版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领
文档简介
Lightingorilluminationisthedeliberateuseoflighttoachieveapracticaloraestheticeffect.Lightingincludestheuseofbothartificiallightsourceslikelampsandlightfixtures,aswellasnaturalilluminationbycapturingdaylight.Daylighting(usingwindows,skylights,orlightshelves)issometimesusedasthemainsourceoflightduringdaytimeinbuildings.Thiscansaveenergyinceofusingartificiallighting,whichrepresentsamajorcomponentofenergyconsumptioninbuildings.Properlightingcanenhancetaskperformance,improvetheappearanceofanarea,orhavepositivepsychologicaleffectsonoccupants.Indoorlightingisusually plishedusinglightfixtures,andisakeypartofinteriordesign.Lightingcanalsobeanintrinsiccomponentoflandscapeprojects.Withthediscoveryoffire,theearliestformofartificiallightingusedtoilluminateanareawerecampfiresortorches.Asearlyas400,000BCE,firewaskindledinthecavesofPekingMan.Prehistoricpeopleusedprimitiveoillampstoilluminatesurroundings.Theselampsweremadefromnaturallyoccurringmaterialssuchasrocks,ss,hornsandstones,werefilledwithgrease,andhadafiberwick.Lampstypicallyusedanimalorvegetablefatsasfuel.Hundredsoftheselamps(hollowworkedstones)havebeenfoundintheLascauxcavesinmodern-dayFrance,datingtoabout15,000yearsago.Oilyanimals(birdsandfish)werealsousedaslampsafterbeingthreadedwithawick.Fireflieshavebeenusedaslightingsources.Candlesandglassandpotterylampswerealsoinvented.Chandelierswereanearlyformof"lightfixture".Majorreductionsinthecostoflightingoccurredwiththediscoveryofwhaleoilandkerosene.Gaslightingwaseconomicalenoughtopowerstreetlightsinmajorcitiesstartingintheearly1800s,andwasalsousedsomecommercialbuildingsandinthehomesofwealthypeople.Themantleboostedtheluminosityofutilitylightingandofkerosenelanterns.Thenextmajordropinpricecameaboutwiththeincandescentlightbulbpoweredbyelectricity.Overtime,electriclightingbecameubiquitousindevelopedcountries.Segmentedsleeppatternsdisappeared,improvednighttimelightingmademoreactivitiespossibleatnight,andmorestreetlightsreducedurbanLightingfixturescomeinawidevarietyofstylesforvariousfunctions.Themostimportantfunctionsareasaholderforthelightsource,toprovidedirectedlightandtoavoidvisualglare.Someareveryinandfunctional,whilesomearepiecesofartinthemselves.Nearlyanymaterialcanbeused,solongasitcantoleratetheexcessheatandisinkeewithsafetyAnimportantpropertyoflightfixturesistheluminousefficacyorwall-plugefficiency,meaningtheamountofusablelightemanatingfromthefixtureperusedenergy,usuallymeasuredinlumenperwatt.Afixtureusingreceablelightsourcescanalsohaveitsefficiencyquotedasthepercentageoflightpassedfromthe"bulb"tothesurroundings.Themoretransparentthelightingfixtureis,thehigherefficacy.Shadingthelightwillnormallydecreaseefficacybutincreasethedirectionalityandthevisualcomfortprobability.Colortemperatureforwhitelightsourcesalsoaffectstheiruseforcertainapplications.ThecolortemperatureofawhitelightsourceisthetemperatureinKelvinofatheoreticalblackbodyemitterthatmostcloselymatchesthespectralcharacteristicsofthelamp.Anincandescentbulbhasacolortemperaturearound2800to3000Kelvin;daylightisaround6400Kelvin.Lowercolortemperaturelampshaverelativelymoreenergyintheyellowandredpartofthevisiblespectrum,whilehighcolortemperaturescorrespondtolampswithmoreofablue-whiteappearance.Forinspectionorcolormatchingtasks,orforretaildisysoffoodclothing,thecolortemperatureofthelampswillbeselectedforthebestoveralllightingeffect.题型分布与Questions14-CompletethesummaryChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachTheTasmaniantiger,alsocalledthylacine,resemblesthelookofadoghas onitsfircoat.Manyfossilshavebeenfound,showingthatthylacineshadexistedasearlyas yearsago.Theylived beforedisappearingfrom .Andsoonafter settlersarrivedthesizeofthylacinepopulationinshrunkatahigherQuestions18-Lookatthefollowingstatementandthelistofpeoplebelow.Matchstatementwiththe NBYoumayuseanylettermorethan18.Hisreportofseeingalivethylacineinthewildattracted19.Manyeye-witnesses’reportsarenot20.Itdoesn’trequireacertainnumberofanimalstoensurethesurvivala21.ThereisnohopeoffindingasurvivingTasmanian22.DonotdisturbthemifthereareanyTasmaniantigerswillliving23.Theinterpretationofevidencecanbeaffectedbypeople’sListofAHansBRandolphCDavidDNickQuestions24-ChoosethecorrectletterA,B,CorWritethecorrectletterinboxes24-26onyouranswer24.HansNaarding’ssightinghasresulted ernmentandorganisations’cooperationeffortstoprotectBextensiveintereststofindalivingCincreaseofthenumberofreportsofthylacineDgrowthofpopularityofthylacinein TheexampleofcoelacanthistoAitlivedinthesameperiodwithBhowdinasoursevolvedCsomeanimalsaredifficulttocatchintheDextinctionofcertainspeciescanbeMooneybelievesthatallsightingreportsshouldAgivensomecreditastheyclaimeveniftheyareBacteduponimmediaCviewedasequallyDquestionedandcarefullyBlack12ADCBADBDAAAlthoughitwascalledtiger,itlookedlikeaclogwithblackstripesonitshackanditwasthelargestknowncarnivorousmarsupialofmodemtimes.Yet,despiteitsfameforbeingoneofthemostfabledanimalsintheworld,itisoneoftheleastunderstoodofTasmania'snativeanimals.ThescientificnamefortheTasmaniantigerisThylacineanditisbelievedthattheyhave eextinctinthe20thBFossilsofthylacinesdatingfromaboutalmost12millionyearsagohavebeendugupatvariouscesinVictoria,SouthAustraliaandWesternAustralia.TheywerewidespreadinAustralia7,000yearsago,huthaveprobablybeenextinctonthecontinentfor2,000years.Thisisbelivedtobebecauseoftheintroductionofdingoesaround8,000yearsago.Becauseofdisease,thylacinenumbersmayhavebeendeclininginTasmaniaatthetimeofEuropeansettlement200yearsago,butthedeclinewascertainlyacceleratedbythenewarrivals.ThelastknownTitsmanijinTigerdiedinIlobar!Zooin193fiandtheanimalisofficiallyclassifiedasextinct.Technically,thismeansthatithasnotbeenofficiallysightedinthewildorcaptivityfor50years.However,therearestillunsubstantiatedCHansNaarding,whosestudyofanimalshadtakenhimaroundtheworld,wasconductingasurveyofaspeciesofendangeredmigratorybird.Whathesawthatnightisnowregardedasthemostcrediblesightingrecordedofthylacinethatmanybelievehasbeenextinctformorethan70years.D"Ihadtoworkatnight."Naardingtakesupthestory."Iwasinthehabitofintermittentlyshiningaspotlightaround.Thebeamfellonananimalinfrontofthevehicle,lessthan10maway.Insteadofriskingmovementbygrabbingforacamera,IdecidedtoregisterverycarefullywhatIwasseeing.Theanimalwasaboutthesizeofasmallshepherddog,averyhealthymaleinprimecondition.Whatsetitapartfromadog,though,wasaslightlyslohindquarter,withafairlythicktailbeingastraightcontinuationofthebacklineoftheanimal.Ithad12distinctstripesonitsback,continuingontoitsbutt.\knewperfectlywellwhatIwasseeing.AssoonasIreachedforthecamera,itdisappearedintothetea-treeundergrowthandscrub."EThedirectorofTasmaniasNationalParksatthetime,PeterMorrow,decidedhiswisdomtokeepNaarding'ssightingofthethylacinesecretfortwoyears.Whenthenewsfinallybroke,itwas paniedbypandemonium."Iwasbesiegedby evisioncrews,includingfourtofivefromJapan,andothersfromtheUnitedKingdom,Germany,NewZealandandSouthAmerica,"saidNaarding.ernmentandprivatesearchpartiescombedtheregion,butnoturthersightingsweremade.Thetiger,asalways,hadescapedtoitslair,acemanyinsistexistsonlyinourimagination.Butsincethen,thethylacinehasstagedsomethingofa ingpartofAustralianmythology.GTherehavebeenmorethan4,000claimedsightingsofthebeastsinceitsupposedlydiedout,andtheaverageclaimseachyearreportedto number150.AssociateprofessorofzoologyattheUniversityofTasmania,RandolphRose,hassaidhedreamsofseeingathylacine.ButRose,whoinhis35yearsinTasmanianacademiahasfieldedcountlessreportsofthylacinesightings,isnowconvincedthathisdreamwillgounfulfilled.H"Theconsensusamongconservationistsisthat,usually;anyanimalwithapopulationbaseoflessthan1,000isheadedforextinctionwithin60years,"saysRose."Sixtyyearsago,therewasonlyonethylacinethatweknowof,andthatwasinHobartZoo,"hesays.IDr.DavidPemberton,curatorofzoologyattheTasmanianMuseumandArtGallery,whosePhDthesiswasonthethythylacine,saysthatdespitescientificthinkingthat500animalsarerequiredtosustainapopulation,theFloridapantherisdowntoadozenorsoanimalsand,whileitdoeshavesomeinbreedingproblems,isstilltickingalong."I'lltakeapuntandsaythat,ifwemanagetofindathylacineinthescrub,itmeansthatthereare50-plusanimalsoutthere."JAfterall,animalscanbenotoriouslyelusive.Thestrangefishknownasthecoelacanth'withits"proto-legs",wasthoughttohavediedoutalongwiththedinosaurs700millionyearsagountilaspecimenwasdraggedtothesurfaceinasharknetoffthesouth-eastcoastofSouthAfricain1938.KWildlifebiologistNickMooneyhastheunenviabletaskofinvestigatingall"sightings"ofthetigertotalling4,000sincethemid-1980s,andaveragingabout150ayear.ItwasMooneywhowasfirstconsultedlatelastmonthabouttheauthenticityofdigitalphotographicimagespurportedlytakenbyaGermantouristwhileonarecentbushwalkinthestate.Onfacevalue,Mooneysays,theaccountofthesighting,andthetwophotographssubmittedasproof,amounttooneofthemostconvincingcasesforthespecies'survivalhehasseen.LAndMooneyhasseenitall—themistakes,thehoaxes,theillusionsandtheusibleaccountsofsightings.Hoaxersaside,mostpeoplewhoreportsightingsendupbelievingtheyhaveseenathylacine,andarethemselvesbelievabletothepointtheycouldpassalie-detectortest,accordingtoMooney.Others,havingtabledacreditablereport,then eutterlyobsessedliketheTasmanianwhohasregistered99thylacinesightingstodate.Mooneyhasseenindividualsbankruptedbytheobsession,andfamiliesdestroyed."Itisablindoptimismthatsomethingis,ratherthanacynicismthatsomethingisn't,"Mooneysays."Ifsomethingcrossestheroad,it'snotacaseof*Iwonderwhatthatwas?'Rather,itisacaseof'that'sathylacine!'Itisabitlikeagoldprospector'sblindfaith,'ithasgottobethere'."MHowever,Mooneytreatsallreportsonfacevalue."Inevertrytoembarrasspeople,ormakefoolsofthem.ButthefactthatIdon’tpackthecarimmediaytheyringcanoftenbetakenasridicule.Obsessivecharactersgetiratethatsomeoneinmypositionisnotouttherewhentheythinkthethylacineisthere."ButHansNaarding,whosesightingofastripedanimaltwodecadesagowasthehighlightof"alifeofanimalspotting",remainsbemusedbythetimeandmoneypeoplewasteontigersearches.HesaysresourceswouldbebetterappliedtosavingtheTasmaniandevil,andhelmigratorybirdpopulationsthataredecliningasaresultofshrinkingwetlandsacrossAustralia.OCouldthethylacinestillbeoutthere?"Sure,"Naardingsays.Buthealsosaysdiscoveryofsurvivingthylacineswouldbe"ratherpointless"."Howdoyousaveaspeciesfromextinction?Whatcouldyoudowithit?Iftherearethylacinesoutthere,theyarebetteroffrightwheretheyare.题型分布与6题+4题+4Inathree-partseriesforBusinessInsider,Sherwin,theCOOofleadershipconsultancyZengerFolkman,examineswomen'sleadershipeffectiveness,representationincorporateAmerica,andsolutionsforincreasingtheirranks,buildinguponthefirm'sresearchfirstpublishedina2012HarvardBusinessReviewarticle.Intoday'slargeorganization,aswomenclimbupthecorporateladdertheyvanish.Whilethestatisticsvaryslightlyaroundtheworld,thisisanextremelyconsistentpattern.Atthelowestlevels,morethanhalfoftheemployeesinorganizationsarefemale.Asyoumovetoeachsuccessivelyhigherlevelintheorganization,thenumberofwomensteadilyshrinks.AttheCEOlevel,worldwide,thereareonly3%to4%whoarewomen.Wefindthistobeapuzzling,evenmysteriousphenomenonwhenyouexaminetheharddatathatdescribestheoverallsuccessthatwomenhavewhencedinsuccessiv
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
最新文档
- 一年级上册品生全册教案
- 海斯凯尔医学技术有限公司商业计划书
- 2024年工业烤箱硅碳棒相关行业营销方案
- 露营烧烤音乐节
- 国电系统-北京市-2023年《变电安规》科目 单选题+多选题+判断题+简答题真题冲刺卷3月份B卷
- 2024年专科体检相关行业营销方案
- 高中历史必修三月考卷
- 2024年墙画式终端装置行业营销策略方案
- 管理信息系统考卷2
- 2024年电阻测量仪表相关公司行业营销方案
- 西安城市介绍课件
- 《客户开发技巧》课件
- 商场保洁招标书
- 双流太平镇发展总体策划及规划
- 污水池专项施工方案
- 一年级绘本教案
- 国自然合作协议范文
- 关于深创投基金管理机制的报告(最新整理)
- FMFM精细运动量表
- 世界气候类型分布空白图学生绘图用
- 某某建设单位工程竣工验收总结发言稿
评论
0/150
提交评论