全国职称英语卫生类A试题

2011年全国职称英语卫生类（A级）真题及答案

第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）

下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为

接近的选项。

1Forsomeobscurereason,thesimplegameisbecomingverypopular.

AunclearBobviousCmajorDminor

2Theseaturtle'snaturalhabitathasbeenconsiderablyreduced.

AgreatlyBsuddenlyCgenerallyDslightly

3IgotanotefromMoiraurgingmetogetintouch.

AinstructingBnotifyingCpushingDinviting

4Itispossibletoapproachtheprobleminadifferentway.

AraiseBposeCexperienceDhandle

5Thedecisiontoinvadeprovokedstormsofprotest.

AignoredBorganizedCcausedDreceived

6Janesaidthatshecouldn'ttoleratethelonghours.

AspendBtakeClastDstand

7At80,PeckwasstillvigorousandlivinginParis.

AenergeticBhappyCaloneDbusy

8Foresterstaredathiscar,tremblingwithrage.

AshakingBturningCjumpingDshouting

9Ayoungmanisbeinghailedaherotonightafterrescuingtwochildren.

AreportedBprovedCpraisedDcaught

10Iwantedtoaskheroutbutwasscaredthatshemightrefuse.

AanxiousBsureCsadDafraid

11Atthattime,wedidnotfullyqraspthesignificanceofwhathad

happened.

AgiveBattachCloseDunderstand

12Andersonleftthetable,remarkingthathehadsomeworktodo.

AdoubtingBsayingCthinkingDknowing

13Heassertedthatnuclearpowerwasasafeandnon-pollutingenergy

source.

AmaintainedBrecommendedCconsideredDacknowledged

14Thestudyalsonotesasteadydeclineinthenumberofcollegestudents

takingsciencecourses.

ArelativeBgeneralCcontinuousDsharp

15Shealwaysfindsfaultwitheverything.

AcriticizesBsimplifiesCevaluatesDexamines

第2部分：阅读判断（第16〜22题，每题1分，共7分）

下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提

供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中

没有提及，请选择C。

RelievingthePain

"Exercisemaybethebesttreatmentofchronicpain,"saydoctorsatanew

clinicfordealingwithpain."Peoplewithchronicpainneedtostoplyingaround,

gooutmore,andstartexercising.*'Theinstinctivereactiontoacutepainisto

stopmovingandtotrytoprotectthesourceofpain.Butitseemsthatthisis

oftennotproductive,especiallyinthecaseofbackpain.Backpain,after

headachesandtiredness,hasbecomethethirdmostcommonreasonforpeople

tovisittheirdoctors.Painfulbacksnowaccountformillionsofdaysoffwork.

Lumber（腰部的）painsarepartlythepricehumanspayfortakingtheir

forelimbsofftheground,buttheyaremadeworsebyasedentary（久坐不动的）

lifestyle.Lackofexerciseslowlydecreasestheflexibilityandstrengthof

muscles,sothatitismoredifficulttotakepressureoffthesiteofpain.Exercise

isessential.Itreleasesendorphins（内啡肽）,thebody's"feel-good"chemicals,

whicharenaturalpainkillers.Infact,thesearesoimportantthatresearchers

arenowlookingfordrugsthatcanmaintainacomfortablelevelofendorphinsin

thebody.

Mostpeoplewhogotoafamilydoctorcomplainingofpainareprescribed

pain-killingdrugsratherthanexercise.Sincefindingthecauseofbackacheis

notsoeasy,doctorsfrequentlydonotknowtheprecisecauseofthediscomfort,

andasthepaincontinues,sufferersenduptakingstrongerdosesorseriesof

differentdrugs."Wscrazy,"saysDr.Brasseur,atherapistattheInternational

AssociationfortheStudyofPain.nSomeofthemaretakingdifferentdrugs

prescribedbydifferentdoctors.Tvejustseenapatientwhowastakingtwo

drugswhichturnedouttobethesamethingunderdifferentnames."

Agenerationofnewpainclinicsnowoperatesonthebasisthatdrugsare

bestavoided.Oncepatientshaveundergonetheinitialphysicaland

psychologicalcheckup,theirmedicationiscutdownasmuchaspossible.

Takingpatientsoffdrugsalsopreparesthemforphysicalactivity.

Insomepain-reliefclinics,patientsbeginthedaywithmusclecontraction

andrelaxationexercise,followedbyanhouronexercisebikes.Laterintheday,

theypracticet'aichi（太极）self-defense,anddeepthought.Thiscompareswith

anaverageoftwo-and-ahalfhoursphysiotherapy（理疗）aweekinatraditional

hospitalprogram."Theideaistostrengthenandtoincreaselong-lastingenergy,

flexibility,andconfidence,"explainsBillWiles,aconsultantpaindoctorin

Liverpool."Patientsundergoingthistherapygetbacktoworkandresume

healthyactivelifestylesmuchsoonerthatthosesubjectedtomoreconservative

treatment.',

16Totreatpain,patientsshouldstopmovingaround.

ARight

BWrong

CNotmentioned

17Headachesarepartlycausedbylackofexercise.

ARight

BWrong

CNotmentioned

18Exercisehelpstotakethepressureoffthesiteofpain.

ARight

BWrong

CNotmentioned

19Doctorsoftenusedrugssuchasendorphinstotreatpatients.

ARight

BWrong

CNotmentioned

20Backachesufferersoftenenduptakingmorethanonedrugtokillpain.

ARight

BWrong

CNotmentioned

21Exerciseshelpspainsuffererstorecovermorequicklythantraditional

treatment.

ARight

BWrong

CNotmentioned

22Newpainclinicsaskpatientstogiveupdrugscompletely.

ARight

BWrong

CNotmentioned

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23〜30题，每题1分，共8分）

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23〜26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5

段每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27〜30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个

最佳选项。

OwlsandLarks（猫头鹰与云雀）

1Inthisarticle,welookattheimportanceofsleepforlearning.Most

healthyadultsneedeightormorehoursofsleep.Butwhydoweneedsleepin

thefirstplace?Weneedsleepforthebraintogetachancetorebuildmemories

storedduringthedayandassociatethesewithpreviouslylearnedthings.Ifthis

processisinterruptedby,say,thesoundofanalarmclock,itmaynotbeas

effective.Soifyoursleepiscutshortbythealarmclock,howdamagingisit?

Thetruthisthatit'sdifficulttopredict,assomuchdependsonhowmuchsleep

yourbodyactuallyneedsonthatparticularoccasion.

2Thepopularbeliefthatpeoplearenaturallyeitherlarks（earlyrisers）or

owlsisfalse.Thereasonwhypeopletendtobeoneortheotherhasmoretodo

withlifestyle,age,andpersonality.Manypeoplewhoappeartobeearlybirds

mayhavejustbecomesothroughhabit,forexample,parentswithveryyoung

children.Teenagerscanhavedifficultyfallingasleepuntillateatnightandthen

theynaturallyhaveproblemsgettingupthefollowingmorning.

3Themainreasonwhyowlsareowlsisthattheytendtospendtheirtime

overabook,movie,orcomputergametilltheearlyhoursofthemorning.They

enjoythequietofthenightwhentheycanpursuetheirpassion.Ontheother

hand,larkscanmakebetteruseofearlymorninghourswheretheycanstudyin

quietatthetimewhentheirbrainsaremostrefreshed.Sowhichisbetterfor

learning-anowl'soralark'slifestyle?Thesimpletruthisthatitismorecomplex

thansimplybeingoneortheother.Leadingawell-balancedlifeintermsofwork

andplayandsleepingenoughtobringmaximumrefreshmentisprobablythe

secret.

4Asfornaps,expertsoninsomnia（失眠）argueagainsttakingnaps,asthese

maykeeppeopleupatnight.Ifyournaplastsonlyfiveminutestohalfanhour

anddoesnotaffectyourabilitytofallasleepinthenight,itwillprobablyhelp

youbemorealertineveninghours.However,ifyouarehavingproblems

gettingtosleepatnight,it*snotonlynapsthatyoushouldavoid.Trynotto

drinkalotofalcohol,takenicotine（尼古丁），domentallyintenseactivitieslike

preparingforexamsordoingexerciseintheevening.Somepeopleswearthat

drinkingcoffeeneverstopsthemfromsleepinglikealog,whereasotherswill

nevergonearthestuffforfearofbeingawakeallnight.However,thebest

adviceformostistoavoiditintheevening,andifyoudrinkcoffeebeforeanap,

rememberyouarelikelytoawakenassoonasthecaffeinestartskickingin.

23Paragraph1

24Paragraph2

25Paragraph3

26Paragraph4

AWhatshouldweavoid?

BHowmuchsleepdoweneed?

CWhichisbetter,beinganowloralark?

DWhydoweneedsleep?

EWhatmakespeopleowlsorlarks?

FWhathelpsusfallasleep?

27Sleephelpsbrainto.

28Parentswithveryyoungchildrentendto

29Agoodlifestylemeansonecan.

30Itisgoodadviceformostpeopleto.

Asleepenoughtobringmostrefreshment

Bkeepawayfromcoffeeintheevening

Cstayuptilltheearlyhoursofthemorning

Dgetupquiteearly

Estorememoriesinthebrain

Frebuildmemoriesstoredduringtheday

第4部分：阅读理解（第31〜45题，每题3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇CellPhones:HangUporKeepTalking?

Millionsofpeopleareusingcellphonestoday.Inmanyplacesitisactually

consideredunusualnottouseone.Inmanycountries,cellphonesarevery

popularwithyoungpeople.Theyfindthatthephonesaremorethanameansof

communication-havingamobilephoneshowsthattheyarecoolandconnected.

Theexplosionsaroundtheworldinmobilephoneusemakesomehealth

professionalworried.Somedoctorsareconcernedthatinthefuturemany

peoplemaysufferhealthproblemsfromtheuseofmobilephones.InEngland,

therehasbeenaseriousdebateaboutthisissue.Mobilephonecompaniesare

worriedaboutthenegativepublicityofsuchideas.Theysaythatthereisno

proofthatmobilephonesarebadforyourhealth.

Ontheotherhand,whydosomemedicalstudiesshowchangesinthebrain

cellsofsomepeoplewhousemobilephones?Signsofchangeintheissuesof

thebrainandheadcanbedetectedwithmodernscanning（扫描）equipment.In

onecase,atravelingsalesmanhadtoretireatayoungagebecauseofserious

memoryloss.Hecouldn*trememberevensimpletasks.Hewouldoftenforget

thenameofhisownson.Thismanusedtotalkonhismobilephoneforaboutsix

hoursaday,everydayofhisworkingweek,foracoupleofyears.Hisfamily

doctorblamedhismobilephoneuse,buthisemployer'sdoctordidn'tagree.

Whatisitthatmakesmobilephonespotentiallyharmful?Theansweris

radiation.High-techmachinescandetectverysmallamountsofradiationfrom

mobilephones.Mobilephonecompaniesagreethatthereissomeradiation,but

theysaytheamountistoosmalltoworryabout.

Asthediscussionabouttheirsafetycontinues,itappearsthatit'sbestto

usemobilephoneslessoften.Useyourregularphoneifyouwanttotalkfora

longtime.Useyourmobilephoneonlywhenyoureallyneedit.Mobilephones

canbeveryusefulandconvenient,especiallyinemergencies.Inthefuture,

mobilephonesmayhaveawarninglabelthatsaystheyarebadforyourhealth.

Sofornow,it'swisenottouseyourmobilephonetoooften

31PeoplebuycellphonesforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat

Athey'repopular

Bthey'reuseful

Cthey'reconvenient

Dthey*recheap

32Theworld"detected"inparagraph3couldbebestreplacedby

Acured

Bremoved

Cdiscovered

Dcaused

33Thesalesmanretiredyoungbecause

Ahecouldn*tremembersimpletasks

Bhedislikedusingmobilephones

Chewastiredoftalkingonhismobilephone

Dhisemployer'sdoctorpersuadedhimto

34.Onthesafetyissueofmobilephones,themanufacturingcompanies

Aholdthattheamountofradiationistoosmalltoworryabout

Bdenytheexistenceofmobilephoneradiation

Cdevelopnewtechnologytoreducemobilephoneradiation

Dtrytoprovethatmobilephonesarenotharmfultohealth

35Thewriter'spurposeofwritingthisarticleistoadvisepeople

Atobuymobilephones

Btousemobilephoneslessoften

Ctoupdateregularphones

Dtostopusingmobilephones

第二篇ImmuneFunctions

Theimmunesystemisequalincomplexitytothecombinedintricaciesofthe

brainandnervoussystem.Thesuccessoftheimmunesystemindefendingthe

bodyreliesonadynamicregulatorycommunicationnetworkconsultingof

millionsandmillionsofcells.Organizedintosetsandsubsets,thesecellspass

informationbackandforthlikecloudsofbeesflyingaroundahive（蜂巢）.The

resultisasensitivesystemofchecksandbalancesthatproducesanimmune

responsethatisprompt,appropriate,effective,andself-omitting.

Attheheartoftheimmunesystemistheabilitytodistinguishbetweenself

andnonself.Whenimmunedefendersencountercellsororganismscarrying

foreignofnonselfmolecules,theimmunetroopsmovequicklytoeliminatethe

intruders（入侵者）.Virtuallyeverybodycellcarriesdistinctivemoleculesthat

identifyitasself.Thebody'simmunedefensesdonotnormallyattacktissues

thatcarryaself-marker.Rather,immunecellsandotherbodycellscoexist

peaceablyinastateknownasself-tolerance.Whenanormallyfunctioning

immunesystemattacksanonselfmolecule,thesystemhastheabilityto

"remember'*thespecificsoftheforeignbody.Uponsubsequentencounterswith

thesamespeciesofmolecules,theimmunesystemreactsaccordingly.Withthe

possibleexceptionofantibodies（抗体）passedduringlactation（授乳期）,thisso

calledimmunesystemmemoryisnotinherited.Despitetheoccurrenceofa

virusinyourfamily,yourimmunesystemmustnleam"fromexperiencewiththe

manymillionsofdistinctivenonselfmoleculesintheseaofmicrobes（微生物）in

whichwelive,learningnecessitatesproducingtheappropriatemoleculesand

cellstomatchupwithandcounteracteachnonselfinvader.

Anysubstancecapableofstimulatinganimmuneresponseiscalledan

antigen（抗原）.Antigensarenottobeconfusedwithallergens（过敏原）,which

aremostoftenharmlesssubstancesthatprovoketheimmunesystemtosetoff

theinappropriateandharmfulresponseknownasallergy.Anantigencanbea

virus,abacterium,orevenaportionorproductofoneoftheseorganisms.

Tissuesorcellsfromanotherindividual（exceptanidenticalwin,whosecells

carryidenticalselfmakersactasantigens;becausetheimmunesystem

recognizestransplantedtissuesasforeign,itrejectsthem.Thebodywilleven

rejectnourishingproteinsunlesstheyarefirstbrokendownbythedigestive

systemintotheirprimary,nonantigenicbuildingblocks.Anantigenannounces

itsforeignnessbymeansofintricateandcharacteristicshapescalledepitopes

（抗原表位），whichprotrude（突出）fromitssurface.Mostantigens,eventhe

simplestmicrobes,carryseveraldifferentkindsofepitomesontheirsurface,

somemayevencarryseveralhundred.Someepitomeswillbemoreeffective

thanothersatstimulatinganimmuneresponse.Onlyinabnormalsituations

doestheimmunesystemwronglyidentifyselfasnonselfandexecutea

misdirectedimmuneattack.

36Whatisusedtodescribethecommunicationnetworkconsistingofcells

intheimmunesystem?

ATheimmunesystem'smemory.

BBeesflyingaroundahive.

CImmunetroopseliminatingintruders.

DAseaofmicrobes.

37Theimmunecellsandothercellsinthebodycoexistpeaceablyinastate

knownas

Abalance.

Bharmony.

Ctolerance.

Dself-tolerance.

38Howdotheimmunecellsrecognizeanantigenas"foreign"or"nonself”？

AThroughcharacteristicshapesontheantigensurface.

BThroughanallergicresponse.

CThroughbloodtype.

DThroughfinehairsprotrudingfromtheantigensurface.

39Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

AAllergensareusuallyharmfulsubstances.

BAntigenscantriggeranimmuneresponse.

CPeoplewithantigensdonotsufferfromobviousresponses.

DThereisnodifferencebetweenanantigenandanallergen.

40Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthispassage?

AThebasicfunctionoftheimmunesystemistodistinguishbetweenself

andnonself.

BAnantigenisanysubstancethattriggersanimmuneresponse.

COneoftheimmunesystem'sprimaryfunctionsistheallergicresponse.

DThehumanbodyisanappropriatehabitatformicrobes.

第三篇BeAlerttoAntimicrobial（抗微生物的）Resistance

Theabilityofmicro-organismstofindwaystoevadetheactionofthedrugs

usedtocuretheinfectionstheycauseisincreasinglyrecognizedasaglobal

publichealthissue.Somebacteriahavedevelopedmechanismswhichmake

themresistanttomanyoftheantibiotics（抗生素）normallyusedfortheir

treatment（multi-drugresistantbacteria）,soposeparticulardifficulties,as

theremaybefewornoalternativeoptionsfortherapy.Theyconstitutea

growingandglobalpublichealthproblem.WHOsuggeststhatcountriesshould

bepreparedtoimplementhospitalinfectioncontrolmeasurestolimitthe

spreadofmulti-drugresistantstrains（菌株）andtoreinforcenationalpolicyon

prudentuseofantibiotics,reducingthegenerationofantibioticresistant

bacteria.

Anarticlepublishedin7'*heLancetInfectiousDiseaseson11August2010

identifiedanewgenethatenablessometypesofbacteriatobehighlyresistant

toalmost/allantibiotics.ThearticlehasdrawnattentiontotheissueofAMR3

（antimicrobialresistance）,and,inparticular,hasraisedawarenessofinfections

causedbymulti-drugresistantbacteria.

Whilemulti-drugresistantbacteriaarenotnewandwillcontinuetoappear,

thisdevelopmentrequiresmonitoringandfurtherstudytounderstandthe

extentandmodesoftransmission,andtodefinethemosteffectivemeasures

forcontrol.

Thosecalledupontobealerttotheproblemofantimicrobialresistanceand

takeappropriateactionincludeconsumers,managersofhospitals,patients,as

wellasnationalgovernments,thepharmaceutical（制药的）industry,and

internationalagencies.

WHOstronglyrecommendsthatgovernmentsfocuscontrolandprevention

effortsinthefollowingareaslikesurveillanceforantimicrobialresistance;

rationalantibioticuse,includingeducationofhealthcareworkersandthepublic

intheappropriateuseofantibiotics;introducingorenforcinglegislationrelated

tostoppingthesellingofantibioticswithoutprescription;andstrictadherence

toinfectionpreventionandcontrolmeasures,includingtheuseof

hand-washingmeasures,particularlyinhealthcarefacilities.

Successfulcontrolofmultidrug-resistantmicroorganismshasbeen

documentedinmanycountries,andtheexistingandwell-knowninfection

preventionandcontrolmeasurescaneffectivelyreduce-transmissionof

multi-drugresistantorganismsifsystematicallyimplemented.

WHOwillcontinuetosupportcountriestodeveloprelevantpolicies,andto

coordinateinternationaleffortstocombatantimicrobialresistance.

AntimicrobialresistancewillbethethemeofWHO'sWorldHealthDay2011.

41Antimicrobialresidencehasbecomeaglobalpublichealthissuebecause

Atheremaybefewornotreatmenttoinfectionscausedbymulti-drug

resistantbacteria.

Bnewantibioticsaretooexpensiveforpoorcountries.

Cinfectionscausedbymulti-drugresistantbacteriahavekilledalotof

people.

Dscientistsknownothingaboutmulti-drugresistantbacteria.

42Theword"prudent"inparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto

Aunwise.

Bwasteful.

Cwidespread.

Dcareful.

43ThearticlepublishedinTheLancetInfectiousDiseasesfoundthat

Asomebacteriahavedevelopedanewgenetoresistalmostallantibiotics.

Banewmulti-drugresistantbacteriumhasappeared.

Csomeinfectionsarecausedbyantibiotics.

Dsomecountriesaresuccessfulincontrollingmulti-drugresistant

microorganisms.

44WHOrecommendsgovernmentstofocusonthefollowingareasEXCEPT

Akeepinghospitalsfromstoringmoreantibioticsthantheycanuse.

Beducationontheuseofantibiotics.

Ccontrolofantibioticuse.

Dintroductionofnewregulationsonthesaleofantibiotics.

45Welearnfromthepassagethat

Aantimicrobialresistancewasnotnoticeduntil2010.

Bfurtherstudyisneededtodealwiththetransmissionofmulti-drug

resistantbacteria.

CwithoutWHO,nocountrywillbesaferinthewaragainstantimicrobial

resistance.

DWHOwillfocusitspreventionandcontroleffortsinpoorcountries.

第5部分：补全短文（第46-50题，每题2分，共10分）

下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将

其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。

Mt.DesertIsland

ThecoastoftheStateofMaineisoneofthemostirregularintheworld.A

straightlinerunningfromthesouthernmostcoastalcitytothenorthernmost

coastalcitywouldmeasureabout225miles.Ifyoufollowedthecoastline

betweenthesepoints,youwouldtravelmorethantentimesasfar.This

irregularityistheresultofwhatiscalledadrownedcoastline.（46）Atthat

time,thewholeareathatisnowMainewaspartofamountainrangethat

toweredabovethesea.Astheglacier（冰川）descended,however,itexpended

enormousforceonthosemountains,andtheysankintothesea.

Asthemountainssank,oceanwaterchargedoverthelowestpartsofthe

remainingland,formingaseriesoftwistinginletsandlagoons（咸水湖）.The

highestpartsoftheformermountainrange,nearesttheshore,remainedas

islands.（47）Marinefossilsfoundhere225feetabovesealevel,indicating

theleveloftheshorelinepriortotheglacier.

The2,500-mile-longrockycoastlineofMainekeepswatchovernearlytwo

thousandislands.Manyoftheseislandsaretinyanduninhabited,butmanyare

hometothrivingcommunities.Mt.DesertIslandisoneofthelargest,most

beautifuloftheMainecoastislands.Measuring16milesby12miles,Mt.Desert

wasessentiallyformedastwodistinctislands.____（48）

Foryears,Mt.DesertIsland,particularlyitsmajorsettlement,BarHarbor,

affordedsummerhomesforthewealthy.Recentlythough,BarHarborhas

becomearapidlygrowingartscommunityaswell.Butthebestpartoftheisland

istheunspoiledforestlandknownasAcadiaNationalPark.Becausetheisland

sitsontheboundarylinebetweenthetemperate（温带）andsub-Arcticzones,

theislandsupportstheplantsandanimalsofbothzonesaswellasbeach,inland,

andalpine（高山的）plants.（49）TheestablishmentofAcadiaNationalPark

in1916meansthatthisnaturalreservewillbeperpetuallyavailabletoall

people,notjustthewealthy.VisitorstoAcadiamayreceivenatureinstruction

fromtheparknaturalistsaswellasenjoycamping,cycling,andboating.Orthey

maychoosetospendtimeat