabletosupporttheformeropinionratherthanthelatterone.我坚信支持前观点比支持后者更合理【考点Mynameis→Springismy→myname=→变主语从句一：whatmynameisis→whatmynameis=→变主语从句二：whatisSpringismy→whatisspring=my→由于“myname→whatisSpring=Iam→I=→Whatisbeautiful=→由于“I→Whatisbeautiful【重现2012年考研英语翻(48)Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.共特征中出有特征使们得以解复行是如何生，并从化或知度理解么导了它的。2011年考研英语翻(50)Theupsideisthepossibilitiescontainedinknowingthateverythingisuptous;wherebeforewewereexpertsinthearrayoflimitations,nowwe eofwhatispossible.2002年考研英语翻（61）Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmind,feelings,traitsofcharacter,humannature,andsoon.2014年考研英语翻（47）Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.这类者认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题表语从句引导词+从主语+引导词+从【【例子“鱼我所欲也，熊掌亦我所欲也IwanttoeatfishandIwanttoeatbear’spawas→变主语从句：WhatIwanttoeatisfishandbear’spawas→变表语从句：Fishandbear’spawaswelliswhatIwantto→完善翻译（信达雅）：Fishandbear’spawaswelliswhatI【】SomebodywantstodoSomebodywouldliketodo→Todosomethingiswhatsomebody【例子Iwanttobuyabig变表语从句：TobuyabighouseiswhatI【重现2015TextVauxsaysthatScience’sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemerit,butaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify‘thepapersthatneedscrutiny’inthefirstce”.》些 缺点是它依赖审的 。2015TextOneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebekahBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestories的是居然对她编辑部发生的事情知之甚少，她几乎没想对。2015TextThecoreofhersuccessfuldefencewasthatsheknew她成功脱罪的在于她一无所知2015TextForageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.对一代人来说，集体的信条是把利润当作社会排序机制同位引导词+从先行词（引导词+从注意2：he，he，hy引导的定语从句一定表示时间、地点和原因引导的同位语从句肯定不是表示时间、地点和原因【同位语从句的翻认为…；就是…；即…Myfatherwasobviouslywronginhisopinionthatawoman’scewasinthe我父亲的观点，即女人应该呆在家里，很明显是错误的先行词转译为动词，同位语从句转译为宾语从句（n,promise,hope,doubt,suggestion,question,thought,belief,conclusion）Heexpressedthehopethathecouldvisitourcity→Hehope转译为定语从句修饰先行Thetruththatmyfriendateaflymadeusfeelmyfriendateafly【例子把同位语从句译为独立的句子，用“认为”，“就是”，“即”Mygrandfatherwasobviouslywronginhisopinionthatawoman’scewasinthe【译文】我祖父的观点，即女人就应该呆在家里，很明显是错误的把同位语从句所修饰的名词转译为动词，同位语从句译成宾Heexpressedthehopethathecouldvisitourcity【译文】他希望他能再一次我们的城市先翻译同位语，再用代词指代，使其与句子主体相Thedictumthatthestyleisthemanisknowntomostof【译文】其人 这句名言为我们大多数人所共知翻译同位语从句，把其放在先行词前作定Yet,fromthebeginning,thefactthatIwasalivewas【译文】然而，从一开始，我仍然活着的事实就被忽略了【重现Ifambitionistobewellregarded,therewardsofambition—wealth,distinction,controloverone'sdestiny—mustbedeemedworthyofthesacrificesmadeonambition’sbehalf.【译文 如果抱负得到高度的重视，那么它的回报——、声望、对个人命运的掌——则必须被认为值得为之做出牺牲NancyDuller,directorofMontefioreMedicalCenter,contendsthattheprinciplewillshielddoctorswho“untilnowhavevery,verystronglyinsistedthattheycouldnotgivepatientssufficientmediationtocontroltheirpainifthatmighthastendeath.”【译文】蒙特非奥里医疗中心•杜认为，这项原则将保护部分医生，“他们在。Althoughitruledthatthereisnoconstitutionalrighttophysicianassistedsuicide,theCourtineffectsupportedthemedicalprincipleof“doubleeffect,”acenturiesoldmoralprincipleholdingthatanactionhavingtwoeffects—agoodonethatisintendedandaharmfulonethatisforeseen—ispermissibleiftheactorintendsonlythegoodeffect.了医疗界的“双效”原则，这个存在了好几个世纪的道德原则认为，某种行为具有双重效Allen’scontributionwastotakeanassumptionweallshare—thatbecausewearenotrobotswethereforecontrolourthoughts—andrevealitserroneousnature.看法：Whilewemaybeabletosustaintheillusionofcontrolthroughtheconsciousmindalone,inrealitywearecontinuallyfacedwithaquestion:“WhycannotImakemyselfdothisorachievethat?”Arguingfromtheviewthathumansaredifferentfromanimalsineveryrelevantrespect,extremistsofthiskindthinkthatanimalslieoutsidetheareaofmoralchoice.【译文】 这类者认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑问。Thereisnoagreementwhethermethodologyreferstotheconceptspeculiartohistoricalworkingeneralortotheresearchtechniquesappropriatetothevariousbranchesofhistoricalinquiry.【译文】所谓方法论是指一般的中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中各个具体领域（二）形容引导词（whth-）+一个不完整引导词（whth-）+一个不完整的Therealstrongmanisnot whoiswithouttearsbuttheonewhoisrunningwith真正的强者不是没有眼泪的人，而是含着眼泪奔跑的人非限定性定语从主句，引导词（whth-）+一个不完整的句Youaretheappleofmylife,whichIcannotlovetoomuch,whosefacewarmsmyheartandlightensthefireofmylife.你是我的小呀小苹果，怎么爱你都不嫌多，红红的小脸温暖了我的心窝，点亮我生命引引导词种类从句缺主/宾/表：whichthat,who从句缺状：when,where,从句缺定【限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别Iamawildrunawayhorsethatalwayscarriesforwardthedreamofthegrizzledtroubadour,whichisconstantlyburninginmychest.我是一匹脱缰的野马，时刻燃烧天涯的梦区别（如果省略Thegirlwholovessmilingwillnotshitoutoftheluck.Thegirl,wholovessmiling,ismyfather’sdaughter.区别（修饰不同）修饰先行非限定性定从句修饰主句中“某个名词从句修饰“整个主句他连一百块都不给我，好坏好坏好坏的Heevendidnotpaymejust100yuan,whowastotallyabadguy.Heevendidnotpaymejust100yuan,whichwastotallyawful.翻译“Springisamanwhichis区别（含义不同）例子1：Ihaveagirlfriendwhoiswillingtogothroughfireandwaterformewithouthesitation.Ihaveagirlfriend,whoiswillingtogothroughfireandwaterformewithout（我就一个女朋友。Allthenorth-easternerswhoarethelivingLeifengarevery那些是“活”的东北人很善良Allthenorth-easterners,whoarethelivingLeifeng,arevery所有的东北人都是“活”，他们都很善良【同位语从句和定语从句的对比定语从句when；地where同位语从句：非时when；非地where；非原因Istillrememberthedaywhenyoubeganto panywithmetodothestupidthings.Ihavenoideawhenyoubeganto panywithmetodothestupidthings.OurschoolisthecewherewefoughtIwanttoaskonequestionwhereweencounteredeachotherinthefirstMybluemoodisthereasonwhyIlooksowithered.IhavenoideawhyIlooksowithered.【重现2015TextEvenso,thesearewealthyfamilieswhopartywiththeinternational1%,andintrusivenessmakesitincreasinglydifficulttomaintaintheright与球1为伍而的以形象。2015TextThecourt,though,maywanttoallowroomfortocitesituationswheretheyareentitledtomoreleeway.不过，可能想给一些空间，让他们援引列举所处的处境，在这些情况下，能够被赋予自由和余地（以便处理这些情况）。2015TextThewordsthathavematteredareefficiency,flexibility,shareholdervalue,business-friendly,wealthgeneration,sales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.的是效率、弹性、股东利益、利于商业、创造、售、以及。2015TextThisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepoint forphonehacking.这是大规模的，·穆凯尔坦言，他在2001年被《世界报》雇佣为时间常用引导词：whenas,while,assoonas,before,aftersincetill,特殊引导词：theminute,themoment,thesecond,everytime,theday，theinstant immediay,directly（不久，立即）,nosooner…than（一...就...）,hardly…when（刚一...就...）,scarcely…when（几乎没有……的时候）特殊引导词：wherever,anywhere,【例句★Wherethereisawill,thereisa有志者事竟成★Wherethereisadream,thereisa心若在，梦就在★Wherethereisariver,thereisa有河流的地方就会有文明★Wheretherearepeople,thereisthe有人的地方就★Wheretherearetroubles,thereare只要哪里有，哪里就会有帮助原因常用引导词：becausesince,as,特殊引导词：seeingthat,nowthatinthat,consideringthat,given【重现EconomistshavebeenparticularlysurprisedbyfavorableinflationfiguresinBritainandtheUnitedStates,sinceconventionalmeasuressuggestthatbotheconomies,andespeciallyAmerica’s,havelittleproductiveslack.因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是经济几乎没有生产的时候。结果常用引导词：sothat,such特殊引导词：suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegree目的常用引导词：sothat,such特殊引导词：suchthat,tothedegreethat,totheextentthat,tosuchadegreethat,inorder条件常用引导词：if,unless,whether(whether...or特殊引导词：as/solongas,onlyif,providing/providedthat,supposingthat,incasethat,onconditionthat让步常用引导词：though,although,evenif,evenas(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while()，nomatter，inspiteofthefactthat,whatever,whoever,wherever,whenever,however,whichever【例句★Althoughtherearereefs,wecannotdenytheexistenceof不能因为礁石就否定大海★Althoughtherearedeaths,wecannotdenytheexistenceof不能因为就否定生命★Onecanalwaysmanagetodomorethings,nomatterhowfullone’sscheduleisin一个人可以做很多事，不管他的日程表有多满★Hewassobusythathecannotaffordenoughtimewithhissonevenifhewants他如此繁忙以至于他不可能抽出足够的时间来陪他的儿子——即便是他想那样做★Althoughitissmall, hasabout1,000buyersinover30这个公司虽然小，但是它在30多个国家有大约1000个采购商【知识拓展性从句也可以引导让步状语从句；nomatter+疑问代词或疑问副词的形式只能引导让步状★有啥别有病，没啥别没钱Nomatterwhatyouhave,itwouldbebestnottofallill.Whateveryoudon’thave,itwouldbebestnottogobroke.★恨爹不姓李，怨爹不成刚Nomatterwhoyourfatheris,youmustkeepthe=Whoeveryourfatheris,youmustkeeptheWhateveryousay,itmustberight!Howeverexpensiveitmaybe,I’lltakeitfor方式常用引导词：as,asif,特殊引导词：the【例句★WheninRome,doastheRomans入国问禁，入比较常用引导词：as(同级比较 than(不同程度的比较特殊引导词：themore…themore…justas…，soAtoBiswhat/asCistoDno…morethan;notsomuchAasB【例句★Wealthjustlikesaltwater,themoreyoudrink,themorethirstyyouwill就像海水，你喝的越多，你就越渴★Lifeisneverasbadorasgoodaspeople生活没有人们说的那么好或那么坏【【知识拓展箴言仿写：Cultivationistothemindwhatfoodistothe M•T•Apositiveattitudeistolifewhatthesunistothe家Familyistothepeoplewhatlifeistothe谈读Readingistothemindwhatexerciseistothebody.Honestyistothepeoplewhatlifeistothecreature.清洁对 来说，好比名誉对于人一样Cleannessistothecanteenwhatreputationistothe★特殊（一）强调Itistherealdancerwhodanceswithshacklesandperformsin真正的舞者是带着脚镣跳舞的人【简单句与强调句之间的简单句：主语＋谓语＋宾语＋定语＋状语＋补语→Itis/was+被强调部分that/who+其它部分被强调部分:Who:例子：五岁那年在街邂逅了他一生当中第六个女朋友SpringencounteredthesixthgirlfriendinhislifeinComradeStreetattheageof强调主ItwasSpringwhoencounteredthesixthgirlfriendinhislifeinComradeStreetattheageof强调宾ItwasthesixthgirlfriendinhislifethatSpringencounteredinComradeStreetattheageof强调ItwasinComradeStreetthatSpringencounteredthesixthgirlfriendinhislifeattheageof强调ItwasattheageoffivethatSpringencounteredthesixthgirlfriendinhislifeinComradeStreet【重现2013年考研(50)Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden,thoughina“liberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.译文：虽然（说这话）“花园”句式还Itisthisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethatfullyjustifiestheuseofwordgarden,thoughina“liberated”sense,todescribethesesyntheticconstructions.1）Itisthat强调句2)thisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturethat→将被强调部分还原于从句变为简单句：Thisimplicitorexplicitreferencetonaturefullyjustifiestheuseofwordgardentodescribethesesyntheticconstructions.词implicitadj.explicitadj.implicitor 或明或暗reference 关（二）倒装完全倒标志词为：here,there,updowninout,awayoffthenonthehillintheriver。“主语+谓语→“谓语+主语【例子Atemplelocatesonthetopofthe→Onthetopofthemountainlocateda山上有座庙【例句这就是，一个高尚的人，一个纯粹的人，一个有道德的人，一个低级趣味的人SuchwasNormanBethune,a ,a ,a ,anda部分倒Only引导的倒装Only++特定的++谓.助动词：dodoesdidhavehas情态动词：cancouldshallshouldwillBe动词：amisarewaswere【例子①如果你不能同时说出20句不同的赞美我美丽的成语，我就跟你分手Ifyoucan’tsay20differentkindsofidiomstopraisemybeauty,Iwillsaygoodbyeto变倒装Onlyifyoucan’tsay20differentkindsofidiomstopraisemybeautywillIsaygoodbyeto②因为你打了 ,所以我把楼炸了Becauseyougavesomeonearing,Iblewupthe变倒装OnlybecauseyougavesomeonearingdidIblowupthe【重现2009年考研（47）Onlygraduallywastheby-productoftheinstitutionnoted,andonlymoregraduallystillwasthiseffectconsideredasadirectivefactorintheconductoftheinstitution. 年考研英语大作文——游客污染景Onlyinthiswaycanwesolvetheproblemoftouristpollutionandleavethebeautifulsightstoothervisitors. 年考研英语大作文——年轻人追Onlywhenthejuvenileregardthosestarsrationallycantheybenefitfromtheirrole关于盗版问题On只有通过这种办法，盗版才能被完全消灭Piratedproductscanbewipedout yinthis→Onlyinthiswaycanpiratedproductsbewipedout 只有当这些措施付诸实践后，这个问题才能一步步解决Whenthesepracticalmeasuresaretaken,thisproblemwillbedealtwithstepbystepandbegonewiththewind.→Onlywhenthesepracticalmeasuresaretakenwillthisproblembedealtwithstepbystepandbegonewiththewind.常用否定副词：Notno,特殊否定副词：Seldomfew,little,barely,hardlyscarcely,rarely,in特定动词助动词态动词，be动①Nosooner...than,scarcely/hardly…when表示否定意义的词位于句首时常用部WhenIsawyouforthefirsttime,Ifellinlovedeeplywith NosoonerhadIseenyouforthefirsttimethanIfellinlovedeeplywithyou.HardlyhadIseenyouforthefirsttimewhenIfellinlovedeeplywithyou.当我看见你的时候，就深深地爱上了你②Notonly+特定动词+主语+谓语butalso+主语＋谓语情态动词，助动词，be动【例子是个好老师。是个好丈夫Springisagoodteacher.Springisagoodhusband.并列句：SpringisagoodteacherandSpringisagood部分倒装：NotonlyisSpringagoodteacherbutalsoSpringisagood网络不仅改变生活习惯也提高了的工作效率Internethaschangedourlivinghabit,andenhancedtheefficiencyof 变倒装：Notonlyhasinternetchangedourlivinghabitbutalsoenhancedtheefficiencyofthe玩电脑不仅可以是我们放松和休闲，还可以从中受到教育Byyingcomputers,wecangetrelaxedandentertainedandwecanget变倒装：Byyingcomputers,notonlycanwegetrelaxedandentertained,butalsowecanget【重现…andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.在欧洲近来发生的中，它把不同的民族和国家连到一起，其作用之大，前所未有so…that结构倒装句beso+表语（形容词）that+从句（结果状语从句变倒装：So表语（形容词）be+that+从句（结果状语从句）【例子①Timeissopreciousthatwecannotaffordtowaste→Sopreciousistimethatwecannotaffordtowaste时间如此珍贵，经不起我们浪费②Thefoodpriceissohighthatwecannotaffordany→Sohighisthefoodpricethatwecannotaffordany菜价如此之高，我们都承受主语+谓语+so+副词（状语）that+从句（结果状语从句变倒装：So+副词（状语）+特定动词（助动词或情态动词）+主语+谓语that从句（结【例子①Tomransoquicklythatotherswerenotabletocatchupwith→SoquicklydidTomrunthatotherswerenotabletocatchupwith跑的如此之快以至于其他人都追不上②YousaidyourphonenumbersofastthatIhardlywroteit→SofastdidyousayyourphonenumberthatIhardlywroteit你刚才说的太快了，我没有记录下来Although主语＋系语＋表语，主句→表语＋as/though＋主语＋系语，主句【例子①Althoughthebossisrich,hemusthaveno→Richas/thoughthebossis,hemusthaveno尽管那个很有钱，但是他肯定没有文化②Althoughmanyconsumersareclever,theyarealwaysdeceivedby→Cleveras/thoughmanyconsumersare,theyarealwaysdeceivedby尽管很多消费者很聪明，但还是老上的当③Althoughsheisawoman,shefightslikea→Womanas/thoughsheis,shefightslikea尽管她是个女人，但像一样去④AlthoughJillisalittlegirl,sheknowssomany→Littlegirlas/thoughsheis,sheknowssomany尽管是个小姑娘，但是他懂的特别多⑤Althoughheissuccessful,heisnot→Successfulasheis,heisnot他虽然成功，但不骄傲⑥Althoughitseemsimprobable,it’s→Improbableasitseems,it’s虽然看起来不太可能，但却⑦Althoughitsoundsstupid，IwassoinlovewithherthatIbelieved→Stupidasitsounds，IwassoinlovewithherthatIbelieved尽管听起来很愚蠢，我是如此爱她竟然相信了话⑧Althoughhewaspatient，hedidnotlikewaitingthat→Patientashewas，hedidnotlikewaitingthat他虽说有耐心，也不愿等这么长⑨Althoughthenecklacewasbeautiful，wethoughtitwasover-→Beautifulthoughthenecklacewas，wethoughtitwasover-那条项链虽然很漂亮，我们认为价钱太高⑩AlthoughhewasaKing,hewas→Kingashewas,hewas他虽是国王，但他并不⑪Althoughheisachild,heknowstohelp→Childasheis,heknowstohelp他虽是个孩子，但却知道帮⑫Althoughheisateacher,hecannotknow→Teacherthoughheis,hecannotknow他虽然是老师，但也不可能什么都懂【说明】如果是单数可数名词或形容词作表语，提前时把冠词去掉谓语动词的Although主语＋特定动词+谓语，主句→谓语＋as/though＋主语＋特定动词，主句【例子①AlthoughTommighttryhard,hedidnotgeta→Tryas/thoughTommighthard,hedidnotgeta虽然努力了，但还是没有得到晋升②Althoughyoumayobject,I’ll→Objectasyoumay,I’ll纵使你，我也要去③Althoughhemighttry,hecouldn’tsolvethe→Tryashemight,hecouldn’tsolvethe尽管他想方设法，却未解决这个问题④Althought