猪场粪便除臭

猪场粪便除臭猪场粪便除臭第1页1-2EnvironmentalImpactofSwineManure

猪粪对环境影响猪场粪便除臭第2页EnvironmentalBenefitsofManure

猪粪对环境好处

Nleachingpotential降低氮沥滤作用soilerosion&runoff降低土壤侵蚀和径流soilcarbon….土壤碳增加cropproductivity提升作物生产率ReplaceenergyintensiveNfertilizer&limitedresourcePfertilizer能够省下因制造无机氮肥造成巨大能耗，还能节约磷肥资源猪场粪便除臭第3页

Summaryofpotentialmanurecontaminantsofwaterquality,theassociatedenvironmentalrisk,andmostcommonpathwaytowater.

小结：粪便物质对水质污染、相关环境危害以及对水质最常见污染路径PotentialPollutant可能污染Environmentalrisk对环境危害Mostcommonpathwaytowater对水质最常见污染路径Nitrate-N硝酸盐Ammonia-N氨Phosphorous-P磷Pathogens病原体Organicsolids有机固体物Bluebabysyndrome蓝婴综合征Fishkills杀死鱼类Eutrophication富营养化Humanhealthrisk危害人类健康Reducedoxygenlevelinwaterbody-fishkills杀死鱼类，降低水中氧水平Leachingtogroundwater沥滤入地下水Surfacewaterrunoff地表水径流Erosionandsurfacewaterrunoff土壤侵蚀,地表水径流Surfacewaterrunoff地表水径流Surfacewaterrunoff地表水径流猪场粪便除臭第4页

Surfacerunoff地表水径流UnsaturatedZoneWaterTable地下水位Sand&GravelAquiferBedrockLeachingtogroundwater沥滤入地下水Wellcasings井壁保护层SepticTankPrivateWellManureStoragePrecipitation122234Ammoniadeposition氨沉降5Macroporeflow大孔流1-5WhatarethePathways

bywhichManureContaminatesWater?

粪便造成水污染路径化粪池不饱和区地下水位含水沙土层基岩储粪罐私人水井降雨猪场粪便除臭第5页猪场粪便除臭第6页PlanningandEvaluationofManureStorage

对储粪设施规划和评述20-7猪场粪便除臭第7页WhyDoWeStoreManure?

为何要储存粪便？Toreducetheneedforfrequenthaulingandlandspreading防止频频装运和施肥Toallowlandspreadingatatimewhensoilandclimaticconditionsaresuitable在土壤和气候条件都适宜时进行施肥Toallownutrientapplicationatornearthecrop’sgrowingseason在靠近和正处于作物栽培季节时进行施肥猪场粪便除臭第8页ManureStorageTypes

储粪设施类型猪场粪便除臭第9页CommonlyUsed

ManureStorageFacilities

通常应用储粪设施Basedprimarilyontypeandconsistencyofmanure主要依据粪便类型和质地Solid固体Slurry粪浆Liquid液体猪场粪便除臭第10页系统类型带圈舍敞开式牧场舍饲稀释固体物径流处理和储存固体物多于15%粪浆4～15%固体物厌氧发酵池0～4%固体物土质储粪池0～2%固体物农田施肥施肥机植被过滤抽吸浇灌设备真空罐或重型泵槽车去除固体物猪场粪便除臭第11页Under-floorDeepPitManureStorage

地下深坑储粪坑地下储粪坑真空抽吸口猪场粪便除臭第12页TotallySlattedDeepPit(3metersdeep)FinishingBarn

全条板深坑(3米深)-肥育舍猪场粪便除臭第13页ShallowGutterManureStorage

浅储粪槽18meters18米(两端出口)(一端出口)猪场粪便除臭第14页SlurryManureStorage粪浆储存

OutsideTanks户外储粪罐

Usuallyconcreteorglass-linedsteeltanks.通常是水泥结构或是内衬玻璃钢板结构Manuremaybepumpedorflowintotankbygravity.粪便可用泵抽吸入罐或者靠重力流入罐内Agitationisnecessary.需要进行搅动Tanksmaybecoveredforodorcontrol.可将罐盖上，以防臭气四散20-15猪场粪便除臭第15页SlurryManureStorage粪浆储存

EarthenBasins土质储粪池Usuallylesscostlythantanks建造成本低于储粪罐Canaccommodatesomelotrunoff可容纳露天牧场一个别径流水Requiressoilsinvestigationandsealconstruction需要调查土层情况并建造密封层Mowingandbermmaintenancerequired需要对护道进行保养并修剪护道区植被猪场粪便除臭第16页SlurryManureStorage粪浆储存

EarthenBasins土质储粪池

(continued)(续)Somebasinsarefullyorpartiallylinedwithconcrete.有些土质储粪池全部或个别内壁衬以水泥Constructedrampsprovideaccesswithloadingandhaulingequipment.要建造斜道，供装运设备进入Basinsmaybeemptiedwithmechanicalloadingequipment.可配置机械装运设备20-17猪场粪便除臭第17页Advantagesof

SlurryManureStorage

粪浆储存优点Lessvolume(highersolidscontent)thanlagoons.所需容量（固体物质含量高）小于发酵池Adaptabletotankstorage,eitherunderfloororaboveground.可储存于储粪罐,储粪罐可建造在地下,也可在地面以上Tanksmaybecoveredforodorcontrol.若用储粪罐，则可加盖以防臭气四散Lessnutrientlossthanlagoons.养分损失小于发酵池Manuremaybehandledhydraulically.可用水压设备抽吸粪便猪场粪便除臭第18页Disadvantagesof

SlurryManureStorage

粪浆储存缺点Maybehigherodorpotentialthanlagoonsorsolidmanure.臭气大于发酵池或固体粪便Gasesfrompoorlyventilatedunderfloorpitsmayaffectanimals.通风不良地下储粪坑中产生有毒气体有害于动物Toxicorcombustiblegasescanaccumulateinenclosedareas.密闭区域内可积聚起有毒或可燃气体猪场粪便除臭第19页Haulingmanyloadsofmanuremaybetimeconsumingandlaborintensive.屡次装运既费时又费工Potentialforodorand/orrunoffifslurryissurfacespreadwithoutinjectionorincorporation.假如田间施肥时仅施于土表，则易于散发臭气并随径流水流走Disadvantagesof

SlurryManureStorage

粪浆储存缺点

(continued)(续)猪场粪便除臭第20页LiquidManureStorageLagoons

液粪发酵池Commonlyusedwhensometreatmentneededforhandlingorreducedodors常见于需要进行处理方便于装运及降低臭气场所Containapermanenttreatmentvolumeforbacteria留有永久性处理空间供细菌活动Earthenstructureslargerthanslurryfacilities土质结构，大于粪浆储存设施猪场粪便除臭第21页LiquidManureStorageLagoons

液粪发酵池

(continued)(续)Siteandsoilsinvestigationrequired.需要对建造地点土壤和地质情况进行调查Properlyconstructedsealisnecessarytocontrolseepage.必须建造密封层以防渗流Designedonbasisoftemperatureaswellasmanurevolume.依据温度和粪便量进行设计Performbetterinwarmerclimates.天气温暖时性能很好20-22猪场粪便除臭第22页LiquidManureStorageLagoons

液粪发酵池

(continued)(续)Sourceofdilutionwaterfacilitatesprefillinglagoonatstartup开始时要先用稀释水灌注粪池Helpsmaintaintreatmentvolumeduringperiodsofdryweather有利于在天气干旱时保持处理空间Reduceseffectsofsaltbuildupinlagoons可减轻池内积聚盐类猪场粪便除臭第23页AdvantagesofLiquidManureStorageLagoons

液粪发酵池优点Maybeleastcostperunitofstorage单位储存容量成本较低Abilitytostorelargeamountsofmanureand/orlotrunoff能够储存大量粪便和牧场径流水Providessometreatmentofmanure,reducingodorsanddegradingsolids能对粪便进行一定处理、降低臭气并分解其中固体物Enableshandlingofmanurewithpumpingandspreadingequipment能用泵和分离设备对粪便进行处理猪场粪便除臭第24页

Nitrogenlostandretainedinvarioustypesofmanurehandlingandstoragesystems.

各种粪便处理、储存设施中氮损失和潴留System系统NitrogenLost,%氮损失率(%)NitrogenRetained,%氮潴留率(%)Dailyscrapeandhaul天天清运Manurepack粪便堆积Underfloorpit地下粪坑Abovegroundtank地上罐Holdingpond土质储粪池Anaerobiclagoon厌氧发酵池20-3520-4015-3010-3020-4070-8565-8060-8070-8570-9060-8015-30猪场粪便除臭第25页CostandEconomicsofManureStorageFacilities

储粪设施成本和经济Costshouldbeintegratedintoaneconomicanalysisofthecompletemanuremanagementsystem.成本应融入对整个粪便管理系统经济分析之中Acompleteeconomicanalysismaynotsupportselectionofthelowestcostmanurestoragefacility.全方面经济分析结果可能并不支持采取最低成本储粪设施猪场粪便除臭第26页

Comparisonofcostsofdifferenttypesofmanurestoragefacilities.

不一样类型储粪设施成本比较StorageType设施类型ApproximateCost$/cubicmeter(US)近似成本(美元/立方米)RelativeCost相对成本Naturallylinedearthenbasin自然内衬土质储粪池Clay-linedearthenbasinusingclayonsite粘土内衬土质储粪池(黏土就地取材)Clay-linedearthenbasinusingclayfromoff-farmborrowsite粘土内衬土质储粪池(黏土由外地运来)Earthenbasinwithplasticliner塑料内衬土质储粪池Earthenbasinlinedwithconcrete水泥内衬土质储粪池Abovegroundprecastconcretetank预制地上水泥罐Circularabovegroundconcretetankpouredinplace就地制作圆形地上水泥罐Abovegroundglass-linedsteeltank地上玻璃内衬钢罐9182220223641501.02.02.42.22.44.04.65.6猪场粪便除臭第27页SizingManureStorages

储粪设施大小猪场粪便除臭第28页ManureStorageSize

储粪设施大小Determinedbyvolumeofmanureproduced,rainfall,runoff,washwater,andfreshwaterusedforflushing决定于粪便产量、降雨量、径流水量、冲洗水量和用于冲洗新鲜水量Storageperiodneeded储存期限ShortTerm短期MidTerm中期LongTerm长久猪场粪便除臭第29页Table8.ManureCharacteristics(pigs).猪粪特点LivestockStages生产阶段Manureprod.kg/yr.年产粪(千克)TotalNkg/kl总氮(千克/千公升)NH3-Nkg/kl氨氮

(千克/千公升)

P2O5kg/kl五氧化二磷(千克/千公升)Grow/Fin.(deeppit)生长肥育猪(深坑)1,6006.04.05.0Grow/Fin.(wet/dryfeeder)生长肥育猪(干湿饲喂器)1,1509.06.06.5Grow/Fin.(earthenpit)生长肥育猪(土质粪坑)1,6003.82.92.6猪场粪便除臭第30页EvaluateTotalRainfall

总降雨量估测TotalrainfallforKunmingequals950mm昆明总降雨量950毫米Otherlocations1900mm其它地点1900毫米昆明降雨量(毫米)温度(℃)123456789101112月份右图中：柱状代表降雨曲线代表温度猪场粪便除臭第31页Water:sourceoftrouble?

水是麻烦根源？Thewetterthewaste,themoredifficultitistomanage.粪便越湿，则越难管理Transport,storage,andtreatmentbecomemoreexpensive.运输、储存和处理都很昂贵Fecesare~30%drymatter.粪便含干物质~30%

Lagoonwasteis1%-2%drymatter.粪便发酵池粪便含干物质1～2%猪场粪便除臭第32页

Typicalwaterusageratesforcleaningswineproductionareas.

清洗猪生产区经典用水量ProductionArea生产区域TypicalWaterUsage经典用水量Swinebreeding/gestation配种/妊娠区Swinefarrowing产房Swinenursery保育舍Swinegrow/finish生长肥育舍0.4litersperheadperday每头天天0.4公升3.8litersperheadperday每头天天3.8公升0.2litersperheadperday每头天天0.2公升0.4litersperheadperday每头天天0.4公升猪场粪便除臭第33页Waterwastecanbereduced.可降低废水Designwater-independentwastecollectionsystem.设计不用水粪便搜集系统Placespecialwaternipplesorcupsundernipples.使用特殊饮水乳头或在饮水乳头下放置水杯Usewt-dryorliquidfeeders.使用干-湿饲槽或液体饲槽Fixwaterleaksanduselow-watercleaningmethods修理漏水处，使用低水量清洗方法Preventrainwaterfromenteringwastestream.预防雨水进入粪便管理系统Water:sourceoftrouble?

水是麻烦根源？

(continued)(续)

猪场粪便除臭第34页ManureUtilizationand

TreatmentTechnologies

粪便利用和处理技术ManureTreatmentOptions猪场粪便除臭第35页NaturalSystems

天然系统

Vegetativefilterstrips植被过滤带Overlandflow地表水流Constructedwetlands人工湿地猪场粪便除臭第36页ConstructedWetlands

人工湿地Typesincludesurfaceflow,subsurfaceflow,reciprocating,andwetlandpond包含地表水流，表层下水流，交互水流和湿地池猪场粪便除臭第37页SolidsSeparation

固体物分离猪场粪便除臭第38页SolidsSeparation

固体物分离GravityorMechanical重力或机械Reduceorganicloadingtostorageortreatmentunit降低储粪池或处理设施中有机物ReduceliquidmanurevolumeandNcontent

降低液体量和氮含量猪场粪便除臭第39页SolidSeparation

固体物分离Flexibilityinapplication应用灵活Odorreduction降低臭气Compostordirectapplication

制作堆肥或直接施用于田间Value-addedproducts增值产品猪场粪便除臭第40页GravitySeparation重力分离Landandsloperequirement需要场地和斜坡manyfarmshavelimitedspacebetweenbarnsandlagoon/basins许多猪场在猪舍和粪池之间空间有限Modifyplumbingtocollectmanurefromallhouses要重排管道，要能从全部猪舍搜集粪便Requiresloadertoremovesolids

需要装载机以去除固体物猪场粪便除臭第41页穿孔管道出口孔=1×4英寸水泥沉降池池高1～2英尺1英寸/英尺斜坡池长池宽9号，3/4英寸展延金属丝网，与墙壁斜度18度。4英尺可取下猪场粪便除臭第42页2-cellconcretesettlingbasin2室水泥沉降池InletOutletOutlet出口出口进口猪场粪便除臭第43页猪场粪便除臭第44页猪场粪便除臭第45页猪场粪便除臭第46页IsThisManureHandlingSystemProperlySized?

此粪便处理系统大小适当吗？猪场粪便除臭第47页GravityScreenSeparation

重力筛分离猪场粪便除臭第48页GravityScreenwithRollerPress重力筛+辊筒压榨猪场粪便除臭第49页ScrewPressSeparators

螺旋压榨分离分离机入口固体物液体出口筛猪场粪便除臭第50页Composting

制作堆肥Aerobicbiologicalprocesstotreatorganicwastes处理有机废物需氧生物学过程C:Nand%Moisture碳:氮比和水分含量Volume,odorandnutrientreduction降低体积、臭气和养分Landapplication,soilamendment用于田间，可改良土壤Marketingandqualitycontrolarelimitingfactorsforoff-farmuse销售渠道和质量控制是猪场外应用限制原因Windroww/MechanicalAeration干草加机械曝气StaticPilew/ForcedAeration静态堆积加强制曝气猪场粪便除臭第51页Safety安全问题SignageandFencing警示牌和围栏ToxicGases有毒气体Whenstoredmanureisagitated对储存粪便进行搅动时HydrogenSulfide硫化氢Providemaximumventilation要提供最大通风猪场粪便除臭第52页Safety安全问题“Donotallowanyonetoenteramanuretankwithoutaself-containedbreathingapparatusandusethebuddysystem”.不可让任何人在未戴上防毒呼吸机情况下进入储粪设施，进入时必须实施各自为对方安全负责“两人同行制”猪场粪便除臭第53页KeepinganEyeonWaterQuality

关注水责问题Taketimetowalkyouroperation

花费些时间巡视你猪场Monitorwaterquality注意水责问题Observeminimumsetbacks

要寻找哪怕是最小问题Developanutrientmanagementplan

制订养分管理计划猪场粪便除臭第54页Allnutrients(notjustN),pathogens,and

otherbiologicallysensitivematerialsinmanuremustbeconsideredtouseitinthemosteconomical,environmentallysafemanner.

对粪便中全部养分(不但是氮)、病原体和其它生物学敏感物质,都应该考虑以最经济而安全方式加以利用猪场粪便除臭第55页AirborneEmissionsfromAnimalFacilities:BigConcern

来自喂养设施气源散发：巨大担忧猪场粪便除臭第56页AirEmissionConcerns

担忧气源散发Who

谁在担忧Communitiesandneighbors

小区和邻居Producers

生产者Governmentagencies

政府部门担忧什么Odor臭味Propertyvalue财产价值Health健康Cost成本Other其它猪场粪便除臭第57页HealthImpacts对健康危害Psychologicalresponse生理上反应Greateranger,depression,fatigue

愤恨，沮丧和疲劳Physiologicalresponse生理反应Allergicreactionstodust/bacteria对尘埃/细菌变态反应Reportsofnausea,vomiting,headache恶心，呕吐和头痛Healthrisksarepoorlydocumented.已经证实了对健康造成威胁猪场粪便除臭第58页AirborneEmissionSources

臭气起源2.Storage储粪池1.Housing猪舍3.LandApplication田间施肥40-59猪场粪便除臭第59页BaselineEmissionLevels

基础散发水平Buildingemissions,alongwithemissionsfromthemanurestorage,formabaselineemissionlevelforaproductionsite.来自畜舍、粪便储存设施散发物，以及来自生产场所基础水平散发物。猪场粪便除臭第60页AnaerobicConditionsCreate

MostOdorCompounds

厌氧条件会产生最多臭气物质ComplexorganicCompounds复杂有机化合物VolatileodorousCompounds可挥发臭气化合物Odor-producingBacteria产生臭气细菌猪场粪便除臭第61页KeyPoints关键点Airqualityconcernsarisefromthreesources:buildings,manurestorage,andlandapplication.空气质量问题来自三个方面：畜舍，储粪池和粪肥田间施用Emissionsincludedust,odors,andgases.

散发物包含灰尘，臭气和各种有毒气体Ofthethree,odorsarethemostdifficulttoquantify.

以上3种中，臭气最难加以量化。Odorsaregasmixturesatextremelylowconcentrations

臭气是最小浓度各种气体混合物猪场粪便除臭第62页ReducingOdorGeneration

降低臭气产生猪场粪便除臭第63页DietaryManipulationstoReduceOdorGeneration

经过日粮调控降低臭气产生Balancinganimalperformancewithreductionsinodorgeneration

在动物生产性能和降低臭气产生之间求得平衡猪场粪便除臭第64页StrategiesforSwine

处理猪场臭气问题策略Feedlowproteindiets饲喂低蛋白日粮Phasefeeding分阶段饲喂Lowsulfurdiets降低日粮中硫水平Additionoffermentablecarbohydrates添加可发酵碳水化合物猪场粪便除臭第65页Additives添加剂

Manyadditivesareavailabletoaddtopits,lagoons,oranimalfeed.Theyworkindifferentways:现有很多添加剂能够添加到粪坑，发酵池或者动物饲料中。它们有各种作用方式：chemical,化学制品

-disinfectants,消毒剂microbial,微生物

-deodorants,除臭剂enzymatic,酶

-Adsorbents吸附剂others.其它Somework;somedonot.有些添加剂起作用；有些则无用猪场粪便除臭第66页ReducingOdorGeneration降低臭气产生

Summary小结Nutritionally,wecancontrolthelevelofnutrientexcretion从营养学角度说，咱们能够控制养分排泄水平Mustbeeconomicalfortheproducer对于养殖者来说，必须是经济Additivesvaryineffectiveness添加剂作用效果千差万别Operationsvaryineffectivenessofthesameadditive一样一个添加剂在不一样猪场效果亦不相同猪场粪便除臭第67页ReducingOdorEmissionfromBuildingSources降低从畜舍散发臭气

ManureStorages粪池41-68猪场粪便除臭第68页TwoApproachestoMinimizingOdorEmissionsfromBuildings降低畜舍臭气两种方法Minimizetheodorgeneratedinthebuilding将从畜舍产生臭气降低到最少Captureandtreatodorasitisemittedfromthebuilding(s)将从畜舍产生臭气加以阻挡和处理猪场粪便除臭第69页WhatisBiofiltration?

何谓生物过滤？BiofiltrationofAir空气生物过滤

Theuseofmicroorganismstooxidizevolatileorganiccompoundsandoxidizableinorganicgasesandvapors.

用微生物氧化挥发有机化合物以及可被氧化无机气体和蒸汽猪场粪便除臭第70页BiofilterConfiguration

生物滤器结构机械通风猪舍臭味空气猪舍地下粪池排风扇灰尘冲击器臭气降低了空气生物滤材滤材支撑压力气体气体管道猪场粪便除臭第71页Gestation–FarrowingBiofilters

妊娠-分娩舍生物滤器Biofilters生物滤器猪场粪便除臭第72页ODORREDUCTION–SWINE

臭气降低-猪臭气单位生物过滤器入口处气体从生物过滤器排出气体日期97年12月98-4月98年8月98年12月99年4月99年8月99年12月00-4月00-8月猪场粪便除臭第73页PlacingMediaonPallets

在草垫上放置生物滤材猪场粪便除臭第74页FarrowingBiofilter

分娩舍生物滤器猪场粪便除臭第75页SyntheticCovers人造覆盖物Rigid(woodenorconcrete)orflexible(plastic)coversholdgasesandodorsinsidetank.

坚硬（木制或者水泥）或柔软（塑料）覆盖物预防粪池中气体和臭气挥发出来Mostflexiblecoversfloatontheliquidsurface.

大多数柔软覆盖物漂浮在液体表面猪场粪便除臭第76页BioorStrawCovers

生物或者稻草盖子Blowingstrawonearthenstorage将碎秸杆吹入土质粪池Thinbiocoveronstorageafter1week一周后在粪池表面加上薄层生物覆盖猪场粪便除臭第77页SwineFacilitywith

Two-StageLagoon

猪场：两阶段发酵池猪场粪便除臭第78页FactorsAffecting

OdorRelease