油研演讲与写作构思

油研2013演讲与写作构思第一页，共四十页。SelectingtopicsAnalyzingaudienceSupportingideasOrganizingthebodyofthespeechBeginningandendingthespeechOutliningspeechUsinglanguage第二页，共四十页。PurposeofspeechInform:informationPersuade:changeaudience第三页，共四十页。PrinciplesofspecificpurposesMakesurethecentralideaisnottoogeneralExpressthecentralideaasafullsentenceStatethecentralideaasadeclarativesentence,notasaquestionAvoidfigurativelanguageinthecentralidea第四页，共四十页。exercisesDonatebloodToinformmyaudienceaboutthehistoryofWesterncivilizationToinformmyaudienceaboutGuilinToinformmyaudiencethatsomethinghastobedoneabouttrafficjams.ToinformmyaudiencehowtousethesubwaysysteminBerlin,Germany.第五页，共四十页。Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourpersonaldevelopment.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyouracademicdevelopment.Youshouldstudyabroadbecauseitwillenhanceyourcareerdevelopment.第六页，共四十页。Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:Thefirsteventintriathlonisswimming,Thesecondeventintriathloniscycling.Thefirsteventintriathlonisrunning.第七页，共四十页。Generalpurpose:Specificpurpose:Centralidea:Mainpoints:第八页，共四十页。Analyzingaudience

Audience-centered:ObamaTowhomamIspeaking?WhatdoIwantthemtoknow,believe,ordoasaresultofmyspeech?Whatisthemosteffectivewayofcomposingandpresentingmyspeechtoaccomplishthataim?第九页，共四十页。AdaptingtotheAudienceBeforethespeech:assessinghowyouraudieceislikelytorespongtowhatyousayinyourspeech;adjustingwhatyoursaytomakeitasclear,appropriate,andconvincing.Duringthespeech:keepaneyeoutforaudiencefeedback.Frownorrespondwithquizzicallooks,youmayneedtobackupandgooveryourpointagain.Afterthespeech:survey,modify,nextspeech.第十页，共四十页。Supportingideas

ExamplesStatisticsQuotations(paraphrase)第十一页，共四十页。Examples

BriefExamplesExtendedExamplesHypotheticalExamples第十二页，共四十页。BriefExamples(specificstatements):Changesintechnologyhavemadeitpossiblefordoctorstoworkwondersthatonceseemedimpossible.RogerCharter,forexample,lostbothhisfeetwhentheywerecrushedinatruckaccident,Nowhehasnewfeet-madeofaspringyplasticalloythatduplicatesanormalarch.Notonlycanhewalknormally,buthecanrunandplaysportsagain.Themiraculousnatureofrecentadvancesincreatingartificiallimbsforaccidentvictims.第十三页，共四十页。JapanesebusinessmenhavealreadyappliedConfucianethicsintheirbusinessmanagement,andtheAmericanmilitaryacademy,WestPoint,hastakenSunzi’sTheArtofWarasoneoftheirtextbooks,Intheseyears,thecreamofourculture,suchastraditionalmedicalscienceandmedicine,acupuncture,TaiChi,andpapercutting,haswonpopularityintheworld.China’straditionalculturehasvigorandvitalityintoday’sglobalization.第十四页，共四十页。Extendedexamples(narratives,illustrations,anecdotes):tellingstoriesHypotheticalexamples:Imaginethis:yourfatherhasbeenstrickenwithseriousheartdisease.Atthehospital,yourlearnhehasachancetosurvive-ifhecanreceiveahearttransplant.Buttherearenoheartdonorsavailable.Yourfatherisofthe1.5millionChineseeachyearwhoneedanorgantransplantbutcannotgetonebecauseofashortageofdonors.第十五页，共四十页。StatisticsUserepresentativestatisticsIdentifythesourcesofstatisticsUsestatisticsfromreliablesourcesRoundoffcomplicatedstatisticsExplainstatistics第十六页，共四十页。Quotations(paraphrase)UsequotationsfromunbiasedsourcesIdentifythepeoplequoteandparaphrase第十七页，共四十页。OrganizingthebodyofthespeechBodyisdeterminedbymainpoints.StrategicorderofmainpointsChronologicalorderSpatialorderProblem-solutionorderTopicalorder第十八页，共四十页。ChronologicalorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudiencehowtheGreatWallofChinawasbuilt.Centralidea:theGreatWallofChinawasbuiltinthreemajorstages.Mainpoints:QindynastyHandynastyMingdynasty第十九页，共四十页。Specificpurpose:toinformaudienceyoureducationalbackgroundsCentralidea:inthreemajorstages.Mainpoints:第二十页，共四十页。Spatialorder

Specificpurpose:toinformaudienceaboutthethreemajorregionsinItalyCentralidea:northern,southernandcentralItalyhavetheirownidentitiesandattractions.Mainpoints:第二十一页，共四十页。Problem-solutionorderSpecificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencetoughermeasureareneededtocontrolillegalsellingofantiques.Centralidea:illegalsellingofantiquesisaseriousproblemthatrequiresacombinationofgovernmentactionandindividualawareness.Mainpoints:第二十二页，共四十页。Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencethatChinashouldimplementstricterlawenforcementtopreventaccidentsincoalmines.Centralidea:Mainpoints:第二十三页，共四十页。TopicalorderSpecificpurpose:toinformaudienceabouttheachievementsofdaVinciCentralidea:painter,aninventor,anastronomerMainpoints:第二十四页，共四十页。Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudiencethatChinashouldcontinueitsprogramofspaceexplorationCentralidea:Mainpoints:第二十五页，共四十页。Specificpurpose:topersuadeaudienceCCTVshouldlaunchanEnglishversionoftheLectureRoom.Centralidea:Mainpoints:第二十六页，共四十页。TipsforpreparingmainpointsLimitthenumberofthemainpointsKeepmainpointsseparateTrytousethesamepatternowordingformainpoints第二十七页，共四十页。BeginningandendingIntroductionConclusion第二十八页，共四十页。Introduction

GetattentionandinterestRelatethetopictotheaudienceStatetheimportanceofyourtopicStartletheaudienceArousethecuriosityoftheaudienceQuestiontheaudienceBeginwithaquotationTellastoryCreateapositiverelationshipwiththeaudienceEatablishcredibility第二十九页，共四十页。Conclusion

ReinforcethecentralideaSummarizeyourspeechEndwithquotationMakeadramaticstatementRefertotheintroduction第三十页，共四十页。OutliningtheSpeechStatethespecificpurp