英语段落写作方法与技巧

PartTwo:ParagraphWritingChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph1.段落的主题与主题句2.段落的扩展3.段落的结尾ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns1.列举法(Listing)2.举例法(Exemplification)3.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)4.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)5.比较对照法(Comparison&Contrast)6.分类法(Classification)2021/5/91Ⅰ.段落的主题与主题句II.段落的扩展III.段落的结尾

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

TheStructureofaParagraph2021/5/92Ⅰ.段落的主题与主题句1. 段落的主题2. 段落的主题句Back

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph2021/5/931.段落的主题

通常一篇文章只有一个中心思想，这个中心思想可以分为几个主题，每个主题由一个段落来完成。 段落的组成通常包含三个要素：主题句(topicsentence)、扩展句(supportingsentence)和结尾句(concludingsentence)。BackChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraphⅠ.段落的主题与主题句2021/5/94

一个段落只表达一个主题思想（主题句）,一个段落内的其它句子（扩展句）必须从属于这一思想，一个段落通常还有一个结尾局与主题句相呼应，这就是段落的统一性(TheUnityofaParagraph)。不同的主题思想应放在不同的段落中表达，否则容易枝杈横生，使人不得要领。

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/95例如：主题句：Beijingisfamousforitstemperateclimate,itslargepopulation,anditsrapidindustrialdevelopment.

该主题句有三个不同的观点揉在一起，如果作为一个段落的主题句则不符合要求，该主题句可分解为三个主题句，由三个段落分别来完成。ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/96请看下面的段落有什么问题：

MynameisRoseanna,andIliketokeepphysicallyfit.Iusedtoweightwohundredpounds,butIjoinedtheYMCA（Youngmen’sChristianAssociation基督教青年会）foranexerciseclassanddietprogram.InoneyearIlosteightypounds.Ifeelmuchbetterandneverwanttohavethatmuchweightonmyfive-feetframe（身躯）again.Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek.EverydayIpracticejoggingthreemiles,swimmingfifteenlaps,liftingtwenty-poundweightsandplayingtennisforonehour.Mymotherwasaprematurebaby(早产儿）.ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/97

本段的主题句是“Iliketokeepphysicallyfit”，段中所有的句子应围绕这一主题。但段中有两个irrelevantsentences，一个是Iboughttwonewsuitcaseslastweek，另一个是Mymotherwasapremature

baby.

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/98

主题句是一个段落中最具概括性的句子。一般包含两个基本内容：1）本段要讨论的中心人物或事物——即主题词；2）作者对这个中心人物或事物的态度、观点或见解——即扩展范围或关键词。 主题句既不能过于概括，也不能过于具体。主题句过于概括（即过于笼统或题目太大），很难用几句话说清楚，通常会因为得不到应有的充实而显得空泛无力，从而造成不能有效地表达主题思想。主题句过于具体（即缺乏概括性的观点），则无法展开段落，作者的思想就没有发挥的余地，容易造成对一个意思的重复描述。ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

2.段落的主题句Back2021/5/99

例如主题句：“Americanfoodisterrible”和“Pollutionisaseriousproblem”就过于概括；而主题句：“HespeaksEnglish”和“Iboughtacarlastweek”就过于具体。

主题句可放在句首、句中和句尾。主题句放在句首是一种好的写作方法，可以时刻提醒作者不要跑题，而且便于读者阅读理解。主题句放在句中，对段落的组织较困难，一般用在记叙和描述文体中。主题句放在句尾通常是段落的开始列举事例或事实，最后总结归纳，引出段落的主题思想。有时作者为强调起见，在段落的开头点明了主题，结尾又会重复主题，不过不是简单的重复，而是在意思上与开头相呼应，或者对段落内容进行总结。

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/910

其次，一个段落必须有若干扩展句，使主题思想得到充分展开，从而给读者一个完整的感觉，这就是段落的完整性(TheIntegrityofaParagraph)

。扩展句和主题句之间，一要形成意义的相关性——即所有的扩展句都必须是主题句的延伸或证明，对主题句起支持的作用；二要具有逻辑的合理性——即句子的排列顺序必须合乎逻辑，从一个句子到另一个句子的过渡必须流畅，这就是段落的连贯性(TheCoherenceofaParagraph)。ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

BackII.段落的扩展

2021/5/911

在一个段落中，即使所有的句子意思都清楚，并且逻辑顺序排列正确，但是如果缺乏句与句之间的恰当的过渡，整个段落的连贯性仍会受到影响。一般使用合适的过渡词语来加强句与句之间的衔接或连贯。一个段落通常由“启”、“承”、“转”、“合”这样的一些环节构成，也就是说要正确使用启、承、转、合的词或词组，这样的段落才会既有统一性、完整性，又有连贯性。下面是一些常用的“启、承、转、合”过渡词语：ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/9121.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句atfirst首先atpresent当今currently最近；现在first首先；第一

firstly首先firstofall首先generally一般说来

generallyspeaking一般说来

inthebeginning首先inthefirstplace首先ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/9131.“启”即开启，开始，引出主题句或引导第一个扩展句ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

itisclearthat…显然itisself-evidentthat…不言而喻lately最近presently此刻；现在recently最近thereissomeevidencethat…现有证据表明thereisnodoubtthat…毫无疑问tobeginwith…首先tostartwith…首先Back2021/5/9142.“承”即承接，用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句also又；并且asamatteroffact事实上atthesametime同时besides另外；此外certainly必然地；肯定地consequently结果；因此especially特别是forexample例如forinstance例如fromnowon从此furthermore此外；而且inaddition此外inadditionto…除……之外ineffect事实上infact事实上inotherwords换言之inparticular特别是inthesameway同样地indeed确实likewise同样地ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/915moreover此外；而且morethanthat再者；更重要的是nodoubt无疑or即；也就是说namely即；也就是说particularly特别是second第二secondly第二similarly同样地so所以soon不久suchas例如ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/916ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

take…forexample以……为例thatis,…即；也就是说thatistosay,…即；也就是说therearemanyreasonswhy………的原因有许多third第三thirdly第三themostimportant再者；更重要的是truly事实上；其实是what’smore再者；更重要的是what’smoreimportant再者；更重要的是Back2021/5/917although虽然asopposedto与……相反but但是conversely相反地despite尽管fortunately幸运地however无论如何；然而inoppositionto与……相反inotherwords换言之inspiteof尽管insteadof相反luckily幸运地3.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/9183.“转”即转折，用来表示语气的转折ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

nevertheless然而；不过onthecontrary相反地ontheotherhand另一方面otherwise不同样地unfortunately不幸地unlike不同于regardlessof不管；不顾thedifferencesareasfollows区别如下whereas然而while然而；另一方面yet然而；但是Back2021/5/919accordingly于是tosumup总之asaconsequence因此asaresult结果atlast最后atlength最后briefly简言之consequently因此finally最后hence因此inall总之inaword简言之inbrief

简言之inconclusion

最后；总之

4.“合”即合拢，总结，表示段落的结束ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/920ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

inconsequence结果inshort简言之insum总之insummary总之last最后一点lastly最后一点inthelastplace最后shortly简言之so因此therefore因此thus因此tosumup总之tosummarize总之Back2021/5/921例如：

Manystudentshavedifficultytakingtest.Asaresult,theygetpoorgradesontheirquizzes.Theymust,therefore,workharderinclasstocommunicatetheirunderstandingofthecourse.Inaddition,theyusuallydevotegreatperiodsoftimetowritingassignmentsinthehopethattheseassignmentswillraisetheiraverages.Finally,manyoffertodoextraassignmentsduringvocationsinanefforttoraisetheirgrades.Theeffectsofdoingpoorlyonevenonequizcanbestressfultomoststudents.

在本段落中，作者使用了一系列的合适的过渡词语使得文章衔接自然、字句通顺、内容连贯。ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/922

结尾句通常是对段落的归纳总结和概括，也可以是对主题加以评论。在论述性较强的议论文体中，一般都有结尾句。例如：1)Forthepasttenyears,trafficjamsinBeijinghavebeenmoreandmoreserious.(2)Therearemanyreasonsbutingeneraltheycomedowntothreemaincauses.(3)First,withtherapiddevelopmentofeconomyinBeijing,toomanytransportationtoolsarebroughtintouse,especiallytaxisandprivatecarswhichcountforaremarkablenumberoftrafficjams.

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

III.段落的结尾Back2021/5/923(4)Next,thetrafficsysteminBeijingwasestablishedmainlyinthe1940’s.theroadsarestillnarrowthattheycannotbearsuchheavytraffic.(5)ThefinalreasonisthatthepopulationofBeijinghasbeenincreasingsofastthattherearemanypedestriansonthestreets.(6)Fromtheforegoing,itisclearthatthetrafficsysteminBeijingmustbere-establishedassoonaspossible.分析上面段落，我们可以看出：(1)是引入句，（2）是主题句，（3）（4）（5）是扩展句，（6）是结尾句。

ChapterOne:TheStructureofaParagraph

Back2021/5/924方法2.举例法(Exemplification)1.列举法(Listing)

3.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)4.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)6.分类法(Classification)

5.比较对照法(Comparison&Contrast)

段落的展开，有很多方法和模式，下面介绍最常用的几种：ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatterns2021/5/9251．列举法(Listing)——Ageneralstatementsupportedbyspecificdetailsorreasons

列举法是指在主题句之后列举一些足以支持主题句观点的具体细节。这种具体细节一般是事实描述、数据、例子等。一般来讲，所列举的具体细节按照重要性递增的顺序排列。列举法常常和举例法结合起来使用。我们来看看下面这个用列举法展开的段落：ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/926ChattingOnline—MyMostRewardingExperience(1)Asoneofmymostrewardingexperiences,chattingonlinehasbroughtalotofbenefitstomylife.(2)Foronething,ithelpsmeavoidnervousnessandembarrassmentIusedtofeelinregulartalks.(3)Unliketheface-to-faceconversation,itoffersmemuchfreedomintimetothinkoutmyideasandpreparethemwellbeforepostingthemonthescreen.(4)Foranother,itaddsnolittletotheimprovementofmyEnglish.点击继续ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/927(5)Throughonlinechatting,Ihavemorechancestospeakwithnativespeakers,thusbathingmyselfintheseaofgenuineEnglish.(6)Themostvaluableresultofchattingonlineisthatitgivesmeinsightsintootherculturesandkeepsmymindopentobetterwaysofseeingthings.(7)NowItendtoseethingsfromamoreobjectiveperspective.8)Inshort,thereisnotanythinginmyfreetimethatismorebeneficialthanchattingonline.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/928

根据本段的主题句——（1）句，

作者列举了三个理由——（2）、（4）、（6）句，分别由foronething,foranother,themostvaluableresult等连接词语引出，并分别给予必要的进一步的阐述——（3）、（5）、（7）句（二级扩展），使得该段条理清楚、层次分明、内容连贯。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/929

常用于列举法段落的过渡词有以下几组。一般要相互呼应，不混用。

1.First,…second,…third,…last2.firstly,…secondly,….thirdly,…finally3.thefirst…,thesecond…,thethird…,…thelast4.tobeginwith/tostartwith/inthefirstplace,… then/next/inaddition (to)/besides/also/moreover,…furthermore /whatismore,….finally

运用列举法展开段落的写作模式如下：

Topicsentence——Detail1——Detail2,——Detail3,…Concludingsentence.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/930Homework:

MarkingupaBookisIndispensabletoReading参考范文：

Whyismarkingupabookindispensable（必不可少的）

toreading?First,itkeepsyouawake.Idon’tmeanmerelyconscious;Imeanwideawake.Inthesecondplace,reading,ifitisactive,isthinking,andthinkingtendstoexpressitselfinwords,spokenorwritten.Themarkedbookisusuallythethought-throughbook.Finally,writtenhelpsyourememberthethoughtsyouhad,orthethoughtstheauthorexpressed.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/9312.举例法(Exemplification)——Ageneralstatementsupportedbysomeexamples

作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。

ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/932

我们来看看下面这个用举例法展开的段落：

Therearemanydifferentformsofexercisestosuitdifferenttastes.Forexample,thosewhoenjoycompetitivesportsmaytakeupballgames.Foranotherexample,iftheyprefertoexercisealone,theycanhavearunortakeawalkinthemorningorintheevening.Besides,peoplecangoswimminginthesummerandgoskatinginthewinter.Inshort,nomatterwhattheirinterestsare,peoplecanalwaysfindmorethanonesportsthataresuitabletothem.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/933

本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句，分别由连接词forexample,foranotherexample和besides引出，最后由Inshort引导的结尾句总结全段内容。

常用于举例法段落的句型、句式和词语有：Forexample/instance,Therearemanyexamplestoshowthat…Thiscanbeillustrated/shownbythefollowingexamples/instances.Oneexampleis….Anotherexampleis…Anexampleofthisis/involves…

运用举例法展开段落的写作模式如下：Topicsentence——oneormoreexamples——Concludingsentence.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/934Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful

参考范文：

Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Ihavegotabetterunderstandingofthiswithmyownexperience.Yesterdaymorning,Iwenttothebookstoretobuysomebooks.WhenIgotthere,Isawaforeignladytalkingtoasalesgirl.Butthesalesgirlcouldnotunderstandwhatshewassaying.Iwentuptothem.ShetoldmesheneededapocketEnglish-Chinesedictionary.SoItoldthesalesgirlwhattheforeignerwantedtobuy.Inamomenttheforeignladygotthedictionaryandshewasveryhappy.Bothsheandthesalesgirlthankedmealot. ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/935Homework:KnowingAforeignLanguageisHelpful

参考范文：

Knowingaforeignlanguageishelpful.Firstly,ifyouknowaforeignlanguageyoucancommunicatewithit'snativespeakersthusenablingyoutomakealotmorefriends.Secondly,itwillhelpyoutoknowaboutanothercultureandopenyourmindtonewwasofseeingthings.Thirdly,itmayofferyoumorechancestofindagoodjobinajointventureenterprise

oranforeign-fundedenterprise.So,knowingaforeignlanguageisveryimportant,wecollegestudentsmustworkhardtomasteraforeignlanguage.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/9363.时空顺序法(TimeandSpaceSequence)——Todescribeaseriesofactionsorasituationaccordingtothetimeorspacesequence

时空顺序法是按照事物本身的时间或空间的排列顺序，通过对一些特有过渡连接词的使用，有层次、分步骤地表达主题的一种写作手段。用这种方法展开段落，作者能够清楚连贯地交待事物的本末，从而使读者可以清晰、完整地理解文章的含义。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/937例如：

YesterdaywasoneofthoseawfuldaysformewheneverythingIdidwentwrong.First,Ididn'thearmyalarmclockandarrivedlateforwork.Then,Ididn'treadmydiaryproperlyandforgottogettoanimportantmeetingwithmyboss.Duringthecoffeebreak,Idroppedmycoffeecupandspoiltmynewskirt.Atlunchtime,Ileftmypurseonabusandlostallthemoneythatwasinit.Afterlunch,mybosswasangrybecauseIhadn'tgonetothemeeting.ThenIdidn'tnoticeasignonadoorthatsaid"WetPaint"andsoIspoiltmyjackettoo.WhenIgothomeIcouldn'tgetintomyflatbecauseIhadleftmykeyinmyoffice.SoIbrokeawindowtogetinandcutmyhand.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/938

本段采用的是时间顺序法，根据本段主题句中的关键词组everythingIdidwentwrong，作者按时间顺序列举了他所做的8件错事，分别由first,then,duringthecoffeebreak,afterlunch等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、内容连贯。

ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/939

再看一例：

Intheflatopposite,awomanheardthenoiseoutside.Whenshelookedoutthroughthewindow,shediscoveredthatherneighborwasthreatenedbysomeone.Sheimmediatelycalledthepolicestation.Inanswertothecall,apatrolpolicecararrivedatthesceneofthecrimequickly.Threepolicemenwentinsidetheflatatonce,andothersguardedoutsidethebuildingtopreventanyonefromescaping.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/940

本段是按照事物发展的空间和先后顺序，叙述从发现案情、报警、到警察赶到、包围现场的过程。作者采用了许多表示空间位置的词汇，如：Intheflatopposite,outside,lookoutthroughthewindow等等，使读者仿佛身临其境。

常用于时间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：first,atthebeginning,tostartwith,afterthat,later,then,afterwards,intheend,finally等可以表示时间先后的词汇。

常用于空间顺序法段落的过渡连接词有：fromhere,inside,outof,infrontof,behind,atthebackof,nextto,beside,on,over,above,under,beneath,beyond,ontheright/left-handside,onthecorner,ontheoppositesideof,between等可以表示空间位置的词汇。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/941Homework:

MyDormitoryisaLarge,SpaciousandComfortableRoomwithFourBeds参考范文：

Mydormitoryisalarge,spaciousandcomfortableroomwithfourbeds.Asyouwalkintotheroom,youarefacedwithalargewindowonthesouthernsideoftheroom.Belowthewindowisalargedeskonwhichthereisaclock,atelephoneandacomputer.Aroundthedeskarefourchairsforustositonduringourstudy.Thefourbedsarelocatedinthefourcornersoftheroom.Betweenthetwobedsontheeastsideoftheroomisalargewardrobeforhangingclothesandstoringbedding.Oppositeto

itisalargebookcasewithneatlyarrangedbooks.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/9424.因果分析法(CauseandEffect)——Toanalyzethe

causesofsthortheeffectsofsth

因果分析法是通过分析事物的因果关系来展开段落。我们可以先提出某种现象，然后分析导致这种现象的原因，这就是一果多因（例1）；也可以先给出原因，然后再说明原因导致的结果，这就是一因多果（例2）。运用因果分析法展开段落最好把主题句放在句首，即一果或一因放在开头。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/943

例1:

(1)Nowthere’salargegapbetweenrichandpoorinChina.(2)Thecauseliesinthreeaspects.(3)Firstthegapistheresultoftheeconomicreform.(4)Somebecomemillionairesbyworkinghardandseizingtheopportunities.(5)Meanwhiletheslowdevelopmentinagricultureandtheclosedownofmanystate-ownedenterpriseshinderthefarmersandworkersfromgreatlyraisingtheirlivingstandards.(6)Second,thecurrentdistributionofincomeisnotscientificenough,thuswideningtheincomedifference.(7)Third,whilemostmakemoneyhonestly,therearesomedishonestbusinessmenandgovernmentagentswhohaveaccumulatedlargefortunesthroughillegalways.

（一果多因）此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（6）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（5）句是（3）句的二级扩展句。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/944例2：(1)WheneverweturnonTV,wewillseeadvertisements.(2)Advertisementsareoneofthemostfrustratingpartsofwatchingtelevision.(3)Inthefirstplace,theadvertisementswastetime.(4)Forinstance,inordertoseea90-minutemovie,wehavetospendanother20to30moreminuteswatchingadvertisements.(5)Inthesecondplace,theadvertisementsinterrupttheviewers.(6)Forexample,theviewersmayforgettheplotofashowduringtheadvertisements.(7)Inthethirdplace,theymakepeopleunderconstanteconomicpressure.(8)Theadsmakemanyproductslookmoreattractivethantheyreallyare.(9)Theyalwaysmakepeoplespendmorethantheycanafford.(10)SinceadscouldnotdisappearfromTVscreen,thetelevisionviewersmustbeawareandcriticaloftheadvertisementsinordertoendurethem.（一因多果）此段中，（1）是引导句，（2）是主题句，（3）、（5）、（7）是扩展句，（4）、（6）、（8）、（9）分别是（3）、（5）、（7）句的二级扩展句，（10）是结尾句。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/945

试分析上述段落的展开方式和因果关系。因和果是相对而言的，有时一个原因导致的结果又会成为导致另一种结果的原因，从而形成一系列的因果关系。请看下例：

Asthepriceofeverythingincreases,workersdemandhigherwagestokeepupwithrisingcosts.Thiscanproducesfurtherincreasesinpricesoradecreaseddemandformanufacturedgoods,orboth.Sinceproductiontriestokeeppacewithdemand,decreaseddemandisfollowedbydecreasedproduction.This,inturn,canleadtolayoffs(下岗)

andunemployment,whichfurtherthedemandforgoods.

ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/946上面三段的展开模式为：

模式1Cause——Effect1——Effect 2,…ConcludingSentence模式2Effect——Cause1——Cause2,…Concluding Sentence模式3Cause1——Effect1（Cause2）——Effect2 (Cause3)——Effect3…ConcludingSentenceChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/947常用于因果分析法段落阐述原因的句型和词语有：Theexplanationisthat…Thereareseveralreasonswhy/for…Thecauseof…is…Thereasonsfor…are……istheresultof……iscausedby/dueto/becauseof…because,since,nowthat,becauseof,asaresultof,onaccountof,forthisreason,owingto,dueto,for,as,thanksto,resultfromChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/948常用于因果分析法段落阐述结果的句型和词语有：Theresult/effect/consequenceof…is……willresultin…Therefore,…Asaresult(of),…Leadto,resultin,contributeto,sothat,thus,hence,consequently,so,accordingly,inviewof…ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/949Homework:

SmokingResultsinaSeriesofNegativeEffects参考范文：

Smokingresultsinaseriesofnegativeeffects.Tobeginwith,ithasbeenprovedthatpoisonousnicotinecontainedincigarettescanreduceyourfitness.Andwhatisworse,itcanevencauselungcancerifyousmokeconstantly.Thatiswhysuchwarningas“smokingisharmfultoyourhealth”mustbeprintedonthecoverofthecigarettecaseinwesterncountries.Furthermore,passivesmokingoccursinyourfamilymembersandotherpeopleasaresultofyoursmokingathomeorinpublicplaces.Consequently,theirhealthwillbeunfavorablyinfluenced.点击继续ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/950Inaddition,smokingaddstoyourfinancialdifficultyifyouhappentobeshortofmoney.Evenifyouarerich,youareencouragedtospendyourmoneyonvaluablebooks,nutritiousfood,highqualityTVsets,etc.,notonmeaninglesssmoking.Therefore,givingupsmokingisagoodwaytomakeyouandyourfamilyhappy.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/9515.比较对照法(Comparison&Contrast)—Compare

thesimilaritiesanddifferencbetweentwopersonsorthings

比较和对照都是通过把两个事物放在一起相比来展开段落、说明问题。比较着重于相比事物的相同点和相似处。对照则着重于相比事物的不同点甚至是相反的方面。两种方法既可单独使用，也可根据需要一起使用。常用的结构有两种：

第一种结构称之为块式结构，假如比较的事物为A和B，文章首先把有关事物A的全部要讨论的内容讨论完，再转入B事物。

ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/952例如：

ProfessorWright,whoteachesEnglishpoetry,isaboutforty.Hehasaneasy-goingpersonality.Heislivelyandfriendly.Hemixesmorewiththestudents.However,hedoesn’tworkhard.ProfessorHunter,ontheotherhand,isalsoaboutforty.Heteachesmanagement.Hehasadignifiedpersonalityandisalwaysserious-looking.Ineverseehimsmile.Thereisalwaysasorelookonhisfacewhenastudentislateorwhenastudentmakesamistake.Butheworkslikeabeaver.

本段为块式结构，先集中叙述了Prof.Wright的特点，再叙述Prof.Hunter的特点与之相对照。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack

（可参见《新视野大学英语》第一册183页的SampleParagraph和第二册247页的SampleParagraph）2021/5/953

第二种结构称之为点式结构，即首先就事物A和事物B的要比较的内容的第一方面进行比较或对照，然后再比较或对照A和B的第二个方面。

例如：

(1)Ifmychoicewererestrictedbetweendoingscienceandgoingintobusiness,theformerwouldholdmoreattractionforme.(2)Foronething,abusinessmanhastowastehisprecioustimebeatingonebargainafteranotherwithhiscounterparts.(3)Bycontrast,ascientistcanalwaysspendhisvaluabletimeattackingoneprofoundproblemafteranotherinscience.(4)Foranother,abusinessman,onceinvolvedinadirtyorillegaldeal,tendstoplacehimselfontheroadtocrime.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/954(5)Incontrasttothat,ascientist,onceinvolvedinapotentialorlandmarkresearch,ismorelikelytoputhimselfonthewaytosuccess.(6)Andthemoststrikingdifferencebetweenbothliesintheircontributionstosociety.(7)Whatabusinessmanhasachievedmaybeofmuchprofittohisfirmorhiscircleswhilewhatascientisthasfulfilledwillbeofgreatbenefittohisfieldorthewholehumansociety.8)Fromthecomparisonsandcontrastsabove,therefore,anyonecanconcludethatmypreferencefordoingscienceismorereasonableandmoreacceptable.

本段为点式结构。段中（1）为主题句，（2）、（4）、（6）为A事物的三个方面，（3）、（5）、（7）则为与之相对照的B事物的三个方面，（8）为结尾句。ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/955常用于比较法段落的过渡连接词有：Therearesome/many/afewsimilaritiesbetween…BothAandBare…AandBseemtohavemuchincommon.AandBseemtohavesomefeaturesincommon.AissimilartoBin…AhassomethingincommonwithB.ChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/956AandBsharesimilar…AsharessomecommonfeatureswithB.AislikeBin…AisthesameasBin…Both,too,comparewith,similarly,likewise,also,incomparison,justlike,justas,also,both…and,similartoChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/957常用于对照法段落的过渡连接词有：Therearesome/many/afewdifferencesbetween…AisdifferentfromBin…AdiffersfromBin…Ahasnothing(little)incommonwithB.ThedifferencebetweenAandBliesin…ComparedwithA,B…Unlike,onthecontrary,incontrast,ontheotherhand,while,whereas,however,althoughChapterTwo:BasicParagraphPatternsBack2021/5/958Homework:TheSimilaritiesandDifferencesBetweentheComputerandtheHumanBrainBaseyourwritingonthesimilaritiesordifferencesgiven:Similarities:Bothcanreadandfollowinstructions;performcomplexmathematicalcomputations;translatelanguages.Differences:Thebraincanmakevaluejudgments;thecomputercan’t.Thebraincanrespondtoemotions;thecomputercan’t.Thebraincanfunctionindep