语法阅读讲义研学姐2021全年群

第一章一.30短30长ඣ4030130二.1201612月（第一套）PassageOne"Sugar,alcoholandtobacco,"economistAdamSmithoncewrote,"arecommoditieswhicharenowherenecessariesoflife,whichhave eobjectsofalmostuniversalconsumption,andwhichare,therefore,extremelypopularsubjectsoftaxation."WhatdidAdamSmithsayaboutsugar,alcoholand TheywereprofitabletoTheywereinever-increasingTheyweresubjecttotaxationalmostTheywerenolongerconsiderednecessitiesofAnyvennicotineaddictwilltestifythatfancypackagingysnoroleinthedecisiontokeepsmoking.So,itisargued,stripcartonsoftheirbrandingwilltriggernomassmovementtoquit.WhatdochainsmokersthinkofcigaretteFancypackagingcanhelptoengagenewIthaslittletodowiththequalityortasteofinpackagingdiscouragesnon-smokersfromtakingupIthaslittleimpactontheirdecisionwhetherornottoquit一.二.v-三.12016PassageOneTheUrbanization—migrationawayfromthesuburbstothecitycenter—willbethebiggestrealestatetrendin2015,accordingtoanewreport.ThereportsaysAmerica’surbanizationwillcontinuetobethemostsignificantissueaffectingtheindustry,ascitiesacrossthecountryimitatethewalkabilityandtransit-orienteddevelopmentmakingcitieslikeNewYorkandSanFranciscososuccessful.Assmallercitiescopythemodelofthese“24-hourcities，’’moreaffordableversionsoftheseceswillbecreated.Thereportreferstothisasthecomingofthe“18-hourcity”andusesthetermtorefertocitieslikeHouston,Austin,Charlotte,andNashville,whichare“positioningthemselvesashighlycompetitive,intermsoflivability,employmentofferings,andrecreationalandculturalfacilities.”Anothertrendthatlookssignificantin2015isthatAmerica’slargestpopulationMillennials(千禧一代)willcontinuetoputoffbuyingahouse.ApartmentswillretaintheirappealforawhileforMillennials,hauntedbywhathappenedtohome-owningparents.Thistrendwillcontinueintothe2020s,thereportprojects.Afterthat,surveyrespondentsdisagreeoverwhetherthisgenerationwillfollowintheirparents,footsteps,movingtothesuburbstoraisefamilies,orwillchoosetoremaininthecitycenter.AnotherissueaffectingrealestateinthecomingyearwillbeAmerica’sfailinginfrastructure.Mostroads,bridges,transit,watersystems,theelectricgrid,andcommunicationsnetworkswereinstalled50to100yearsago,andtheyarelargelytakenforgranteduntiltheyfail.Thereport’swritersstatethatAmerica’sfailuretoinvestininfrastructureimpactsnotthehealthofthereal-estatemarket,butalsoourabilitytoremaingloballyApartfromthespecifictrendshighlightedabove,whichcausesomeinvestorstoworry,thereportportraysanoveralloptimismbornebytherecenthealthyreal-estate“upcycle”andimprovingeconomy.Seventy-fourpercentoftherespondentssurveyedreporta“goodtoexcellent”expectationofreal-estateprofitabilityin2015.Whileexcessiveoptimismcanpromotebadinvestmentpatterns,resultinginareal-estate“bubble,”thereport’swritersdownythat einthatithasnotyetoccurred.HowdomostoftherespondentsinthesurveyfeelabouttheU.S.real-estatemarketin B) D)22016PassageTwoThebrainisaseeminglyendlesslibrary,whoseshelveshouseourmostpreciousmemoriesaswellasourlifetime’sknowledge.Butisthereapointwhereitreachescapacity?Theanswerisno,becausebrainsaremoresophisticatedthanthat.Insteadofjustcrowdingin,oldinformationissometimespushedoutofthebrainfornewmemoriestoform.PreviousbehaviouralstudieshaveshownthatlearningnewinformationcanleadtoButinanewstudy,researchersdemonstratedforthefirsttimehowthiseffectoccursintheIndailylife,forgettingactuallyhasclearadvantages.Imagine,forinstance,thatyoulostyourbankcard.Thenewcardyoureceivewillcomewithanew alidentificationnumber(PIN).EachtimeyourememberthenewPIN,yougraduallyforgettheoldone.Thisprocessimprovesaccesstorelevantinformation,withoutoldmemoriesinterfering.Andmostofusmaysometimesfeelthefrustrationofhavingoldmemoriesinterferewithnew,relevantmemories.Considertryingtorememberwhereyouparkedyourcarinthesamecarparkyouwereataweekearlier.Thistypeofmemory(whereyouaretryingtoremembernew,butsimilarinformation)isparticularlyvulnerabletointerference.Whenweacquirenewinformation,thebrainautomaticallytriestoincorporate(合并)itwithinexistinginformationbyformingassociations.Andwhenweretrieve(检索)information,boththedesiredandassociatedbutirrelevantinformationisrecalled.,Themajorityofpreviousresearchhasfocusedonhowwelearnandremembernewinformation.Butcurrentstudiesarebeginningtocegreateremphasisontheconditionsunderwhichweforget,asitsimportancebeginstobemoreappreciated.Averysmallnumberofpeopleareabletorememberalmosteverydetailoftheirlife.Whileitmaysoundlikeanadvantagetomany,peoplewiththisrareconditionoftenfindtheirunusualabilityburdensome.Inasense,forgettingisourbrain’swayofsortingmemories,sothemostrelevantmemoriesarereadyforretrieval.Normalforgettingmayevenbeasafetymechanismtoensureourbrain etoofull.WhatistheemphasisofcurrentstudiesofWhenpeopletendtoWhatcontributestoHownewtechnologyhindersmemoryWhylearningandforgettingarc3201612P2PassageTwoWhatawasteofmoney!Inreturnforanaverageof￡44,000ofdebt,studentsgetanaverageofonly14hoursoflectureandtutorialtimeaweekinBritain.Annualfeeshaverisenfrom￡1,000to￡9,000inthelastdecade,butcontacttimeatuniversityhasbarelyrisenatall.Andgraduatingdoesn’tevenprovideanyguaranteeofadecentjob:sixintengraduatestodayareinnon-graduatejobs.Nowonderithas efashionabletodenouncemanyuniversitiesaslittlemorethanelaboratecon-tricks(骗术).There’salotforstudentstocominabout:therepaymentthresholdforpayingbackloanswillbefrozenforfiveyears,meaningthatlowerpaidgraduateshavetostartrepayingtheirloans;andmaintenancegrantshavebeenrecedbyloans,meaningthatstudentsfrompoorerbackgroundsfacehigherdebtthanthosewithwealthierparents.Yetitstillpaystogotouniversity.Ifgoingtouniversitydoesn’tworkout,studentspayverylittle—ifany—oftheirtuitionfeesback:youonlystartrepayingwhenyouareearning￡21,000ayear.Almosthalfofgraduates—thosewhogoontoearnless—willhaveaportionoftheirdebtwrittenoff.It’snotjustthelecturesandtutorialsthatareimportant.Educationisthesumofwhatstudentsteacheachotherinbetweenlecturesandseminars.Studentsdonotmerelybenefitwhileatuniversity;studiesshowtheygoontobehealthierandhappierthannon-graduates,andalsofarmorelikelytovote.Whateveryourtalents,itisextraordinarilydifficulttogetaleadingjobinmostfieldswithouthavingbeentouniversity.Recruiterscircleeliteuniversitieslikevultures(兀鹰).Manytopfirmswillnotevenlookatapplicationsfromthosewholacka2.1,i.e.,anuppersecond-classdegree,fromaneliteuniversity.Studentsatuniversityalsomeetthoselikelytobeinleadingjobsinthefuture,formingcontactsforlife.Thismightnotberight,butschool-leaverswhofailtoacknowledgeasmuchriskmakingthewrongdecisionaboutgoingtouniversity.Perhapsthereasonwhysomanyuniversitiesoffertheirstudentssolittleistheyknowstudyingatatopuniversityremainsabrilliantinvestmentevenifyoudon'tlearnanything.Studyingatuniversitywillonly elessattractiveifemployersshifttheirfocusawayfromwheresomeonewenttouniversity—andthereisnosignofthathappeninganytimesoon.Schoolleaversmaymoan,buttheyhavelittlechoicebuttoembraceuniversityandthestudentdebtthatcomeswithit.WhatcanweinferfromthelastItisnaturalforstudentstomakecomintsaboutuniversityFewstudentsarewillingtobeartheburdenofdebtincurredatUniversityeducation ingattractivetostudentswhocanaffordTheprestigeoftheuniversityinfluencesemployers'recruitment4201612PassageTwoMorethan100yearsago,AmericansociologistW.E.B.DuBoiswasconcernedthatracewasbeingusedasabiologicalexnationforwhatheunderstoodtobesocialandculturaldifferencesbetweendifferentpopulationsofpeople.Hespokeoutagainsttheideaof“white”and“black”asdistinctgroups,claimingthatthesedistinctionsignoredthescopeofhumandiversity.SciencewouldfavorDuBois.Today,themainstreambeliefamongscientistsisthatraceisasocialconstructwithoutbiologicalmeaning.InanarticlepublishedinthejournalScience,fourscholarssayracialcategoriesneedtobephasedout.“Essentially,Icouldnotagreemorewiththeauthors,”saidSvantePaabo,abiologistanddirectoroftheMaxnckInstituteforEvolutionaryAnthropologyinGermany.Inoneexamplethatdemonstratedgeneticdifferenceswerenotfixedalongraciallines,thefullgenomes(组)ofJamesWatsonandCraigVenter,twofamousAmericanscientistsofEuropeanancestry,werecomparedtothatofaKoreanscientistSeongJinKimItturnedoutthatWatsonandVentersharedfewervariationsintheirgeneticsequencesthantheyeachsharedwithKim.MichaelYudell,aprofessorofpublichealthatDrexelUniversityinPhiladelphia,saidthatmoderngeneticsresearchisoperatinginaparadox:ontheonehand,raceisunderstoodtobeausefultooltoilluminatehumangeneticdiversity,butontheotherhand,raceisalsounderstoodtobeapoorlydefinedmarkerofthatdiversity.Assumptionsaboutgeneticdifferencesbetweenpeopleofdifferentracescouldbeparticularlydangerousinamedicalsetting.“Ifyoumakeclinicalpredictionsbasedonsomebody’srace,you’regoingtobewrongagoodchunkofthetime,”YudelltoldLiveScience.Inthepaper,heandhiscolleaguesusedtheexampleofcysticfibrosis,whichisunderdiagnosedinpeopleofAfricanancestrybecauseitisthoughtofasa“white”disease.Sowhatothervariablescouldbeusediftheracialconceptisthrownout?Yudellsaidscientistsneedtogetmorespecificwiththeirlanguage,perhapsusingtermslike“ancestry”or“population”thatmightmorepreciselyreflecttherelationshipbetweenhumansandtheirgenes,onboththeindividualandpopulationlevel.Theresearchersalsoacknowledgedthatthereareafewareaswhereraceasaconstructmightstillbeusefulinscientificresearch:asapoliticalandsocial,butnotbiological,variable.“Whilewearguephasingoutracialterminology(术语)inthebiologicalsciences,wealsoacknowledgethatusingraceasapoliticalorsocialcategorytostudyracism,althoughfilledwithlotsofchallenges,remainsnecessarygivenourneedtounderstandhowstructuralinequitiesanddiscriminationproducehealthdisparities(差异)betweengroups.”Yudellsaid.DuBoiswasopposedtotheuseofrace abasisforexininghumangeneticanaidtounderstandingdifferentanexnationforsocialandculturalatermtodescribeindividualhuman 如何 转折：buthoweveryetthough让步：ofcourseyes;对立：incontrastontheother顺承inotherwords;类比similarly;罗列first；anothersome…others…besidesinadditionadditionally;furthermorewhatismore;moreover;meanwhile递进evenin举例：forexampleinstancesaythinkof;PassageDecision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthinkers.ThegreatmathematicianJohnvonannwasoneofthefoundersofgametheory.Inparticular,heshowedthatallgamesfallintotwoclasses:therearewhathecalledgamesof“perfectinformation”,gameslikechesswheretheyerscan’thideanythingorytricks;theydon’twinbychance,butbymeansoflogicandskills.Thentherearegamesof“imperfectinformation”,likepoker,inwhichitisimpossibletoknowinadvancethatonecourseofactionisbetterthananother.Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse,business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyywithveryimperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefactorswhichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokeryers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinditcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareyingchess,notpoker.Q.Thesubjectdiscussedinthistext theprocessofreachingthedifferencebetweenpokerandthesecretofmakinggoodbusinessthevalueofinformationinwinningPassageTheevidenceforharmonymaynotbeobviousinsomefamilies.Butitseemsthatfouroutoffiveyoungpeoplenowgetonwiththeirparents,whichistheoppositeofthepopularlyheldimageofunhappyteenagerslockedintheirroomafterendlessfamilyquarrels.Animportantnewstudyintoteenageattitudessurprisinglyshowsthattheirfamilylifeismoreharmoniousthanithaseverbeeninthepast.“Weweresurprisedbyjusthowpositivetoday’syoungpeopleseentobeabouttheirfamilies,”saidonememberoftheresearchteam.“They’reexpectedtoberebelliousandselfishbutactuallytheyhaveotherthingsontheirminds;theywantacarandmaterialgoods,andtheyworryaboutwhetherschoolisservingthemwell.There’smoreNegotiationanddiscussionbetweenparentsandchildren,andchildrenexpecttotakepartinthefamilydecision-makingprocess.Theydon’twanttorocktheboat.”Soitseemsthatthisgenerationofparentsismuchmorelikelythanparentsof30yearsagototreattheirchildrenasfriends.“Myparentsarehappytodiscussthingswithmeandwillingtolistentome,”says17-years-oldDanielLazall.“IalwayslthemwhenI’mgoingoutclubbing.AslongastheyknowwhatI’mng,they’refinewithit.”SusanCrome,whoisnow21,agrees.“Lookingbackonthelast10years,therewasalotofwhatyoucouldcallnegotiation.Forexample,aslongasI’ddoneallmy ,IcouldgooutonaSaturdaynight.ButIthinkmygrandparentswerealotstricterwithmyparentsthanthat.”Maybethispositiveviewoffamilylifeshouldnotbeunexpected.Itispossiblethattheideaofteenagers’rebellionisnotrootedinrealfacts.Aresearchercomments,“Oursurprisethatteenagerssaytheygetalongwellwiththeirparentscomesbecauseofabriefperiodinoutsocialhistorywhenteenagerswereregardedasdifferentbeings.Butthatideaofrebellingandbreakingawayfromtheirparentsreallyonlyhappenedduringthatonetimeinthe1960swheneveryonerebelled.Thenormalsituationthroughouthistoryhasbeenasmoothchangefromheloutwiththefamilybusinesstotakingitover.”Q.Whatisthepassagemainly Negotiationin Educationin Harmonyin PassageWhatdoyouwanttobewhenyougrowup?Ateacher?Adoctor?Howaboutanice-CreamYes,therereallyisajobwhereyoucangetpaidtotasteicecream.JustaskJohnHarrison,an“OfficialTasteTester”forthepast21years.Testinghelpsmanufacturerstobesureofaproduct’squality.DuringhiscareerHarrisonhasbeenresponsibleforapprovinglargetiesofthesweeticecream—aswellasfordeveloover75flavors.Somepeoplethinkthatitwouldbeeasytodothisjob;afterall,youjusthavetolikeicecream,right?No—there’smoretothejobthanthat,saysHarrison,whohasadegreeinchemistry.Hepointsoutthatadairyorfood-sciencedegreewouldbeveryusefultosomeonewantingacareerinthis“cool”field.Inatypicalmorningonthejob,Harrisontastesandassesses60ice-creamsamples.Heletstheicecreamwarmuptoabout12F.Harrisonexins,“Yougetmoreflavorfromwarmericecream,whichiswhysomekidsliketostirit,creatingice-creamsoup.”Whiletheicecreamwarmsup,Harrisonlooksoverthesamplesandgradeseachoneonitsappearance.“Tastingbeginswiththeeyes,”heexins.Hecheckstoseeiftheicecreamisattractiveandaskshimself,“Doestheproducthavethecolourexpectedfromthatflavor?”Nextit’stimetotaste!Continuingtothinkupnewideas,tryoutnewflavors,andtestsamplesfromsomanykindsoficecreameachdaykeepsHarrisonbusybuthappy—workingatoncecooljob.Q.WhichofthefollowingisprobablythebesttitleoftheB．FlavorsofIceD．OneCoolPassageAtDallas/FortWorthAirport,thelightsarecontrolledbysensorsthatmeasureTheydimimmediaywhenit’ssunnyandbrightenwhenapassingcloudblockstheAwallofwindowsataUniversityofPennsylvaniaengineeringbuildinghasbuilt-inblindscontrolledbyacomputerprogramthatfollowsthesun’spath.Buildingsaregettingsmarter－andthenextgenerationofbuildingmaterialsisexpectedtodoevenmore.Windowscouldcatchthesun’senergytoheatwater.Sensorsthatmeasurethecarbondioxidebreathedoutbypeopleinaroomcoulddeterminewhethertheairconditioningneedstobeturnedup.Manynewmaterialsandtechnologyhavebeendesignedinthelast15years.Theyarenowbeingusedinawaveofbuildingsdesignedtosaveasmuchenergyaspossible.Theyincludeoldideas,like“greenroofs,”whereabeltofntsonaroofhelpsthebuildingkeepheatinwinterandstaycoolinsummer,andnewideas,likespecialcoatingforwindowsthatletslightin,butkeepsheatout.Assuchas echeaper,theirusesTheelevatorsatSevenWorldTradeCenter,whichisunderconstructioninNewYork,useasystemthatgroupspeopletravelingtonearbyfloorsintothesameelevator,thussavingelevatorstops.PeoplewhoworkinthebuildingwillenteritbyswiIDcardsthatwillltheelevatorstheirfloor;readoutswillthenlthemwhichelevatortouse.Thebuildingalsohaswindowswithacoatingthatblocksheatwhilelettinginlight.Morenewbuildingmaterialsandtechnologyareindevelopment.APhiladelphiabuildingfirmisnowworkingon“smartwrap”thatusestinysolarcollectorstocatchthesun’senergyandtransmittersthewidthofahumanhairtomoveit.Theyareexpectedtochangethefaceoftheconstructionindustryinthenexttenyearsorso.Q.Whatmightbethemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．BuildingsAre ingSmarterB．BuildingsAreGettingMoreSunlightC．BuildingsAreLackinginMuchEnergyD．BuildingsAreUsingCheaperMaterialsDoyouwanttoliveanother100yearsormore?Someexpertssaythatscientificadvanceswillonedayenablehumanstolasttensofyearsbeyondwhatisnowseenasthenaturallimitofthehumanlifespan."Ithinkweareknockingatthedoorofimmortality",saidMichaelZey,aMontclairStateUniversitybusinessprofessorandauthoroftwobooksonthefuture."Ithinkby2075wewillseeitandthat'saconservativeestimate."AttheconferenceinSanFrancisco,DonaldLouria,aprofessoratNewJerseyMedicalSchoolinNewarksaidadvancesinusinggenesaswellasnanotechnologymakeitlikelythathumanswillliveinthefuturebeyondwhathasbeenpossibleinthepast."ThereisagreatpushsothatpeoplecanlivefromI20to180years,"hesaid."Somehavesuggestedthatthereisnolimitandthatpeoplecouldliveto200or300or500years."However,manyscientistswhospecializeinageingaredoubtfulaboutitandsaythehumanbodyisjustnotdesignedtolastpastabout120years.Evenwithhealthierlifestylesandlessdisease,theysayfailureofthebrainandorganswillfinallyleadallhumanstodeath.Scientistsalsodifferonwhatkindoflifethesuperagedmightlive."Itremainstobeseenifyoupass120,youknow;couldyoubehealthyenoughtohavegoodqualityoflife?"saidLeonardPoon,directoroftheUniversityofGeorgiaGerontologyCentre.“Atpresentpeoplewhocouldgettothatpointarenotingoodhealthatall.”Q.WhatwouldbethebesttitleforthisLivingLongeror B.Science,TechnologyandLongC.NoLimitforHuman D.HealthyLifestyleandLong1201612PassageTwoInthepast,fallingoilpriceshavegivenaboosttotheworldeconomy,butrecentforecastsforglobalgrowthhavebeentoneddown,evenasoilpricessinklowerandlower.Doesthatmeanthelinkbetweenloweroilpiecesandgrowthhasweakened?SomeexpertssaytherearestillgoodreasonstobelievecheapoilshouldheatworldConsumershavemoremoneyintheirpocketswhenthey'repayinglessatthepump.Theyspendthatmoneyonotherthings,whichstimulatestheeconomy.Thebiggestgainsgotocountriesthatimportmostoftheiroillike,Japan,and.Butdoesn'ttheextramoneyinthepocketsofthosecountries'consumersmeananequallossinoil-producingcountries,cancellingoutthegains?Notnecessarily,sayseconomicresearcherSaraJohnsonManyoilproducersbuiltuphugereservefundswhenpriceswerefalltheywilldrawontheirreservestosupporternmentspendingandsubsidies（补贴）fortheirconsumers."Butnotalloilproducershavebigreserves.InVenezuela,collapsingoilpriceshavesentitseconomyinto-fall.EconomistCarlWeinbergbelievesthenegativeeffectsofplungingoilpricesareoverwhelmingthepositiveeffectsofcheaperoil.Theimplicationisasharpdeclineinglobaltrade,whichhasplungedpartlybecauseoil-producingnationscan'taffordtoimportasmuchastheyusedto.SaraJohnsonacknowledgesthattheglobaleconomicbenefitfromafallinoilpricestodayislikelylowerthanitwasinthepast.Onereasonisthatmorecountriesarebigoilproducersnow,sothenationssufferingfromthepricedropaccountforalargershareoftheglobaleconomy.Consumers,intheU.S.atleast,areactingcautiouslywiththesavingsthey'regettingatthegaspump,asthememoryoftherecentgreatrecessionisstillfreshintheirmind.Andanumberofoil-producingcountriesaretrimmingtheirgasolinesubsidiesandraisingtaxes,sothenetsavingsforglobalconsumersisnotasbigastheoilpriceplungemightsuggest.51.Whatdoestheauthormainlydiscussinthepassage.A．Thereasonsbehindtheplungeofoilprices.PossiblewaystostimulatetheglobalTheimpactofcheapoilonglobaleconomicTheeffectoffallingoilpricesonconsumer220112PassageYoumayhaveheardthatCoca-Colaoncecontainedaningredientcapableofsparkingparticulardevotioninconsumers: e.The“coca”inthenamereferredtotheextractsofcocaleafthatthedrink’soriginator,chemistJohnPemberton,mixedwithhissugarysyrup（）.Atthetime,cocaleafextractmixedwithwinewasacommontonic（滋补品）,andPemberton’ssweetbrewwasawaytogetaroundlocallawsprohibitingthesaleofalcohol.Buttheotherhalfofthenamerepresentsanotheringredient,lessinfamous（名声不好的）,perhaps,butalsostrangelypotent:thekolanut.InWestAfrica,peoplehavelongchewedkolanutsasstimulants,becausetheycontaincaffeinethatalsooccursnaturallyintea,coffee,andchocolate.Theyalsohaveheartstimulants.HistorianPaulLovejoyrelatesthatthecultivationofkolanutsinWestAfricaishundredsofyearsold.Theleafy,spreadingtreeswerentedongravesandaspartoftraditionalrituals.Eventhoughthenuts,whichneedtostaymoist,canbesomewhatdelicatetotransport,traderscarriedthemhundredsofthroughoutthesandgrasslands.Europeansdidnotknowofthemuntilthe1500s,whenPortugueseshipsarrivedonthecoastofwhatisnowSierraLeone.AndwhilethePortuguesetookpartinthetrade,ferryingnutsdownthecoastalongwithothergoods,by1620,whenEnglishexplorerRichardJobsonmadehiswayuptheGambia,thenutswerestillpeculiartohiseyes.Bythelate19thcentury,kolanutswerebeingshippedbythetonnetoEuropeandtheUS.Manymadetheirwayintomedicines,intendedasakindofenergyboost.OnesuchpopularmedicinaldrinkwasVinMariani,aFrenchproductconsistingofcocaextractmixedwithredwine.ItwascreatedbyaFrenchchemist,AngeloMariani,in1863.SowhenPembertoncreatedhisdrink,itrepresentedanongoingtrend.Wheneeventuallyfellfromgraceasabeverageingredient,kola-extractcolasbecamepopular.Thefirstyearitwasavailable,Coca-ColaaveragednineservingsadayacrossalltheAtlantasodafountainswhereitwassold.Asitgrewmorepopular,the soldrightstobottlethesoda,soitcouldtraveleasily.Todayabout1.9billionCokesarepurchaseddaily.It’s esoiconicthatattemptstochangeitstastein1985—sweeteningitinamoveprojectedtoboostsales—proveddisastrous,withwidespreadangerfromconsumers.“Coca-ColaClassic”returnedtostoreshelvesjustthreemonthsafterthe“NewCoke”wasreleased.Thesedays,theCoca-Colarecipeisacloselyguardedsecret.Butit’ssaidtonolongercontainkolanutextract,relyinginsteadonartificialimitationstoachievetheflavour.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A）TheevolutionofCoca-Cola.B）ThesuccessstoryofCoca-Cola.C）ThemedicinalvalueofCoca-Cola.D）ThebusinessstrategyofCoca-Cola.32016PassageThephrasealmostcompletesitself:midlifecrisis.It’sthestageinthemiddleofthejourneywhenpeoplefeelyouthvanishing,theirprospectsnarrowinganddeathapproaching.There’sonlyoneproblemwiththecliche套话Itisn’t“Infact,thereisalmostnohardevidenceformidlifecrisisotherthanafewsmallpilotstudiesconducteddecadesago,”BarbaraHagertywritesinhernewbook,LifeReimagined.Thevastbulkoftheresearchshowsthattheremaybeapause,orashiftingofgearsinthe40sor50s,butthisshift“canbeexciting,ratherthanterrifying”.BarbaraHagertylooksatsomeofthefeaturesofpeoplewhoturnmidlifeintoarebirth.Theybreakroutines,because“autopilotisdeath”.TheychoosepurposeoverhappinesshavingaclearsenseofpurposeevenreducestheriskofAlzheimer’sdisease.Theygiveprioritytorelationships,ascareersoftenrecede(逐渐淡化).LifeReimaginedpaintsapictureofmiddleagethatisfarfromgloomy.Midlifeseemslikethesecondbigphaseofdecision-making.Youridentityhasbeenformed;you’vebuiltupyourresources;andnowyouhavethechancetotakethebigriskspreciselybecauseyourfoundationisalreadysecure.KarlBarthdescribedmidlifepreciselythisway.Atmiddleage,hewrote,“thesowingisbehind;nowisthetimetoreap.Therunhasbeentaken;nowisthetimetoleap.Preparationhasbeenmade;nowisthetimefortheventureoftheworkitself.”Themiddle-aged ,Barth,canseedeathinthedistance,butmoveswitha“measuredhaste”togetbignewthingsdonewhilethereisstilltime.WhatBarthwrotedecadesagoiseventruertoday.Peoplearehealthyandenergeticlonger.Wehaveialcandidatesrunningfortheirfirstterminofficeatage68,69and74.Alongerlifespanischangingthenarrativestructureoflifeitself.Whatcouldhavebeenconsideredthebeginningofadescentisnowapotentialturningpoint—theturningpointyouaremostequippedtotakefulladvantageof.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthephrase“midlifeIthasledtoalotof B)ItiswidelyC)Itisnolonger D)ItmisrepresentsrealHowdoesBarbaraHagertyviewItmaybethebeginningofaItcanbeanewpha