跨文化交际案例集体主义文化和个人主义文化

Cross-cultural

Communication主讲：Dani目前一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Case(案例)1目前二页\总数四十七页\编于十九点

MaDan(马丹)andMichaelareclassmatesintheStates.Itisonlyoneweekbeforethesubmissiondateforatermpaperfortheirclass.Unfortunately,Ma’scomputerbrokedownatthiscriticaltime.Inordertohandinthepaperontime,MaDandecidedtoborrowMichael’scomputerforonlyonedaytofinishhertyping.InCase

1目前三页\总数四十七页\编于十九点ordertogetaneasy“yes”fromhim,MaDantreatedMichaeltoapizzalunchatPizzaHut,anexpensiveeating-placeforstudentslikethem.Attheendofthelunch,MaDanaskedMichaelforafavor:“Michael,mycomputerbrokedownrecently.Case

1目前四页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Butyouknowwehavetohandinourtermpaperontime.IwonderifIcouldborrowyourcomputerthisweekend.Wearefriends,aren’twe?”Toherastonishment,Michaelreplied,“Yes,wearefriends,Dan.ButI’mafraidI’vegotalotofthingsIneedtotypeupCase

1目前五页\总数四十七页\编于十九点everydayduringthesedays.Icannotaffordtoletitgoevenforaday.IhopeIcouldhelpyouinotherways.”MaDanwaspuzzledandthought:“arewereallyfriends?”Case

1目前六页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysis

(案例分析)目前七页\总数四十七页\编于十九点KeyWordsStudycollectivisticculture集体主义文化individualisticculture个人主义文化relation关系independence独立equality平等personalinterest个人利益目前八页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysis

MaDancomesfromacollectivist&hierarchicalculturewhichemphasizesrelationswithin-groupmembers.Michaelcomesfromanindividualisticculturewhichvaluesindependenceandequality.MaDancomesfromacountrywherepeopleformintodifferentrelationsandtheaxiomsof“Therewardforagooddeedis目前九页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysis

anothergooddeed”and“afriendinneedisafriendindeed”(ThisisalsoavaluedbeliefintheWest!)arehighlycherished.InMaDan’sview,shewasdesperateforacomputerandMichaelshouldofferherahandinlendingherthecomputersincetheyaregoodfriends.Inordertobettersecurethisborrowing,sheofferedtogiveMichaelatreat,whichbetterpositionedhertoopen目前十页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysishermouthtorequestthehelp.Michaelwasbroughtupinaculturevaluingindividualismwherethepersonalinterestalwayscomesfirst.Sincepersonalcomputeristheprivatepropertyofapersonandhewasreallyinneedofit,hethinksitpropertocatertohisownneedsfirst.ThatexplainswhyMichaelchosetorejectMaDan’sproposal,whichhurtMaDan’sfeeling.目前十一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Suggestion/

Solution

(解决方案)目前十二页\总数四十七页\编于十九点IfMaDanwantstofinishherworkontimeIsuggestsheturntootherclassmatesforhelpbyraisingherrequestdirectlyorgotothelibrarytosolvethisproblem.Ifsomeoneofferstolendherthecomputer,shecantreatthelenderafterwardstoexpresshergratitude.Suggestion&Solution目前十三页\总数四十七页\编于十九点IndividualistCulture

PK

CollectivistCulture

目前十四页\总数四十七页\编于十九点PK1IndividualistCulture

(liberalism):individualstendtodefinethemselvesbytheextenttowhichtheyaredifferentfrom,ratherthansimilartoother.Peopleareencouragedtodisplayself-confidenceandAssertiveness(自信),disclosure（披露）ofpersonalthoughtsandfeelings.Collectivistculture(Confucianism):placeslittlevalueonindividualidentityandgreatvalueongroupidentity.Goingone'sownwayisnotvalued;uniformityandconformityarestressed.目前十五页\总数四十七页\编于十九点PK2IndividualismCollectivismIcultureWEcultureopendiscussionofdisagreementarevaluedformsoftalkopenlyspeakingone’smindappearsdistastefulseekthenoticeofothers;affirmtheiruniquenessopenexpressionrisksfaceguardingprivacy;valuingfreedomtodoandthinkwhatevertheychoosetherighttoprivacyinthesenseoffreedomisnotrecognizedlivelifeguidedonlybyprinciplessuchasequalityandnoninterferenceone’sbusinessisalsothebusinessofthegroup;friendsshouldbeconcernedwitheachother’spersonalmatters目前十六页\总数四十七页\编于十九点FiveBasicThemesinIndividualistCulture1.Thereisatendencyforforeignerstotreatstrangersasequals,seeninthepolitenesswithwhichforeignerstreatout-groupmembersandtheirwillingnesstofollowpublicrulesandlawsthatguaranteetherightsofall.2.Thereisadesireforindependenceandseparateness,foundinforeigners'needsfortheirownprivacyandautonomyandinthefreedomtheygivetochildren.3.Thereisalackofinhibition

(压抑)onthepartofforeignersintermsofexpressivebehaviors,seenintheirlackofconcernaboutdrawingattentiontothemselvesandtheirwillingnesstodisclosefeelingsandemotions.4.Thereisalackofunderstandingifthereciprocalbondsanddutiesthatregulatein-groupmembers,foundinforeigners'casualattitudestowardshospitality.5.Thereisalackofconcernatpublicdisplaysofphysicalorsexualintimacy.PK3目前十七页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Relative

case2

目前十八页\总数四十七页\编于十九点

ShanZhou

isawell-establishedChinesescholarincivilengineering.HehadbeencooperatingwithPaul,anAmericanengineeronalargeproject.PaulhadbeentoChinatwicefortheproject.ShanZhoutookgreatcareofhimoneachvisit,arrangingeverythingfromaccommodationtomakingsurethatoneormoreofhisstudentswouldgo

withhimwheneverheneededtodosomething.FrequentlyShanZhouinvitedPaultohomeformealsorwenttorestaurantswithhim.Case

2目前十九页\总数四十七页\编于十九点

HealsomadearrangementswithsomeofhisstudentstotravelaroundthecitywithPaul,tohelphimwithshopping,andtosocializewithhim.Paulwasverygrateful,butrepeatedlytoldShanZhouthathecouldtakecareofhimself.YetShanZhoucontinuedtobeveryattentive.

Eventually,ShanZhouwenttotheUnitedStatestoworkwithPaulforhalfayear.Paulpickedhimupattheairportandtookhimdirectlytohistemporaryaccommodations.Paulapologizedthathehadtogohometotakecareofhistwochildren,andthathewouldtakeShanZhououtfordinnersomeday.Case

2目前二十页\总数四十七页\编于十九点ShanZhoudidnotspeakmuchEnglishanditwashisfirstvisittotheStates.HefeltlikeastrangerandexpectedPaultoatleastsendhisstudentstohelphimaround,likewhathehaddoneforPaulinChina.Butthatdidnothappen.Pauldidtakehimouttoanicerestaurantoneevening,andinvitedhimtohishomeonce.

ShanZhouhadexpectedmorefromPaul,especiallyafterallthehelphehadgiventoPaul.HewasverydisappointedandhurtbyPaul,thinkingCase

2目前二十一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点thatPaulshouldatleastreturnthefavorhehaddonetohim.ShanZhouwassohurtthathesaidtoagoodfriendthathewouldnottakethatmuchcareofPaulanymoreifhewenttoChinaagain.Infact,ShanZhouwassoupsetthathisworkingrelationshipwithPaulsuffered.Paulnoticedthechangebutdidnotknowwherethetensioncamefrom.

Case

2目前二十二页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysis

(案例分析)目前二十三页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysis

ShanZhoucomesfromacollectivistculture

whichemphasizesreciprocal（互惠的，互相的）bondsanddutiestowardin-groupmembers.Paulcomesfromanindividualisticculturewhichvaluesindependenceandself-sufficiency.

WorkingwithPaul,ShanZhouconsideredhimasanin-groupmember,who,awayfromhome,deservedgoodcarefromothermembersofthegroup.Sohedisplayedhisoverhospitalitybyarrangingeverythingfrom目前二十四页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysisaccommodationtomakingsurethatoneormoreofhisstudentswouldgowithhimwheneverheneededtodosomethingortravelaroundthecity.Whenitwashisturntoworkinaforeigncountry,heexpectedthesametreatmentforhim,butPaul,asanindividualist,believedinindependenceandthoughteverybodyshouldtakecareofhimself.So

hedidn'tgetinvolvedtoomuchwith

ShanZhou'slife,besidessettlinghim目前二十五页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysisdownandinvitinghimtodinerforonce.ShanZhou,notrealizingtheculturaldifferences,

wasdisappointedandhurtbyPaul.BothShanZhouandPaulcommunicatedonlyfromtheirownculturalperspectiveandthuscausedmiscommunication.目前二十六页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Suggestion/

Solution

(解决方案)目前二十七页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Suggestion&SolutionToavoidmiscommunication,ShanZhouandPaulshouldlearnmoreabouteachother'scultureandbehaveaccordingly.Asthesayinggoes,"WheninRome,doastheRomansdo."IthinkShanZhoucouldhavelearnedtobemoreindependentandmadehisowndecisionsinsteadofwaitingtobetakengoodcareofwhileinUS.目前二十八页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Relative

case3

目前二十九页\总数四十七页\编于十九点

WangLinworeanewlyboughtcoattowork.Ontheway,shemetwithaformercustomerfromtheU.K,LindonJackson.Lindoncomplimentedherforherbeautifulclothes:Lindon:Oh,youlooksgorgeousonthiscoat,Wang!Case

3目前三十页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Wang:Notsobeautiful.Itcostsonly100Yuan.(Infact,itwasworth250Yuan)Lindon:Oh,really.Wheredidyougetit.Iwanttobuyoneformywife.Wang:uh.

WhatledWangLinintosuchadilemma?Case

3目前三十一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysis

(案例分析)目前三十二页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysisThisisatypicalcross-culturalcasebasedonverbalcommunication.WangLincomesfromacollectivisticculturewhichstressesself-denigration（诋毁）.LindonJacksoncomesfromanindividualisticculturewhichfeaturesassertiveness.

WangLin,whoworeanewlyboughtcoat,metLindonJacksononherwaytowork.WhenLindonJacksoncomplimentedWangLinonhercoat,WangLinreactedbysaying目前三十三页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysisthathercoatwasnotsobeautifulsinceshe,asacollectivist,isaccustomedtobelittle（轻视）everythingrelatedtoher.Herresponsestowardscomplimentsareunquestionablyappropriatedbetweencollectivists.UnlikeWangLin,LindonJacksonplacesgreatvalue目前三十四页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysisonassertivenessandisencouragedtoexpresspersonalthoughtsandfeelingsfreely.He,therefore,wouldinquiryaboutwheretobuythecoatandfinallyledWangLinintothedilemma.目前三十五页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Suggestion/

Solution

(解决方案)目前三十六页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Suggestion&SolutionToavoidmiscommunication,WangLinandLindonJacksonshouldlearnmoreabouteachother’scultureandadjusttheirbehaviorsaccordingly.LindonJacksoncouldrepeathiscomplimentbysaying“itreallylooksmarvelous”andthenturntoanothertopic.Heshouldalsounderstandthatself-denigrationisoneofthekeyvaluesincollectivism.目前三十七页\总数四十七页\编于十九点Relative

case4

目前三十八页\总数四十七页\编于十九点TangJunisanexchangestudentfromtheChinaatKing’sSecondarySchoolofBristol.HewasinvitedbyoneofhisclassmatesJohnMilltoadinnertohisfamily.Tangarrivedthereontimeandwasshownaroundbyhisclassmate.Whentheywereenjoyingtheviewsinthegarden,John’sfatherJerryreturnedfromwork.JohntookCase

4目前三十九页\总数四十七页\编于十九点thisopportunitytointroducehisclassmatetohisfather,“Jerry,thisisTang,aguestfromChina.”TangJunwasverysurprisedandthoughtJohnwasnotpolitetohisfather.Whatwentwronginthisprocess?Case

4目前四十页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysis

(案例分析)目前四十一页\总数四十七页\编于十九点CaseAnalysisTangJuncomesfromacollectivisticculturewhichemphasizesdeferenceassociatedwithageinafamilyhierarchy,whileJohnMillcomesfromanindividualisticculturewhichstressesequality.

TangJun,asanexchangestudentfromChina,wasinvitedbyJohnMilltoadinnertohisfamily.Inthegarden,TangJunwasverysurprisedthatJohnMil