2024届高考一轮复习英语语法专练学案（人教版）专题三第3讲介词

第3讲介词1．表示方位的介词Wewalkedacross①thebeach，through②thewoodsandfinallycameto③thehousewhichwasunder④thebigtreemarkedin⑤thesteppinginto⑥thehouse，wefoundasmallblacktable，over⑦whichwasawelookedaround⑧，onlytofindfriendfoundsomethingspecial—anemptybox.Beneath⑨itwasanotesaying，“Standbeside⑩thewindowandlookoutof⑪it.”From⑫thewindowwesawanotherhousebeyond⑬asmallhill.[规则感悟]①across指从较为平坦的表面穿过。②through指从立体的事物中间穿过。③to指“到某处，去某处”。④under在……下面，无接触面。⑤in在……里面。⑥into到……里面。⑦over在……正上方(无接触面)；on在……上面(有接触面)。⑧around在/向……周围。⑨beneath在……下面(有接触面)。⑩beside在……旁边。⑪outof向/在……外面。⑫from从……。⑬beyond在/向……较远的一边，超出。2．表示时间的介词Ithappenedon①aSaturdaymorningin②November,parentslefthomeat③6∶00amtomeetmyuncleattheairportandtoldmetheywouldcomebackin②two，itwasn’tlongbefore④someoneknockedatthedoor，andIlookedthroughthepeepholeandsawaquicklylockedthedoorfromtheinside，anddidn’topenituntil⑤myparentscameback.During⑥thetwohours，thestrangeralwaystriedtotellmesomethingbutIwouldn’tlistentoseeingmyparents，thestrangersaid，“Ihavebeenwaitingoutofthedoorfor⑦twohourssince6∶10am.”Whyhadmyunclechangedsomuchover⑧theyears?[规则感悟]①on指在具体的某一天。②in用在年/月/季节/世纪等大时间之前，或者指上/下午或晚上；也可用在表示一段时间的词之前，表示“多久之后”。③at用在几点钟或night/noon之前。④before在……之前。⑤until直到……时候。⑥during在……期间。⑦for表示延续一段时间。⑧over表示“在……期间”，表延续。3．表示原因的介词Johnwaspunishedfor①cheatinginthefatherwasangryat/over②itandhetrembledwith③angerbecauseof④John’sbadbehaviour.[规则感悟]①for表示原因，后面可以跟名词(词组)或动名词。②at/over用在表示情绪的形容词之后，后面跟代词或名词(词组)。③with用在表示情绪的名词之前。④becauseof/owingto/dueto/thanksto之后不跟陈述句，跟名词(短语)/名词性从句。4．其他重要介词Between①thetwoopinions，Iamfor②thefirstonebutagainst③thesecondone.By④wearingschooluniforms，studentscanbetreatedequallyby④othersdespite⑤thedifferenteconomicbackgroundsamong⑥them.Besides⑦，thepriceiswithin⑧students’studentsexcept⑨aminorityofthemsayschooluniformsaregoodexceptfor⑩thefactthattheyarenotfashionable.[规则感悟]①between表示“两者之间”。②for表示“支持”。③against表示“反对”。④by表示“借助/通过……”，也可以表示“被……”。⑤despite表示“尽管”，等于inspiteof。⑥among表示在三者或三者以上中。⑦besides表示“除此之外(还)”。⑧within表示“在……范围之内”。⑨except表示同类事物除外。⑩exceptfor表示与整体陈述相对的细节修补。一、介词的省略1．当表示时间的词前有this，that，next，last，every，each，some，any，all等时，介词常省略。Wewatchedanexcitingfootballmatchlastweek.上周我们观看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Comeanydayyoulike.你想哪天来就哪天来。2．表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作“每一……”讲时，其前不用介词。Anappleadaykeepsthedoctoraway.每天一个苹果，医生远离我。3．习惯搭配中介词的省略。一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配使用的介词常可省略，常见的此类搭配有spendsometime(in)doingsth，wastesometime(in)doingsth，havedifficulty/trouble(in)doingsth，bebusy(in)doingsth，stop/preventsb(from)doingsth等。FrankinsistedthathewasnotasleepalthoughIhadgreatdifficulty(in)wakinghimup.弗兰克坚持说自己没有睡觉，虽然我叫醒他费了好大劲。二、介词不可省略的问题1．在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能省略。Thechildrenhavebeentakengoodcareofinthekindergarten.这些孩子在幼儿园里得到了很好的照顾。2．当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。Theproblemiswellworthpayingattentionto.这个问题很值得关注。3．在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。Thelibrarywhichweoftengotoisnotfarawayfromourschool.我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校不远。三、介词短语1．介词与名词构成的搭配：(1)at＋名词ataloss不知所措atthecostof以……的代价atpeace处于和平状态attheriskof冒……的危险atwar处于战争状态atthemercyof在……支配下；由……摆布atthesametime同时(2)on＋名词onexhibition/show/display在展出onaccountof因为onfire着火onaverage平均；一般地onsale出售；打折onbehalfof代表onnoaccount/condition决不onthedecrease/increase在减少/在增加onholiday/vacation在度假(3)by＋名词byaccident/chance偶然地byhand手工bymistake错误地bytheday按天算bycoincidence碰巧bynature天生地(4)in＋名词incash用现金付款inchargeof掌管indepth在深度上inreturn作为回报indetail详细地indanger(of)在危险中，垂危inheight在高度上inspiteof尽管inlength在长度上inexchangefor作为交换infavorof支持，赞成innotime立刻incaseof万一；如果；假使innoway决不insupportof为支持……inplaceof代替inhonourof为向……表示敬意inpossessionof拥有，占有inmemoryof为了纪念……inadditionto另外(5)of＋名词ofbenefit有益处的ofsignificance有意义的ofhelp有帮助的ofuse有用的ofimportance重要的ofvalue有价值的(6)outof＋名词outofbalance失去平衡outoforder发生故障outofbreath上气不接下气outofsight看不见outofcontrol失去控制outofthequestion不可能outofdate过期outofwork失业outoftouch失去联系(7)under＋名词underattack遭到袭击undertreatment在治疗中underpressure在压力下undercontrol处于控制之中underrepair在修理中underdiscussion在讨论中(8)with＋名词withdelight/joy高兴地withfear害怕地withdifficulty困难地withpleasure乐意地withease轻而易举地(9)beyond＋名词beyondcompare无与伦比beyonddescription难以描述beyondreach够不到beyondexpression/words难以表达2．形容词与介词构成的搭配：(1)be＋adj.＋aboutbeanxiousabout为……忧虑becuriousabout对……好奇beparticularabout对……讲究/挑剔beworried/concernedabout对……担心(2)be＋adj.＋atbeangryat因/对……生气begoodat擅长beastonishedat对……吃惊bepresentat出席(3)be＋adj.＋inbeabsorbedin专注于……beactivein积极于……bedressedin穿着……beengagedin忙于……berichin富含……beoccupiedin忙于……(4)be＋adj.＋forbeeagerfor渴望……befamousfor因……著名befitfor适合，胜任……bereadyfor准备好……besorryfor对……感到抱歉bepreparedfor为……做好准备(5)be＋adj.＋frombeabsentfrom缺席bedifferentfrom不同于befarfrom远离befreefrom不受……影响(6)be＋adj.＋tobecloseto接近……bedevotedto致力于……beequalto等于……；胜任……befamiliarto对……熟悉befriendlyto对……友好beharmfulto对……有害bekindto对……友好besimilarto与……相似begratefulto对……心存感激(7)be＋adj.＋ofbeawareof意识到……befondof喜欢……beproudof因……而自豪beshortof缺乏……becriticalof对……挑剔(8)be＋adj.＋withbebusywith忙于……befamiliarwith对……熟悉becombinedwith与……结合bepatientwith对……有耐心bepopularwith受……欢迎bepleasedwith对……感到满意beangrywith(sb)对(某人)生气3．介词与其他词构成的搭配：butfor要不是insteadof代替regardlessof不管，不顾apartfrom除……之外upto直到；由……决定accordingto根据alongwith随着togetherwith连同bymeansof用……办法；借助……owingto因为四、动词与介词构成的搭配1．“动词＋sb＋of＋sth”结构accusesbofsth指责/控告某人某事curesbofsth治好某人的某种疾病ridsbofsth使某人摆脱某物cheatsbofsth骗走某人某物remindsbofsth使某人想起某事informsbofsth通知某人某事robsbofsth抢劫某人某物warnsbofsth警告某人某事convincesbofsth使某人确信某事suspectsbofsth怀疑某人某事2．“动词＋sb＋for＋doingsth”结构blamesbfordoingsth指责某人做某事eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(scoldsbfordoingsth,criticizesbfordoingsth))批评某人做某事eq\b\lc\\rc\}(\a\vs4\al\co1(forgivesbfordoingsth,excusesbfordoingsth,pardonsbfordoingsth))原谅某人做某事punishsbfordoingsth因做某事而惩罚某人thanksbfordoingsth感谢某人做某事3．“动词＋sb/sth＋from＋(doing)sth”结构prevent/stop/keepsb/sthfromdoingsth阻止某人/物做某事protect/preserve/defend/sheltersb/sthfrombeingdone保护某人/物免于被……ban/prohibitsb/sthfromdoingsth禁止某人/物做某事4．其他常考的动词与介词的搭配accountfor占……(比例)；解释……(原因)actas充当；起作用breakawayfrom脱离；逃离bringabout引起；导致；造成callfor(去)接；需要；(公开)要求carryout履行；实施；执行carrythrough帮助……渡过难关；成功完成；顺利实现comeacross(偶然)遇见，碰见；发现cometoanend终止，结束comeupwith提出doharmto对……有害dowithout没有……也行；没有……而设法对付过去endupwith以……结束getacross被传达；被理解；把……讲清楚getaround传播；流传；各处走动getdownto开始做某事；开始认真注意(或对待)某事getover解决；克服；控制getridof除去，去掉；免除，摆脱getthrough正式通过；(用电话)接通，联系上；顺利通过(考试等)giveriseto使发生givewayto屈服；退让；让步goagainst违反；与……不符goinfor参加考试(或竞赛)；对某事物有兴趣，爱好gothrough经历keepintouchwith与……保持联系lookdownon/upon轻视；瞧不起lookinto调查；审查makethebestof充分利用；尽力而为bemadeupof由……组成putupwith忍受，容忍seethrough看穿；识破seeto照料；处理setabout着手做showaround/round领(某人)参观showoff炫耀；展示takein吸入；理解，领会takeon承担；呈现，具有workout计算出；制定出对点练习1．Shepattedhimontheheadandsaid，“Mylittleboy，doyoufeelmorecomfortablenowthanbefore？”2．Ifyoucouldexchangeliveswithsomeoneforashorttime，wouldyouliketodothat?3．Asaresult，hespendshislifeinawheelchairandcannotwritebymeansofapenorpencil.4．Butwildlifetodaydisappearsorisindangerjustbecausehumansdoharmtoit.5．Manytimeswedon’trealizehowroutineourliveshavebecomeandhowmuchwetakethemforgranteduntilwefindourselvesinanewsituation.6．Theteacherpausedonpurposetoremindthestudentstostoptalking.1．Thestudyfoundthatbetween1985and2017，averageruralBMIincreasedbyinwomenandmen.(2021·浙江1月)2．Museumsmustcompeteforpeople’ssparetimeandmoneywithotheramusements.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)3．Sometimeafter10000BC，peoplemadethefirstrealattempttocontroltheworldtheylivedin，throughagriculture.(2020·浙江7月)层级一基础达标练单句语法填空1．—WehadareallydampSeptemberthisyear.—Ican’trememberanautumnwhenitrainedsomuch.2．Butshequicklyrealizedthatitwasprobablybecauseofthefactthatshesatinthelastrow.3．Amongthe“fournewgreatinventions”，onlineshoppingwasinventedandpioneeredbyMichaelAldrichintheU．1979.4．“Assoonasheopenshis(he)mouthandsingsinChinese，theChineseareverysurprisedandtheyfeelproudofhim，”saidhismusicteacher.5．Butit’sdifficultformetodecidewhatactivitiesweshouldorganizeandhowtoplanthem(they)．6．IsuddenlyrealizedIhadgrownupandthatIhadtolookaftermyself(I)andliveindependently.7．Whentheygrowolderthanthreeyearsold，itiseasierforgirlstocatchcoldsthanboys.8．Pregnantwomen，forexample，shouldlimittheir(they)intakeofcoffee.9．Thisyoungmanlikestravelling—heisalwaysonthemove.10．Itmeansthatwecannotusesomemodernhouseholditems，likewashingmachinesbecausetheyusetoomuchwater.层级二高考真题练单句语法填空1．Thetactile(可触知的)paintingsworkasawaytorevealarttotheblindbecausewedon’tseewithjustoureyes：Weseewithourbrains.(2022·浙江6月)2．LucGandarias，who’snowthirteen，wentblindsuddenlyatageseven.(2022·浙江6月)3.Afriendofhis，WuFan，volunteeredtobehiscompanionduringthetrip.(2022·全国甲)4．Heflew4,700kilometersfromXi’antoKashgaron，planningtohikebacktoXi’aninfivemonths.(2022·全国甲)5．May21stthisyearmarksthefirstInternationalTeaDay，whichwasnamedofficiallybytheUnitedNationsonNovember27th,2019.(2022·全国乙)6．May21stthisyearmarksthefirstInternationalTeaDay...Tocelebratethefestival，anumberofeventstookplaceattheChineseBusinessmanMuseuminBeijingonThursday.(2022·全国乙)7．TheChineseAncientTeaMuseumwasofficiallyunveiled(揭幕)attheceremony，openingits(it)firstexhibition：TheAvenueofTruth—ASpecialExhibitionofPu’erTea.(2022·全国乙)8．CoveringanareaaboutthreetimesthesizeofYellowstoneNationalPark，theGPNPwillbeoneofthefirstnationalparksinthecountry.(2022·新高考全国Ⅰ)9．Itwasbuiltoriginallytoprotectthecityin/duringtheTangDynastyandhasnowbeencompletelyrestored(修复)．(2021·全国甲)10．AlthoughMarylovedflowers，neithershenorherhusbandwasknownasagardener.(2021·浙江6月)层级三语篇提能练语法填空(2019·全国Ⅲ改编)Onourwaytothehouse,1.wasrainingsohardthatwecouldn’thelpwonderinghowlong2.wouldtaketogetwasinthemiddleofPearlCity.Wewerefirstgreetedwiththebarkingbyapack3.dogs，seventobewerewelltrained4.theirmasterswhohadgreatexperiencewithcaringforthesehostssharedmanyof5.(they)experiencesandrecommendedwonderfulplacestoeat，shop，andbreakfast，wewereabletoeatpapaya(木瓜)andotherfruitsfromtheirtreesin6.backyard.Whentheywerefreefromwork，theyinvited7.(we)erestingcompetitiontowatch，togetherwiththestorybehindalsosharedwithusmanytraditionalstoriesaboutHawaiithatwerehugelypopularwith9.lastdayofourweek-longstay，wewereinvitedtoattendaprivateconcert10._____abeautifulfarmontheNorthShoreunderthestars，listeningtomusiciansandmeetinginterestinglocals.eq\x(语篇解读本文讲述了作者在美国夏威夷珍珠城的一次旅行经历。)1．答案it解析考查代词。句意：在我们去那座房子的路上，雨下得如此大以至于我们忍不住想还要多久才能到达那里。it可以指天气。故填it。2．答案it解析考查代词。此处是句式Ittakes(sb)sometimetodosth，it为形式主语，todo不定式为真正的主语。故填it。3．答案of解析考查介词。apackof一群……。故填of。4．答案by解析考查介词。此处是被动语态，应填表示“被”的介词。故填by。5．答案their解析考查代词。experience是名词，前面需要一个形容词性物主代词来修饰它。故填their。6．答案the解析考查冠词。空格处修饰名词backyard，是特指的他们的院子。故填the。7．答案us解析考查代词。空格处作invited的宾语，应用宾格形式。故填us。8．答案an解析考查冠词。空格后interesting的发音以元音音素开头，且此处泛指“一场有趣的比赛”。故填an。9．答案the解析考查冠词。onthelastday在最后一天。故填the。10．答案on解析考查