宫东风英语基础2016二讲义

燕园教育

2016年考研英语高分指导课

——巧学考研英语

地点：中国

时间：2014年9月27日(星期六)

主讲人：宫东风教授（2014年斩获考研英语92分学霸的辅导老师）

CONTENTS

UNIT1

SAMPLE——LEARNBYMASTERPIECE

SAMPLE——LEARNBYNOVELTY

SAMPLE——LEARNBYREADING

SAMPLE——LEARNBYSIMPLIFICATION

UNIT2

SAMPLE——LEARNBYMASTERPIECE

SAMPLE——LEARNBYNOVELTY

SAMPLE——LEARNBYREADING

SAMPLE——LEARNBYSIMPLIFICATION

UNIT1

SAMPLE——LEARNBYMASTERPIECE

Celebrities,especiallyentertainmentstars,areusuallytheequivalentofrolemodels.Theirwordsandactionshaveemotionalappealnotjusttotheirfans,butothergroupsofthesociety.

Fromthis,publicfigureshadbetterrealizethattheirremarksandbehaviors,betheyconductedinthelimelightorinprivacy,havemuchbiggerimpactsonsocietythantheactionsofordinarypeople.

Itishardtoknowexactlyatwhatpointcommittingmisdemeanorsbecamearoutineactionformanypublicfigures,andquiteafewpeoplehavestartedtonurtureafondnessfor alityquirkssuchascynicismorunruliness.

Nowadays,differentattitudesareencouragedasasignofpluralism,buttheremustbearedlinekeepsremindingpeoplethatsomeriskyviewscannot ethemajorityviewofallofsociety.

Ifbeingacelebritycanberegardedasajob,thenbeingarolemodelshouldbeatthetopoftheirjobdescription.Thebottomlineshouldbetorespectandabidebythelaw.(170words)

SAMPLE——LEARNBYNOVELTY

英语（一）阅读新题型大纲样题

样题5（建议做题时间：20—25分钟）

Directions:

Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthowtoselectafund.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA–Fforeachnumberedparagraph(1–5).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Watchingrelatedexpensesandmakingwisechoice

Payingattentiontodetails

Weighingyourfinancialgoalsandexpectationsfirst

Maintainingrealisticexpectations

Narrowingthesearch

Nottoospecial

Eatingbetter.Exercising.Investing.Therearealotofthingsyouknowshouldbeng.Theproblemisthatgettingstartedalwaysseemstobethehardestpart.Formanyinvestors,mutualfundsareagoodwaytogo,buttryingtosortthroughthenumberofavailablechoices–nowmorethan10,000–makesthisimportanttaskappearoverwhelming.Let’slookatsomewaystocutthat

numberdowntoareasonablesize,aswellasotherfactorstoconsiderwhenselectingyourfirstfund.

1.

Beforeyoubeginexaminingpotentialinvestments,it’simportanttotakesometimetoassessyourowngoalsandrisktolerance.Ifyoustartwithaclearobjectiveinmind,aswellasanunderstandingastohowyoumightreactifyourinvestmentlosesmoney,you’llbelesslikelytopurchaseafundthatdoesn’tfityourneeds.Andthat’swhatoftenleadstodisappointment.Itisimportanttolookforfundsthatareappropriateforbothyourgoalsandyourinvestmenttemperament.

2.

OnewaytobeginyoursearchforagoodfundistousetheMorningstarstarrating.Theratingisausefultoolfornarrowingthefieldtofundsthathavedoneagoodjobofbalancingreturnandriskinthepast.Toassignratings,Morningstarusesaformulathatcomparesafund’srisk-adjustedhistoricalperformancewiththatofotherfundswithinfourratinggroups–domesticstockfunds,internationalstockfunds,taxablebondfunds,andmunicipalbondfunds.

3.

Fundsthatinvestsolelyinasinglemarketsectors,calledspecialtyfunds,oftenhaveimpressivereturnsandmaybegreatadditionstoadiversifiedportfolio.However,thesuccessofsuchfundsdependslargelyonthefortunesofaparticularmarketsector.Hence,specialtyfundsprobablyaren’tthebestwaytostart.Foryourfirstfund,lookforadiversifiedstockfundthathasexposuretodifferenttypesofstocks.

4.

There’snolunchinfundinvesting:inadditiontothesalesfeesthatsomefundcompaniescharge,fundinvestorsmustalsopaymanagementfeesandtradingcosts.Unfortunay,youdon’tnecessarilygetwhatyoupayfor–noonehasevershownthatmoreexpensivefundsprovidegreaterreturns.Lookforfundswithreasonablecosts.Theexpenseratio,whichexpressesannualcostsasapercentageamount,isprobablythebestnumbertousewhencomparingmutualfundcosts.

5.

Whateverthemarketdoes,trytotakeitinstride.You’reinforthelonghaul,sodon’tworryaboutthemarket’sday-to-daygyrations.Relaxandresistthetemptationtomonitoryourfirstinvestmentdaily.Checkinonyourmutualfundsonceamonth,andgiveyourportfolioathoroughexamevery6to12months.Andconsideraddingtoyourfundeachmonth.Anautomaticinvestmentnmakesitarelativelypainlessprocess.

Finally,rememberthattheultimatemeasureofyoursuccessasaninvestordependsnotonyourowningthebest-performingmutualfund.Onlyonefundwillbethetopperformeroverthe

nextdecade,andthere’snowaytopredictwhichoneitwillbe.Meetingyourownfinancialgoalsshouldultimaybetheyardstickbywhichyoumeasureyourinvestmentsuccess.

SAMPLE——LEARNBYREADING

Text1

Inanessayentitled“MakingItinAmerica,”theauthorAdamDavidsonrelatesajokefromcottoncountryaboutjusthowmuchamoderntextilemillhasbeenautomated:Theaveragemillhasonlytwoemployeestoday,“amanandadog.Themanistheretofeedthedog,andthedogistheretokeepthemanawayfromthemachines.”

Davidson’sarticleisoneofanumberofpiecesthathaverecentlyappearedmakingthepointthatthereasonwehavesuchstubbornlyhighunemploymentanddecliningmiddle-class estodayislargelybecauseofthebigdropindemandbecauseoftheGreatRecession,butitisalsobecauseoftheadvancesinbothglobalizationandtheinformationtechnologyrevolution,whicharemorerapidlythaneverrecinglaborwithmachinesorforeignworkers.

Inthepast,workerswithaverageskills,nganaveragejob,couldearnanaveragelifestyle.But,today,averageisofficiallyover.Beingaveragejustwon’tearnyouwhatitusedto.Itcan’twhensomanymoreemployershavesomuchmoreaccesstosomuchmoreaboveaveragecheapforeignlabor,cheaprobotics,cheapsoftware,cheapautomationandcheapgenius.Therefore,everyoneneedstofindtheirextra–theiruniquevaluecontributionthatmakesthemstandoutinwhateveristheirfieldofemployment.

Yes,newtechnologyhasbeeneatingjobsforever,andalwayswill.Butthere’sbeenanacceleration.AsDavidsonnotes,“Inthe10yearsendingin2009,[U.S.]factoriesshedworkerssofastthattheyerasedalmostallthegainsoftheprevious70years;roughlyoneoutofeverythreemanufacturingjobs–about6millionintotal–disappeared.”

Therewillalwaysbechange–newjobs,newproducts,newservices.ButtheonethingweknowforsureisthatwitheachadvanceinglobalizationandtheI.T.revolution,thebestjobswillrequireworkerstohavemoreandbettereducationtomakethemselvesaboveaverage.

Inaworldwhereaverageisofficiallyover,therearemanythingsweneedtodotosupportemployment,butnothingwouldbemoreimportantthanpassingsomekindofG.I.Billforthe21stcenturythatensuresthateveryAmericanhasaccesstopost-highschooleducation.

ThejokeinParagraph1isusedtoillustrate .

theimpactoftechnologicaladvances

thealleviationofjobpressure

theshrinkageoftextilemills

thedeclineofmiddle-class es

AccordingtoParagraph3,tobeasuccessfulemployee,onehasto .

adoptanaveragelifestyle

workoncheapsoftware

askforamoderatesalary

contributesomethingunique

ThequotationinParagraph4exinsthat .

gainsoftechnologyhavebeenerased

jobopportunitiesaredisappearingatahighspeed

factoriesaremakingmuchlessmoneythanbefore

newjobsandserviceshavebeenoffered

Accordingtotheauthor,toreduceunemployment,themostimportantis .

toacceleratetheI.T.revolution

toadvanceeconomicglobalization

toensuremoreeducationforpeople

topassmorebillsinthe21stcentury

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?

TechnologyGoesCheap.

NewLawTakesEffect.

RecessionIsBad.

AverageIsOver.

参考答案

24.C25.D21.A22.D23.B

SAMPLE——LEARNBYSIMPLIFICATION

4551

sorry

4552

sort

4553

soul

4554

sound

4555

soup

4556

sour

4557

source

4558

south

4559

southeast

4560

southern

4561

southwest

4562

sovereign

4563

sow

4564

space

4565

spacecraft

4566

spaceship

4567

spacious

4568

spade

4569

span

4570

spare

4571

spark

4572

sparkle

4573

speak

4574

speaker

4575

spear

4576

special

4577

specialise/specialize

4578

specialist

4579

speciality/specialty

4580

species

4581

specific

4582

specification

4583

specify

4584

specimen

4585

spectacle

4586

spectacular

4587

spectator

4588

spectrum

4589

speculate

4590

speech

4591

speed

4592

spell

4593

spelling

4594

spend

4595

sphere

4596

spicy

4597

spider

4598

spill

4599

spin

4600

spine

4601

spiral

4602

spirit

4603

spiritual

4604

spit

4605

spite

4606

ssh

4607

splendid

4608

split

4609

spoil

4610

spokesman

4611

sponge

4612

sponsor

4613

spontaneous

4614

spoon

4615

sport

4616

sportsman

4617

spot

4618

spouse

4619

spray

4620

spread

4621

spring

4622

sprinkle

4623

sprout

4624

spur

4625

spy

4626

square

4627

squeeze

4628

squirrel

4629

stab

4630

stability

UNIT2

SAMPLE——LEARNBYMASTERPIECE

REUNIONMOON

FORMILLIONSOFAROUNDTHEWORLD,MID-AUTUMNFESTIVALISTHEsecond

mostimportanttraditionalfestivalaftertheNewYear.Fallingonthe15thdayoftheeighthlunarmonthofthecalendar,whichisusuallyinSeptemberorearlyOctober,thefestivalgetsitsnamebecauseitmarksthemid-pointoftheautumnseason.peoplehavebeencelebratingthisfestivalatleastsinceTangDynasty(AD618-907).Itisajoyfuloccasionasthebig,brightfullmoononthisfestivedayisseenasasymboloffamilyreunion.Thereforethedayisalsoknownas"ReunionDay".MooncakesareregardedasanindispensabledelicacyfortheMid-AutumnFestival.Abakedfoodwithvariousfillingsanddifferenticpatternsonthesurface,theyareusuallyround,asthewordfor"round"hasasimilarpronunciationtothewordsfor"reunion"and"perfect".Mooncakesaretraditionallygivenasgiftstorelativesandfriendsastheyrepresentgoodwishes.Peoplealsopresentthemtothemoonasofferingsandpraytothemoongoddessforachild,ahappymarriageorabumperharvestnextyear.Besidesmooncakes,Mid-AutumnFestivalfeaturesothertraditionalfolkcustomsincludingyingwithlanternsandwatchingtidalbores.In2008,Mid-AutumnFestivalbecameapublicholidayinthecountry,anditisapopulartimeforweddingsandsight-seeing.(232words)

SAMPLE——LEARNBYNOVELTY

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

Thesocialsciencesareflourishing.Asof2005,therewerealmosthalfamillionprofessionalsocialscientistsfromallfieldsintheworld,workingbothinsideandoutsideacademia.AccordingtotheWorldSocialScienceReport2010,thenumberofsocial-sciencestudentsworldwidehasswollenbyabout11%everyyearsince2000.

Yetthisenormousresourceisnotcontributingenoughtotoday’sglobalchallenges,includingclimatechange,security,sustainabledevelopmentandhealth.(41)

Humanityhasthenecessaryagro-technologicaltoolstoeradicatehunger,fromgeneticallyengineeredcropstoartificialfertilizers.Here,too,theproblemsaresocial:theorganizationanddistributionoffood,wealthandprosperity.

(42) Thisisashame–thecommunityshouldbegrastheopportunitytoraiseitsinfluenceintherealworld.ToparaphrasethegreatsocialscientistJosephSchumpeter:thereisnoradicalinnovationwithoutcreativedestruction.

Today,thesocialsciencesarelargelyfocusedondisciplinaryproblemsandinternalscholarlydebates,ratherthanontopicswithexternalimpact.ysesrevealthatthenumberofpapersincludingthe “environmentalchange”or“climatechange”haveincreasedrapidlysince2004.(43)

Whensocialscientistsdotacklepracticalissues,theirscopeisoftenlocal:BelgiumisinterestedmainlyintheeffectsofpovertyonBelgium,forexample.Andwhetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.

Theproblemisnotnecessarilytheamountofavailablefunding.(44)

Thisisanadequateamountsolongasitisaimedintherightdirection.Socialscientistswhocominaboutalackoffundingshouldnotexpectmoreintoday’seconomicclimate.

Thetrickistodirectthesefundsbetter.TheEuropeanUnionFrameworkfundingprogramshavelonghadacategoryspecificallytargetedatsocialscientists.Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged:Horizon2020,anewprogramtobeenactedin2014,wouldnothavesuchacategory.Thishasresultedinsfromsocialscientists.Buttheintentionisnottoneglectsocialscience;rather,thecompleteopposite.(45) Thatshouldcreatemorecollaborativeendeavorsandhelptodevelopprojectsaimeddirectlyatsolvingglobalproblems.

Itcouldbethatweareevolvingtwocommunitiesofsocialscientists:onethatisdiscipline-orientedandpublishinginhighlyspecializedjournals,andonethatisproblem-orientedandpublishingelsewhere,suchasbriefs.

However,thenumbersarestillsmall:in2010,about1,600ofthe100,000social-sciencespaperspublishedgloballyincludedoneofthese .

Theideaistosocialscientiststointegratetheirworkwithothercategories,includinghealthanddemographicchange;foodsecurity;marineresearchandthebio-economy;clean,efficientenergy;andinclusive,innovativeandsecuresocieties.

Thesolutionistochangethemindsetoftheacademiccommunity,andwhatitconsiderstobeitsmaingoal.Globalchallengesandsocialinnovationoughttoreceivemuchmoreattentionfromscientists,especiallytheyoungones.

Theseissuesallhaverootcausesinhumanbehavior:allrequirebehavioralchangeandsocialinnovations,aswellastechnologicaldevelopment.Stemmingclimatechange,forexample,isasmuchaboutchangingconsumptionpatternsandpromotingtaxacceptanceasitisaboutdevelocleanenergy.

Despitethesefactors,manysocialscientistsseemreluctanttotacklesuchproblems.AndinEurope,someareupinarmsoveraproposaltodropaspecificfundingcategoryforsocial-scienceresearchandtointegrateitwithincross-cuttingtopicsofsustainabledevelopment.

Duringthelate1990s,nationalspendingonsocialsciencesandthehumanitiesasapercentageofallresearchanddevelopmentfunds–includingernment,highereducation,non-profitandcorporate–variedfromaround4%to25%;inmostEuropeannations,itisabout15%.

SAMPLE——LEARNBYREADING

MINI-LECTURE6—英语（二）阅读指导：引申推断题型

Text2

Acenturyago,theimmigrantsfromacrosstheAtlanticincludedsettlersandsojourners.AlongwiththemanyfolkslookingtomakeapermanenthomeintheUnitedStatescamethosewhohadnointentiontostay,andwhowouldmakesomemoneyandthengohome.Between1908and1915,about7millionpeoplearrivedwhileabout2milliondeparted.AboutaquarterofallItalianimmigrants,forexample,eventuallyreturnedtoItalyforgood.Theyevenhadanaffectionatenickname,“uccellidipassaggio,”birdsofpassage.

Today,wearemuchmorerigidaboutimmigrants.Wedivide ersintotwocategories:legalorillegal,goodorbad.WehailthemasAmericansinthemaking,orbrandthemasalienstobekickedout.Thatframeworkhascontributedmightilytoourbrokenimmigrationsystemandthelongpoliticalparalysisoverhowtofixit.Wedon’tneedmorecategories,butweneedtochangethewaywethinkaboutcategories.Weneedtolookbeyondstrictdefinitionsoflegalandillegal.Tostart,wecanrecognizethenewbirdsofpassage,thoselivingandthrivinginthegrayareas.Wemightthenbegintosolveourimmigrationchallenges.

Croppickers,violinists,constructionworkers,entrepreneurs,engineers,homehealth-careaidesandphysicistsareamongtoday’sbirdsofpassage.Theyareenergeticparticipantsinaglobal

economydrivenbytheflowofwork,moneyandideas.Theyprefertocomeandgoasopportunitycallsthem.Theycanmanagetohaveajobinoneceandafamilyinanother.

Withorwithoutpermission,theystraddlelaws,jurisdictionsandidentitieswithease.WeneedthemtoimaginetheUnitedStatesasacewheretheycanbeproductiveforawhilewithoutcommittingthemselvestostayingforever.Weneedthemtofeelthathomecanbebothhereandthereandthattheycanbelongtotwonationshonorably.

modatingthisnewworldofpeopleinmotionwillrequirenewattitudesonbothsidesoftheimmigrationbattle.Lookingbeyondtheculturewarlogicofrightorwrongmeansopeningupthemiddlegroundandunderstandingthatmanagingimmigrationtodayrequiresmultiplepathsandmultiple es,includingsomethatarenoteasyto plishlegallyintheexistingsystem.

“Birdsofpassage”referstothosewho .

stayinaforeigncountrytemporarily

leavetheirhomecountriesforgood

immigrateacrosstheAtlantic

findpermanentjobsoverseas

Itisimpl