m21legal foudations of eu law字幕汇总第一组组长

thisThursdayfrom5to7intheoffice,intheinternationalexchangecenter.AndIalsoinviteyouifyouareinterestedespeciallyinEUlawtowriteyourmasterthesisinthisfield.Isubmittednumberofsubjects.Andifyouhavequestionsonthat,ifyouconsiderthat,youcouldalsocomeThursdaytomyofficehours,wecandiscussit.SowithwhatIdo,wecangetstarted,otheranyquestions?Ialsounderstandsincewehavethreehoursforeachsession,eachhourforsessions.BothyouandIwillneedbreaks,sothatwecouldkeepupconcentrationwithmyvoice.SoIsuggestwehavebreaksshortlyInthatcase,pleasepoliyremindmetohaveabreaknow,ok?Justmakeasign,sothatwehaveabreak,wecontinue.Fortoday,generally,youknowtherearetutorials.SarahHayesandMarcoIngleseareresponsiblefortutorials.IhavenoideaontheorganizationsoftheschedulefocusondiscussingtheseissuestofurtheryourunderstandingofEUlaw.Soletmegetstartedwiththeslide.Ofcourseit’svery(very)denseshortcourseonintroductionofEUlaw.Basicallywehavefourmajorareastocover,andfourbigareascorrespondingtothefourlectureswehave.SotodaywewilltalkespeciallyontheconceptofEUlaw,ontheconceptofEUongeneral,onthedevelopmentofEUlawandEU,anditsrelationshipbetweenEUlawandonehand,anddomesticlaw,thelawofmemberstates,ontheotherhand.Goodquestion,howmanymemberstatesdoesEUhave?28.Nowweofthat,forthefirsttimethenumberofmemberstatescouldactuallydiminish.WewilldiscussthatalsoalittlebitlatertodaywhenwetalkaboutfamousBrexit.[08:23-16:05字幕制作者：刘千宁校对：Sothisisourproblemfortoday:conceptanddevelopmentofEULawandrelationshipbetweenEULawanddomesticlaw.TomorrowwewillcontinuewithanotherbigblockonwhatmightbecalledEUconstitutionalprinciples.Andespeciallywewilltalkaboutinstitutionallyframework;institutionsoftheEU:howtheyarecomposed,howtheymakedecisionsandwhattheirfunctionsare.OnWednesdaywewilltalkaboutcompetencesoftheEUandlegalinstruments,regulations,directivedecisionsandsoonandsoforth.AndwewilltalkabouttheprocessofEUlegislation,andalsoaboutimplementationofEUlaw.AndfinallyonThursdaywehaveatopicofparticularinterestforlawyers,namelythequestionoflegalprotectionintheEU,andalsowewilltalkaboutthejudicialsystem.Sothisisroughlytheoutlineofthenextfourdays.Let’sstart.Haveyoualreadyreadthematerials?Behonest,hasanybodyreadthematerials?No?Thankyouforyourhonesty.InthebookyouwillfindinthebeginninganumberoftheoriesthathavebeenbroughtforwardtoexinwhyandhowtheEUhasdevelopedortheEuropeanCommunitiesasapredecessortotheEuropeanUnionhasdevelopedasithasdeveloped.Wecouldstartfrommaybesomethingyoualreadyknow.IunderstandyoualreadyhadcoursesonInternationalOrganizations.Isright?Yeah.BecausewecouldbasicallystartfromtheassumptionthattheEUisaninternationalorganizationisn’tit?Ithaslegalality,itwasfoundedbyStates–Statescametogetherandadoptedit-aninternationalagreementcalledbackthentheEuropeancommunitiestreatiesornowtheEuropeanUniontreaties.SowecouldstartfromtheassumptionthatEUisprettymuchaninternationalorganization.IunderstandthatyoualreadyknowthatEUismuchmoreatraditionalinternationalorganization.Usuallythisissummedupby“super-nationalinstitution”.Wewilltalkabouttheconceptofsuper-nationalityinacoupleofminutes.SothequestioniswhydidtheEUdevelopasindeedinthesensethatalotofcompetencesinalotofareashavebeentransferredfromthelevelofthememberstatestotheEuropeanUnion.AttheleveloftheEuropeanUnion,anumberofspecificinstitutionswhicharenotalwayscomparabletoinstitutionsyoufindinotherinternationalorganizationshavecertaintasksandpowersliketheEuropeanCommission,liketheEuropeanCourtofJustice,likeaEuropeanParliamenttosteerthelegislativeprocessofthatorganization.SotherearebasicallytworivallingconceptstoexinhowEuropeanintegrationhasworkedsofar.Letmestartwiththefirstone.ThefirstoneisdifferentvarietiesofwhatonemightcalltheEUFunctionalism.Thatistheideathatyoustartfromacertainareawhereyouthinkthatmemberstatesarereadytocooperateandyouchoosethisareainsuchawaythatovertime,oncecooperationinthatfieldhasstarteditwillcreateadditionalandnewneedsanddemandsformorecooperationinotherfields.Sointhatsenseyoucouldsayasortofspill-over.IwillexininasecondtoyouwhenItalkaboutEuropeanintegrationinparticular.Soinasensethisinitiatesaprocesswhichgoesonandonandwhichisespeciallybyinstitutions’liberalEuropeanCommissionorliberalEuropeanCentralBankwhichcanbecallsuper-nationalinthesensebutespeciallytechnocraticsuper-nationalinstitutions.Iwilltalkaboutthatalsolater.Nowtheclassicalcountermodelwouldbetheideaofliberalinterermentalism.OnemajorproponentofthatisAndrewMoravcsikfromHarvardUniversity,hewouldbasicallysayforgetallabouttheNeofunctionalismeventheEuropeanUnioncanbeexinedsimplytheself-interestofStates.Withtheonlydifferencethattheself-interestofthememberStatesoftheEuropeanUnioninEuropewasconvergingtoamuchhigherdegreeleadingtotheEUwheresomanyareasweredelegated,weretransferredtotheEuropeanUnionlevel.Thisisaveryshortandintenseversionofthetwostories.Ifyouaskmewhichofthetwostoriesistrue,ofcourseIwillnotlyouit’seitherAorB,Iwilllyouit’sbothstories.Bothstories/theoriesIthinkcanhelpustounderstandbetterpartsofEUintegration.Iwouldliketogiveyouexamplesforthat.OneexampleisBankingUnion.HaveyouheardBankingUnionintheEuropeanUnion?Innatureit’stheideathatwiththestartofthefinancialcrisisafter2008.TheEuropeanUnionanditsbanksespeciallyitsbankswereunderalotofpressuretoreformthesystemofhowbanksaresupervisedandhowbanksaredealtwithifthey(like)liquidityandsolvencyproceedingsshouldtakece.[ 字幕制作者：郭絮吟校对：Thewholestoryaboutsystemicthreatsaretoobigtofail,youknowthat.Soupuntil2008,itwaspoliticallyabsoluyunfeasibletohaveanintegratedcommonEUsupervisionofbanks,becausememberstateswanttokeepthattothemselves,sotherewasbankingsupervisioninGermany,therewasbankingsupervisioninFrance,therewasbankingsupervisionintheUnitedKingdomandsoonandsoforth.Nowduringthe2000s,theinternalmarketonfinancialservices,whichispartoftheinternalmarket,andinternalmarketisapartofthetreaties.Let’stoapartialintegrationoffinancialmarketsinEurope,sowhenthefinancialeconomiccrisishittheEU,memberstatesthought,thatwithsuchintegratedbankingsystems,theycouldnotsolvethoseproblemsaloneonanationallevel,sotheyneededtodothatontheEuropeanwidescale.Therewasinternalmarketforbanks,thereforeyoualsoneedEuropeanwidesupervisionofbanks.Soinasenseyoucanexinthatthrough“spill-over”youcouldsaythefirststepwasthecreationoftheinternalmarketandheretheinternalmarketsforbanks,nowoncewehavetheinternalmarketforbanks,itcreatesanotherneedsforintegration,especiallyavisibleoneaftercrisisoverthecrisisneighborlysuper-visionalbanks,soinasenseyoucanexinthissupernationalonthefunctionalmodel-thecreationofbankingunion.Wewillcomebacktothebankingunionlater,butjustgiveanexample.Togiveyouexampleoftheotherbigtheoryatwork,haveyouheardoftherefugeecrisisinEurope?Sosince2014,andthenespeciallyinitspeaksincemid2015,muchmoreeitherrefugeesormigrantshavebeentryingtocometoEurope,havebeentryingtocometoEU,andtomakeaverylongstoryshort,sofar,theEUhasnotfoundacommonsolutiontothisproblem,andnowyoumightsay,onereasonwhythatisso?Itisbecausememberstatesarethekeyactorsthere,andmemberstateshaveverydivergentinterestshowtosolvethisrefereecrisis,sothatmightlyoualotaboutthatisstillthememberstatesandtheirinterestswhoareincontrolofwhat partofintegrationstoryandwhatnot.Twoveryshortexamplesbutthatmightgiveyouideashowtogiveflashtothisbondsoftheoriesofintegration.Iputupthethirdtheoryofintegration,multi-levelornetworkernance.That’snotalternativetothefirsttwobutthat’ssomethingthathelpsustobetterunderstandhowtheinctionbetweendomesticadministrationsandEUadministrationworks.AgaintogiveyoutheexampleofBankingUnion,ItoldyouthatnowbankingsupervisionthereisaEuropeanwidebankingsupervision,thestoryisofcoursealittlebitmorecomplicatedthanthat.ThereiswhatiscalledSSM(SingleSupervisoryMechanism),andthisSSMisbasicallyexecutedbytheEuropeanCentralBank.TheEuropeanCentralBankisagenuineEUinstitution.ButtheEuropeanCentralBankofcourseneedsthehelpofnationalbankingsupervisors,toachievethatforall28memberstates.SotheSSMactuallyisanetwork,whichisernedormoderatedbytheEuropeanCentralBankbutwhichalsodependsonthehelpofthenationalbankingsupervisoryofthememberstates.Andthewaythisworks,sothisinctionbetweenEUlevelandnationallevelsthat’samulti-levelernanceissue,andthewaythenetwoksthewayofthinkingandthewayofngthings.There’ssomethingwhichyoucanexinwiththeoriesonnetworkernance.Wecouldtalkawholesemesteronlyonnetworkernance,wewon’tdothat.ButIwanttomentionthatasthethirdverypowerfultheorytohelpyoutoexinpartsofwhatisgoingoninEUintegration.Thatwouldalsoholdtrueforotherpartsofcooperation.Evenfromthestart,maybeaquestiontoyou,howmanyEuropeancourtsarethere?HowmanycourtsdoesEUhave?ECJ(theEuropeancourtofjustice).(Studentsarediscussing).Yesandno.EuropeanCourtofHumanRightsisconnectedtotheEUbutit’snotpartoftheEUsystem.It’spartofthecouncilofEuropesystemofmemberstateswhosigneduptotheEuropeanConventionofHumanRights.AndinthesensethattheconnectiontotheEU,wewillcometothatlater.Butthat’snotofficiallyandformallypartofEU.BecausealotofmemberstateswhoarenotmembersofEUtakepartinthesystemofEuropeanCourtofHumanRights.JustthinkofTurkeyandRussia,theyarenotmembersofEU.SoactuallythereisonlytheECJ,theonlygenuineEUcourtthereisistheEuropeanCourtofJustice.TheECJcanbesubdividedintothecourtforinstanceasthegeneralcourtasthecourtisnow.AndtheactualEuropeanCourtofJusticewillbediscussedonThursday.Andnowyoumighthavelookedsurprised,someofyouIsawaresurprised.ActuallythereasonwhyEUlawisrespectedandadjudicatedinthememberstatesisbecausenationalcourtshaveaspecificwayofcooperatingwithECJ.[ 字幕制作者：刘尧 校对者：Actually,thereasonwhyEUlawisrespectedandadjudicateinthememberstatesisbecausenationalcourtshavespecificwayofcooperatingwithECJthatit’scalledthethat’soneprovisionyoushoulddefiniylearnandstudy,wewillstudyit.Thepreliminaryreferenceprocedure,that’swayinwhichnationalcourtshavetoapplyEUlaw,andsometimeshavequestionsonhowtointerpretEUlaw.Andinthatcase,theywouldholdtheprocedure,thedomesticprocedureandtheywouldformulatequestionshowtointerpretEUlaw.AndtheywouldsendthosequestionstotheECJ,andthentheECJwouldanswerthosequestionstheywouldsayIdon’tknowtheprobationthatwomenofservicesistointerpretinthewaythatblahblah......OK,thisisactuallythemostimportantprocedurebeforetheECJ,andthisisalsofromthebeginning,fromthe1950s,asystemwhichintegratesnationalcourtsandoneEUcourt.So,againsomethingwherewecanmakeuseoftheconceptofthenetworkernancetotrytobetterunderstandhowEuropeanintegrationworks.So,now,todayisthesectiononbigwordsandbigconcepts,“Finalityofintegration”,whatistheoverallgoaloftheEuropeanintegration,whataretheobjectivesofEuropeanintegration.Historically,thereisnodoubtabouttheoverallgoalofEuropeanintegrationeventhoughthesedaysthistendstobeforgottenbecausesofarback.TheoverallgoaloftheEuropeanintegrationistoensurethereisneveragaintherewouldbewaramongthestates,theEuropeanstates.ThisisparticularlytruewhenitcomestothetwoformerachenemiesinEurope,namelyFranceandGermany.Today,FranceandGermanyarethemotoronwhichEuropeanintegrationruns.TheyareveryverycloselycooperatingwithinintheframeworkoftheEuropeanintegration,ifyouwanttoputittothenuts,youcansayit,Europeanintegrationistheconceptwhichhelpedto etheage-oldanimositiesbetweenFranceandGermany.NowthistendstobeforgottenbecauseasEurope,weturntotakeitforgrantedbecauseIamalitterbitolderthanyou,butneitheryounorme,webothhavelivedinasituationwherewerebasicallyfortunayenough,noonlysituationwhichthereismoreorlessinsteadofpeace.Sowehavenogeneralmemoriesofwarandmoretimepassedby,themorewehavetoactuallyactivatethisobjectivebecausewetakeitforgranted.ThismightexinwhyinEurope,inpartofEurope,nowmoreandmorepeopletendtofeelmorecriticalaboutEuropeanintegration,becauseoverallobjectiveslikesecuringpeaceissomethingtheytakeforgrantedthattheydonotconnectitwithEuropeanintegration.Butthenofcourse,alsoeconomicunificationstandsattheheartoftheEuropeanintegration;ofcoursetwothingsarecloselyconnected.Imeantheyalltrade,dichotomyof,ifgoodscrossboarders,thenarmiesdonotandviseversa,isshowingsomethingwhichwouldapplytotheEU,thecloserthereiseconomiccooperation,thecloserthereiseconomicandpoliticalinterdependence,thelessthereislikelihoodtohaveawaramongthosestates.Butyouwillalsofindthetreatiesinthepreamblethatnotonlypeacebutalsoprosperity,economicandsocialprosperityofthecitizensoftheEUisnowanoverallgoaloftheEuropeanintegration.Forthat,oneprojectiskeythatisprojectofsinglemarket,wewillnottalkaboutthesinglemarketthiscoursebecauseIunderstandyouhaveseparatecourseonthesinglemarketandoninternalmarket.AnybodycanlmewhatthesinglemarketitisandthesingleEuropeanmarket,thatisaideathatamongallthose28memberstates,thereisflowofgoods,people,servicesandcapital,andrespectivelywedeductfromthatthefourdomsorfivedomsdependentsonhowyoutodefineit.Sogoodsaremovementofgoods.Peopledependentsonworkequality,andemployeesits(howtosayitinEnglish),forcompaniesitwouldbethemovementsoftheestablishment. servicesandmovementcapital,youwilldiscusshowthisisdevelopedandhasbeenintegratedintooverallconceptofmovementofpeoplewithoutanyconnectiontoeconomicactivity.SoasEUcitizen,asAustrians,evenifIdon’twanttoworkinFrance,IcanliveinFranceaslongasIfulfilltobasiccriteria,namelyIhavesocialinsuranceandIhaveenough alfundssothattheFrenchstatewouldnothavetoworry,ifIrunoutofmymoneythattheFrenchtaxpayerwouldhavetopaythat.ButotherwiseIcanjustmovethere,thereisnocontrols,norestrictionstothatIcanjustlivetherebecauseIsimplychoosetoliveinFranceandnotinAustria.[31:30-39:20字幕制作者：夏新竹(闵思楚代)校对者：Andsecondinadditiontothesinglemarket,inasenseanotherspill-overisEconomicMonetaryUnionYouknowthisunderoneword,EurozoneMonetaryUniontheideathatthecountriesofEuropeanUniongaveupthenationalcurrencyandhavesupranationalmonetaryinstitutions,especiallytheEuropeanCentralBank,andhaveoneEuropeancurrency,theEuro.AndthecorpusofthematterofcausesisthatnotallEUmembersaremembersofEurozone,againIwillcometothat,inacoupleofmenacing,exinwhatmightbecalledthevariablegeoetryorthedifferentiatedintegration.Splitsomepieces,somebodybelongstoonepartoftheEurozone,butnotmaybetheotherpart,thinkofSchengen(申根),haveyouheardofSchengen?ifyouaskforavisa,youwouldonlygetthevisaforthewholeSchengenarea.ThereasonforthatisbecauseamongtheSchengencountries,therearenointernalbordercontrols.SoitwouldmakesensetogiveAustriavisa,soifyouhavetheAustriavisa,nobodycouldcheckifyouleftAustria,wenttoGermanorItaly.That’swhyalsoSchengensystemisnowharmonizedfortheSchengencountries.Soanumberofcountrieshaveabolishedtheirinternalbordercontrolsandhavethecommonexternalbordercontrolsystem,soaboutSchengenCountries,sothePassportUnion.Youseehere(ppt.1.3),theheadofMr.nMonnet.HaveyouheardofnMonnet?HecouldbecalledthefoundingFather,oneofthefoundingfathersoftheEuropeanIntegration.Hedevisedtheconceptwhatyouseethemainideasoutlinedonthisslide,namelytheideaoftransformingthesystemsofthememberstates.First,throughfoundingcommonlong-termobjectives,likesecurityinpeace,commonruleshavingsuchcommonlegalframework,liketheEUTreaties,whichatthelatterstagewouldthenbecalledtheConstitutionofEuropeanUnion.Andthatisquiteinterestingforourlawyers,becauseusuallywereservethetermConstitutiontoastate,anditisstillacknowledgednowinfactthattheEUisnotastate.ButitstillmakessensetospeakofConstitutionandconstitutionalprinciplesforEU.Well,youhavetopayattention,andIwilllyouaboutthattomorrow.Andespecially,thisismajordifferencetoanumberofotherinternationalorganizationsfoundfromonepointtotheother.Itbuildsupontheself-interestsoftheyersinvolved,itbuildsuponthememberstateswhoisthepointfromtheotherhaveorwillhaveself-interesttocooperate.Andyouwouldalsosee,soon,italsobuildalotoncitizensoftheEUthroughthepreliminaryreferenceprocedureandbuildsalotonjudgesofthecourts,ofthedomesticcourtstofurtherEuropeanIntegration.AnditisanexampleofaverydeeplyinstitutionalizedformforcooperationinstitutionshavelotsoftasksandNow,whyandhowdidnMonnetcameupwiththisidea?YouhavetoknowthatthenMonnetinhiswholelife,neverheldanypublicposition,hewasneverapolitician.Ithinkhewasn’talawyer,hewasn’tAustrianPrime,hewasabusinessman.Andyouwouldimmediayknow,whatImean,whenIlyouwherehecamefrom.HecamefromasmalltowninFrance,calledCognac(白兰地).HaveyouheardofthealcoholicbeveragenamedCognac? It’sveryveryfineFrenchspirit,it’sonecalledfamousbrand.Andsohecamefromthissmalltown,andthissmalltownforalongtimetheyhavedonebusinessalloverce,notonlyinFrance.Theywereeagertoselltheirproductsalloverthece.Soinasense,itwasveryearlyglobalized.AndMrMonnetheldfunctionstoadviseFrenchernmentbothduringthefirstandsecondworldwar.Bytheway,that’salsoaconnectionwith. inthe1930sandhealso(ofcourseItriedtofindoutyesterday)therewasdevelopmentfinancecooperation.Idon’tknowifitstillexists.Ithelpsthebuildingonfinancialmarketsinthe1930s.SohehelpedcreatingthatheadvisedtheernmentontheRailwaysyste.Sohewasaverybusy an.AndwhenheworkedfortheFrenchernmentduringthefirstandsecondworldwarhewasverybusywithwhatiscalledwartimetasks.WhatwerethewartimetasksOneoftheostiportantthingsifyouwanttoilliaWaristhatyouwouldhavetomakesurethatthelogisticwork(后勤工作)assmoothlyaspossible.Andlogisticworkwouldnotworksmoothlyif,let’ssay,theFrench,BritishandAmericanseattogetheranddiscussonwhentosendpetroleumorwhatevertosomeceandthenafterthreeweekstheydelegatedthistasktocommissionandanotherthreeweekslater...39:21-47:16字幕制作者：黄帅Anotherthreeweekslatertherewillbethefirstpreliminaryvote,andthenmaybehalfayearlatertherewillbefinaladoptionthenthisnwillbeimplemented.Ifyouproceedlikethat,thenofcourseyouwilllosethewar.Thereforethesewar-timetaskshadadecisionmakingmodewhichwasthecoreofsupranational.Decisionswhichweretakentherewillbetakenbasedonthemajorityvote.Sothat’ssaytheBritishrepresentativecouldbeoutofitandstillhewouldbeboundbythisdecision,andthedecisionwillbedirectlyimplementedbyitsmemberstates,thatwillbenoadditionalactoftransformingthisdecisionininternationallaw.Somaybeyouhavealreadystartedcomparingthistoclassicalinternationallaw.First,internationallawusuallyitisonlycreatedifeverybodyonboardunanimityorconsensus,exceptions,thinkaboutWTOorothers.Butusuallyinternationaltreatiescanonlyboundthecountryifitagreestothistreaty,soonlyifallcountriesareontheboarditcanboundthesecountries.ThatisNO.1.NO.2isevenifacountryhasacceptedacertaininternationaldecision.Usuallythisdecisionneedstobetransformedintonationallaw.Againinthosewar-timetaskstheycouldbeimmediayimplement.Andifyoulikethishereyouhavethekeyconscienceoflatersupranationality:directeffectandprimacy.DirecteffectandprimacyaretwomajorprinciplesofEUlaw.InsomeformalSothenofcoursesincehedidn’tholdpublicoffice,heneeditsomeoneelsetohelpMr.RobertSchuman,notliketheGermanSchuman,verysimilartothat.RobertSchuman,thatisthepictureofhimontheright.AndRobertSchumanproposedsuchaconceptofEuropeanintegrationin1950,on9thofMay.Sothe9thofMaytodayiswhatwecalledEuropeday.Ithasahighlysymbolicofnature,because9thofMay,isthedayafterthearmisticeofthesecondworldwarin1945.Inthe8thofmayin1945,thesecondworldwarended.Andonly5yearsafterthat,only5yearslater,onedayRobertSchumanproposedanewconceptofEuropeanintegrationtotheformerageenemytoGermany.Itisafamousspeech,thatisthefamousSchumandeclaration,inwhichheproposedsettingupacommonmarketatthattimeonlyforaveryrestrictfieldforasinglefunctionalintegration.Itstartedwithcoalandsteelmarkets.BecausecoalandsteelwashighlydebateissuewhohadaccesstocoalandsteelintheruleandtheS!!,andareaofLuxembourg.SowestartitinthisareaandtheiradministrationofcoalandsteelshouldbegiventoanewsupranationalauthoritycalledtheHighauthorityoftheEuropeancoalandsteelcommittee.AndthisHighauthorityhadsimilarpowerswiththeEuropeancommission.ThehighauthorityispreciselytheEuropeancommission.BythewayMr.nMonnetbecamethefirstofthehighauthority.Nowalsoyoucouldseetochoosecoalandsteelsashighlygeniusbecauseitcreatedmutualtrustsbecausewhyarecoalandsteelsaresoessential?Forwhatarecoalandsteelsaresoessential?Alsorestoration?Yes,butinthemoreinstructiveway.Withoutcoalandsteel,youcannotstartawar.Soifyouputadministrationofcoalandsteelresourcestoasupranationalauthority,youalsogiveyourcounterpartyoushowinthegesturehowmuchyoutrusthim.Francegivesawayitsimmediatecontrolofcoalandsteelandgavethattoasupranationalinstitution,thehighauthority,generallygivesitawayitsimmediatebutatthattimealreadyonthealliancesoccupation,controlofquality,stillitgivesittothesupranationalauthority.Yeahnow,andfromthere,startsthefirstconcretestepstopswhatnMonnetcalledtheEuropeanfederation.Thatisimperativeforthepreservationofpeace.SoyouseeconnectedtheusualcalledsecurityinpeaceandbyngthatbyintegratingdifferenteconomicsectionalmarketsinEurope.NowIcanexinalittlebitmoreindetailofwhatIsaidabout“spillover”,thefunctionalintegration.Soyoustartedwithcoalandsteel,aftercertaintimethememberstateswillseeitworksandtheywillbereadytocooperateamongthemselvesinotherareas.Andthenextstepwastocreateacustomersunionandthenaninternalmarketsofgoods.[ 字幕制作者：张林校对：Fromcoalandsteel,itwenttogoods.Nowwecanstarttosayhow“spill-over”works.Ifyousellyourgoods,youwillstillhaveimplementstodothatifthereisnotviceversa,movementofcapital.Itdoesnotmakesensetobeabletosellyourgoodsifyoucan’tontheotherhandhavetheflowofcapital.Sothatcreatetheneedtohavepeoplesaythisissignalsenseofdom,inthesenseonly themirroringdomofgoodsonlymakesenseifthereismirroringdomofpayforthatcowiththeothertransaction.SoIhopeyouunderstandthisstep.Thenwewillgettonextstep.NowletssaydoexportgoodsfromGermanytoFrance.Stillyouwillhavealotoftransactioncost,becauseyouhavetochangecurrenciesatthattimeDeusch(德语：德国的)MarktoFranceFrancandyoumightbewillingtoreduceoreliminatethosetransactionscostsbysettingupacommoncurrency.Nowyouhaveamonetaryunion,youhaveacommoncurrency.Nowitenterthefaceofespecialtheeconomicfanaticalcrisis.sowehavecommentcurrency,thenwehavedifficulties,budgetdifficultiesinsomememberstates,IguessyoualreadyknowaboutGreece. situationinGreecehasaneffectontheEurope.Sincethisisso,thememberstateshaveaninterestsinmorecooperatingintheirbudgetaryfiscalgroups.sonowwehavemoreandmorecooperationofoureconomicpoliciesonhowwesetourexecuteinourbudgets.Anduseehereatlastpointwithquestionmark,politicalunion,willtheseatonepointtheotherleadtoapoliticalunion?thereisalwaysaquestionofwhatthedefinitionofthepoliticalunionis.IfthepoliticalunionyouunderstandontheEuropeanstate,thentheanswersofarwillbeno.ifunderpoliticalunion,weseeascertainsetofcommonrules,wesidemyissuesonour…..onourbudgetonourcommercial,onourbudgetaryrules,onourcurrency,onourcommonsecurity,inthoseareastocertainextentmoreorless,wehaveapoliticalunion.Butwewillcomebacktothatverybigdifficultquestion,whattheEuropeanunionis.Astate?Aninternationalorganization?Orsomethingbetweenthem?wecomebacktothat.Andwhatisalsoveryimportantisthequestionwhetheristhisspilloverleadstoacertainpointofnoreturnwhereyoucannotgobackforward.NowrecentdiscussionsonBreixts,wewillshowyouthereasonpointofreturnandyoucanapparentlyintegratealltogether..Andalsoourdiscussionontherefugeecrisishaveshowusthat…..acooperationofinternalcontrolsoftheborderswereathingofpast.SowheneverIhavetoshowmypassport.LikeyesterdayIarrivedhere,Iwasreallyawarethisisaborder,aborderiswhereyoushowyourpassport.SowhenucrossborderbetweenGermanyandItaly,therearenoborders,yougotherewithyourcar,thereisnocontrol,thereisnocustomcontrol,sowetakeitforgrantedandyoucouldseethisisapointofnoreturn.Thereisnoreturnofborders.therewillneveragainbeanylongeranyinternalbordersanybordercontrolsinEU.Therefugeecrisishaveshownushowfragilethesituationis.Youmighthaveseenthenewssomememberstates(hadthecrisisreintroducesinternalbordercontrols.ImeantherewillbeintensivecontrolsbutstilltherewouldbecheckofcarsbetweenHungryandAustria,wherethegroupsofrefugeescomingin.LetchoosethewidequestionmarkIthinkitisverylegitimateoutside.Okay,Ihopeyouhavealittlebetterunderstandingofspillover,weknowhowitworksandIdiscussitseparay.Maybejustoneissueontherelationshipbetweenpoliticalunionandmonetaryunion.Ineconomictheory,thereisatheorycalledcornatationtheory.(54:16)thatisanideathatmonetaryunionisalwaysthelaststepwhichincludescornat