初中英语语法讲解第一章词类和构词法

初中英语语法讲解第一章——词类和构词法一：词类1、根据语法功能划分十类：名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词、冠词、介词、连词、感叹词。2、根据意义划分两大类：实词和虚词。实词指具有实际意义并能单独作句子成分的词，包括名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、动词六类；虚词指没有实际意义或实际意义不明显、不能再句子中单独作句子成分的词，包括冠词、介词、连词、感叹词四类。3、示例：①名词--n-- 主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补足语—teacher,hair,beauty,china②代词—pron —主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语—I,we,their,none,which,who,whatever③数词—num--主语、宾语、定语、表语、同位语、补足语—one,ninth,threefifths( 五分之三④形容词—a,或adj—定语、表语、状语、补足语—clever,pretty,popular,interesting,dangerous⑤副词—ad,或adv—表语、状语、补足语— still,slowly,well,hard( 是形容词也是副词，honestly⑥动词—v —谓语—decidelikeborrowchangedancedrivehelp⑦冠词—art —不定冠词：aan 定冠词：the⑧介词—prep —from从with 和、用inside 在····里面⑨连词—conj —andwhenuntil 直到······ ifonce 一旦⑩感叹词—int —ohahahaalashurrah 好哇wow哇构词法（word-formation ）——分为转换、派生、合成二：构词法（ 按照一定的语言规律创造新词的方法，称为构词法。）常见的构词法有：合成法、派生法、转化法和缩略法。1、合成法：构成方式有三种：合成一词 加连字符 “-”词与词分开。⑴合成名词①名词+名词basketballhomeworkspaceshipencilcasepostman 邮递员icecream②形容词+名词Blackboardsupermarket 超级市场greenhouse 温室popsong 流行歌曲③V-ing 形式+名词diningroomwashingmachinedrinkingwater 饮用水walkingstick 拐杖④名词+V-ing 形式Shoe-making做鞋letter-writing 写信story-telling讲故事handwriting书⑵合成形容词1形容词或数词+名词Full-time 全日制的part-time 业余的；兼职的 second-hand二手的first-class一流的形容词或数词+名词-edWarm-hearted热心的five-storeyed 五层楼的kind-hearted形容词+动词-ingGood-looking好看的hard-working 勤勉的，努力工作的④名词+动词-edMan-made人工制作的snow-covered 被雪覆盖的⑤名词+形容词Ice-cool 冰冷的top-heavy 头重脚轻的⑥名词+动词-ing形式man-eatinggrass草木皆兵Man-eatingflower食人花peace-loving⑦副词+动词-edWell-known出名的newly-founded 新创办的⑧基数词+可数名词单数中间用连字符连接，一般用作定语修饰名词，相当于“基数词 +名词所有格” 。atwo-daytrip 两天的旅游。（ twodays’trip ）athree-hourwalk3 小时的步行路程 （threehour ’walk ）⑨基数词+可数名词单数+形容词afive-year-oldboy 一个5岁的男孩。（ theboyisfiveyearsold ）aneighty-metre-highbuilding.(thebuildingiseightyshigh⑶合成动词名词+动词water-ski 用滑水橇滑行副词+动词overeat （使）吃得过多 overcome战胜，克服形容词/副词+动词white-wash 涂脂抹粉⑷合成副词、代词、介词合成副词upstairsbeforehand合成代词myselfeverythingeverybodyeveryoneanyoneanybodyanything合成介词outsideinsidethroughoutwithinwithoutupon 在·····之上2、派生法：又叫词缀法，是指在一个单词前面或后面加上词缀以构成新词的方法。⑴前缀：加前缀一般不改变词性，而只是改变原词的词意。①构成反义词的前缀（否定前缀）dis-disagreedisappeardislikediscoverim/in-impoliteimpossibleimcorrectincredible 难以置信的un-形容词：unhappyunluckyunimportantunusualunknownunfair副词：unusuallyunhappily动词：uncover揭开untie 解开unlock 开锁undress 脱下衣服mis错误地mistakemisunderstand②一些表示特定意思的前缀down往下downloadkilo 千kilometreman人，由人man-madere重新，再次rebuildretell 复述③可以改变词性的前缀a-加在名词前构成形容词或副词 asleepaboardasideen-加在名词或形容词前构成动词 encourageenableenrich⑵后缀：加后缀一般改变词性。①名词后缀构成表示人的名词的后缀：-ertravelerhunter( 猎人readerworkerkeeper( 看护人driverVillagerprisoner( 犯人farmerlawyer( 律师freignerstranger-oractor 男演员visitor 来访者director 导演inventoroperator 操作员，接线员conductor-anAfricanAmericanAustralianCanadianIndianItalianRussianesslionesswaitressianmathematicianpoliticianmusician-eseChineseJapanesePortuguese 葡萄牙人-ist artistcommunistnovelistphysicistnaturalistscientist构成抽象名词与集体名词的后缀-mentdevelopmentgovernmentmovementgovernmentjudgementagreementannouncement口头通知treatment 对待-nesshappinesssadnesskindnessillnessselfishnessdarknessweaknesscarelessness-ing feelingreading 会见buildingdancing-ion或sion或ationoperationcelebrationactioninventionpollutiondecisioninvitationpronunciation发音-shipfriendshipleadershiphardship-hoodboyhoodgirlhood男孩童年时代childhoodneighbourhood社区-thtruthyouthdepthwealthwarmthwidthlengthgrowth-domwisdom智慧kingdom②形容词后缀-able或iblecomfortableenjoyablepossibleterrible-al 或ial 或ual naturalfacial 面部的effectual 有效的spiritual 糟糕的-ic 或ical electricplasticscientificmedicalchemicalphysical-ish foolishchildish 孩子气的-ful wonderfulbeautifulhopefulcarefulthankfuluseful-less carelessendlessuselesshomelesshopelessharmless-ly friendlymonthlyweeklylovelylivelylonely-ousiousnervousdangerousfamousserious-ydirtyrainycloudysunnywindysnowyluckysaltyfunnyhealthysleepydustynoisyenwoodenwoolengoldenearthenerneasternwesternnorthernsouthern-ant或entpleasantexcellentedexcitedlearnedtiredinterestedsurprisedpleasedinginterestingmovingexcitingtiringsurprisingamusing③副词后缀-lycarefullyhappilyclearlycuriouslysuddenlyfairlyimpossiblyfullycarefullyprobablyfinallysimplylatelywhollyquietlycertainlyeasily-ward或wardsnorthward(s southward(seastward(swestward(sDownward(supward(sbackward(sforward(sbackward(sforward(safterward(shomeward(s④数词后缀-teenthirteen -tytwenty -thfifth -endeepen加深widen加宽weaken使变弱redden使变红

sadlydarken使变暗frighten 吓唬3、转化法：常用于动词和名词之间的转换⑴不改变读音、重度音节，只转换单词词性e.g.单词 名词 动词cook 厨师；炊事员 烹调；煮；烧meet 集会；会 遇见；碰见；会见watch 手表；守卫；观察 观看；注视⑵有些双音节词，作名词时，第一个音节重度；作动词时，第二个音节重度e.g. 名词动词’increase/ ’inkri:s/ 增加in’crease/in ’kri:s/ 增加⑶有些词可以用读音变化改变词性e.g.excuse/iks ’kju:s/ （名）歉意；道歉；借口 excuse/iks ’kju:z/（动）原谅 ⑷有些形容词可以转化为动词e.g.Hesloweddownatthecrossroad./Pleasewarmupthecoldmeat.⑸有些动词可以转化为名词todress------abeautifuldress 裙子tosmell-------aterriblesmell 气味tolove-------fallinlovewith 爱上⑹有些形容词可以转化为名词daily------ChinaDaily 日报final-------amathsfinal 考试4、缩略法⑴剪切法telephone—phonebicycle —cycleairplane —planetaxicab —cabExamination —examphotograph —phototaxicab —taxilaboratory —labFoot或feet—fthalf