探讨武侠和骑士形象的异同-文学学士毕业论文

AbstractLiteratureistheartofwrittenworks.Literatureisacreativeformofwordsusedtodisplaythewriter’sideaandfeelingwhichgrowsfromcommonlifeandappearsholyandabovelife.However,thecognizingfunctionofliteratureisnotonlythecomprehensionabouttheemotionallifeexperiences,butalsotheunderstandingtotheessenceofthesocialreality.Takingrelativeresearchresultsandliteraturetheoryasguidance,thepaperaimstostudyhowandwhat,intheliteraryworks,heroesarecreatedinfictionsbothintheeastandwest.YangGuoinShenDiaoXiaLüandKingArthurinLeMorted’Arthuraretakenasexamplestothestudy,hopingtodisplayindetailthesimilaritiesanddifferencesinthecharacterizationoftheirimages.Firstly,theknowledgeabouttheliteratureandfictionalartareintroduced.Secondly,ittellsthenotionsofheroindifferentliteraryformssuchasWUXIAineasternculturewhileKNIGHTinwesternculture.Andthirdly,factsandevidencesaboutbackground,personallifeexperience,attitude,andupsanddownsetcarealltakenintoanalysisandconsiderationtoprovethathoweverdifferentthoseimagesorfiguresareindifferentcultures,theessenceofheroesandheroisminpeople’sheartremainsthesame,whichmeansthecombinationofnobility,honesty,braveryandmorality.Keywords:literaturetheory;characterization;comparison;essence摘要文学是展现作者源于生活、高于生活的见解的创造性结果。通过文学创作，作者不但可以阐述对生活经验的感悟，而且能够抒发其对社会现实本质的认识与理解。在对于英雄形象的理解以及如何解读英雄的内涵方面，东西方文艺创作的表现手法也存在着不同。本文从文学与小说的功能入手，将英国文学的传奇人物亚瑟王与金庸笔下的“神雕侠”杨过作为研究分析对象，通过小说对人物的经历与故事情节的分析进而对比东西方文学在英雄形象方面理解的异同。研究采取对比的方法分析武侠与骑士在不同文化中表象的异同。通过杨过与亚瑟王的英雄故事渊源、背景、经历、为人处世态度等方面的探讨论证，认为，尽管不同的文化在人民心中会孕育不同的英雄形象，但是无论表象在不同文化环境中如何迥异，英雄的本质都是一样的：他们都是集高尚、忠实、大无畏和美德于一体的理想的化身。关键词：文学理论；英雄；对比；本质Contents2165Abstract =11\*romani2165摘要 =２\*romaniiTOC\o"1-3"\h\u25111.Introduction 1169731.1Literature 1257441.1.1Definition 1220861.1.2Function 111751.2Fiction 121652.WUXIAandKNIGHT 3176202.1WUXIAineasternculture 367802.2KNIGHTinwesternculture 321653.TheOriginofLegend 543893.1TheoriginoflegendofheroYangGuo 5159953.2TheoriginoflegendofheroKingArthur 521654.Background 7230364.1YangGuo 7221764.2KingArthur 721655.Experience 8230365.1YangGuo 8221765.2KingArthur 921656.Attitude 113496.1.YangGuo 11255906.2.KingArthur 1121657.Conclusion 132165References 142165Acknowledgments 15 1.Introduction1.1Literature1.1.1DefinitionAccordingtoYangChunshi(2007:16),literatureisaprocessofexperiencingwhichisbasedontheexistingexperience,butalsogoesbeyond.What’smore,itsaestheticfeaturesareimagery,thoughttendency,emotion,virtuosityandpersonalityetc(杨春时2007：29).Literatureistheproductofwhatwritershaveseen,heardandfelt.What’smore,literatureisneitherhistoricalrealitynorthedocumentarywhichcandescribewhathashappenedinthepast,butitcanhelpuslearnthehistorybetter.YangChunshi(2007:226)pointsthatthereareseveralformsofliterature,namely,fiction,poetry,essay,dramaandliteratureoffilmandtelevision.ThispapertakesYangGuoandKingArthurasobjectstostudy,whoaretheprotagonistimagesfromthefictionsrespectivelycalledJinYong’sShenDiaoXiaLü(1994)andSirThomasMalory’sLeMorted’Arthur(theclassicrenditionbyKeithBaines)(2010).Althoughwecouldnottreattheliteratureworksascompletereality,wecouldnotdenythatitwasfromthereality,itperhapshasanarchetypeinrealityorreflectstheimagesorspiritofthereallifeatonetime.WiththepointofYangChunshi（2007：132）,modeofexistenceandexperience,asliteratureis,hasthefeatureofnation.Tosomeextent,thenationfeatureofliteraturewouldshowthenationalspirittoreaders,what’smore,thefirst-classliteratureworkscanbetterspreadthenationalspiritandimagestoreaders,andhelpreadersgetmoreinformationaboutitandbetterunderstandthenation.Literaturecouldhelptoleadreaderstobuildamoreharmoniouslifeandprovideanidealcommunityinthesubjunctiveworld.1.1.2FunctionYangChunshi(2007:84)tellsinherbook,therearefourfunctionsinliterature,theyarepractical,aesthetic,amusingandsocialfunctions.Fromthisdescription,wecouldinferthattheimagesinliteraturearewiththeartprocessing,sotheyarenottheverytruepeopleandtruehistory.Thingsmusthavebeensublimed,thus,weshouldnotreaditliterallyasthehistoryofsomewhereinsometime.Ontheotherhand,itreflectsthewriter’sfeelingandmostofthetimerepresentstheideaofthepeople.Whenwereadtheliteratureworks,westoreast,wecouldfindouttheconnotationandanalysisonhowandwhattheheroicimageswerecreatedinthestories.1.2FictionAccordingtoLuoXuanmin(2006:1),"fictionbroadlydefining,isastorynotentirelyfactual,butatleastpartiallyshaped,made-up,imagined,sowhichlooksmorelikeahybridpieceofartratherthanapureimitationtolife".Inotherwords,fictionisnotjustimaginativelycreatedbythewriterswithoutreasons,butcomesfromtherelativelyrelateddailylifeandappearedabovetherealityoflife.Mostofall,itexpressestheideathatwhattheworldwasorwhatpeopledidintheworldandwhatthepeopleyearnforatacertaintime.Oneofthefunctionsofliteratureistopassthewriters’opiniontoreaders.TakingKingArthurinLeMorted’Arthurforexample,thereisnoreasontoprovethatKingArthurwasanancientmanwhoreallylivedontheearth,however,SirThomasMalory(2010:525)toldusthatinmanypartsofBritain,itwasbelievedthat"KingArthurdidnotdieandthathewouldreturntousandwinfreshgloryandtheHolyCrossofourLordJesusChrist".ItcanbebelievedreasonablythatKingArthurhasnotonlybeenlivingintheworld,butalsowillliveforeverintheglobeinsomeBritainpeople’smind.Tosomeextent,KingArthurcanbeequaltotheimageofahero,whichbetterexplainstheheroismtoBritaineventhewholewesternworld.Similarity,thereisaheronamedYangGuoinJinYong’sfictionShenDiaoXiaLü,whoisoneoftherepresentativeheroesinChinesefictions.Fromtheabove,itwellinterpretsthemeaningandfunctionoffiction,eventhoughitisacreatedimage.What’smore,therearesomanyfamouswritersspecializedinJinYong,suchasPekingUniversityprofessorYanJiayan,ChenMo,whowroteCommentonJinYong’sChivalryNovelsSeries.TherearealsoprofessorsinChineseDepartmentofPekingUniversityChenPingyuan,PekingUniversityprofessorKongQingdong,writerNiKuang,whoallfellinloveofstudyingJinYong’sworks.AndintheJinYongLibraryinXinMaRoadinMacao,thereJinYong’schivalrynovelsinChineseversion,Englishversion,JapaneseversionandIndonesiaversionaredisplayedforreaders.What’smore,hisnovelsarepopularinFrance,Vietnam,MalaysiaandSoutheastAsiaetcaswell.However,notallpeoplewouldhaveacorrectunderstandingofJinYong’schivalrynovels.Forinstance,theAmericabestsellercriticArthur’sworkForeigner’sJinYongTheory(阿尔·蒂尔2003:145),whichdescribedJinYong’schivalrynovelsShenDiaoXiaLüasthereflectionofChinesewrestlinghistoryandthedevelopmentofgrazieryinMongolia,whichhasworsenedJinYong’swork.Ph.DFengXiang(2003:7),whomajoredinmedievalliteratureinHarvardUniversity2.WUXIAandKNIGHT2.1WUXIAineasterncultureIndifferentcultures,heroesownvarioustitles.InancientChina,heroescouldbedividedintotwomaintypes,scholarandWUXIA,andmostofthembelongedtofolkornon-governmentalbodieswhichwerepopulartopeople.IntheworldofWUXIA,heroismmeantnobility,honesty,braveryandmorality.Inmostofthetime,itwasthenon-governmentalbodythatruledthecountry,andtheheroismwasthestandardusedtojudgewhetherwhatonehaddonewasreasonableornot.Andmoralitywasthekeytoestimatewhetheronebehavedwellornot.Consequently,itshapedthemoralruleofthelocallifeinnation.InChineseculture,especiallyinthefictionworks,WUXIAistheonewhofightsfortheweakandstrugglesagainstthestrong,keepingthepeaceandjusticewithhisuniqueskills,beingadmiredbypeopleespeciallybyseveralfemales,buthewouldcareaboutonlyonewomanallthetime.WUXIArepresentstheheroisminvolvedinkeepingpromises,thinkinghighlyoffriendship,tryinghisbesttohelpothers,evenbecomestheimagecreatedtobealmighty,especiallywithhisuniquekungfuthatmadepeoplebelievehecoulddoeverything.Nevertheless,kungfuisnotalmightyinrealworld.itisakindofmartialart.MostwriterswouldmodeltheWUXIAwhowasall-conquering,tosomeextent,whichwasmodelingneedforeye-catching.What’smore,itservedasafoiltothecorruptionorineptnessofthegovernment,andexpressedtheideathatordinarypeoplefeltdisappointedtotheofficial,andtheylivedawoefullifewithoutanyhopetoescapeaway,andtheydreamedsomedaysomeonewouldrescuethey.Therefore,WUXIAappearedtohelptheminsteadoftheofficials.Ofcourse,someWUXIAhavetheirowncharacter,suchassolitary,impulsive,extreme,shrewd,dull,butitneverworsentheimageofhero.Moreover,itreflectsthefactthatnooneisperfecteventhehero.2.2KnightsinwesterncultureInwesternculture,knighthadanothername,hero.Theywerebraveandhonestandtoldthetruthanddefendedthehelplessevenifwhattheydidmightleadtodeath.However,knightswereadmittedbythekingorchurchaftertheyhadreceivedandpassedaseriesoflearning,trainingandexamininginthewestworld(ascitedin《图说天下·世界历史系列》编委会2009:144).AndtheyhadtofollowtheorderfromtheKingandchurch(汉斯-维尔纳·格茨2003:209).Tosomeextent,theimageofknightrepresentedtheimageofthenation,anditshowedthepithandspirittootherswhentraveling.Itwasthehonorthateveryknightwouldfighttoafinishatwhatevercost.Knightswerelinkedwiththefateofthecountry,especiallytheknightsoftheroundtable,wheretheygottogethertodiscusstheeventsaboutthenationandinspiredtheglory.TheybelievedthatitwasGodthatentitledKingArthurtobetheirking.Hence,theknightsmustbefaithfultothekingorchurch,fightforjusticeandtheweakagainstthestrong,andthekingorchurchwouldsupervisethemtohavehumility,honor,sacrifice,valor,compassion,honesty,spirituality,andjustice.Inotherwords,knightswillinglyworkedandservedfortheknightandchurch.Ithasformedtheknights’virtueinthewest.Towesterners,Godisomnipotent.

3.OriginofLegend3.1TheoriginoflegendofheroYangGuoAccordingtoJinYong(1994),YangGuohadfourteachers,namely,OuyangFeng,HuangRong,ZhaoZhijingandXiaoLongnü.AttheendoftheSongDynastyandthebeginningoftheYuanDynasty,inaperiodwithchaoscausedbywar,ifonewantedtoprotecttheweakanddefendself,heshouldbegoodatkungfu.OrphanasYangGuowas,heledahardwaytolearnkungfu.OuyangFeng,anotoriousskillfulmanwithoutmemory,taughtYangGuoHamaGongtocureYangGuo’spoisoningandselfdefence.Nevertheless,itmadeYangGuobeingdiscriminatedbyothers.HuangRongandZhaoZhijingbothwerefamousandskilledpeopleandverballyagreedtoimpartkungfutoYangGuo.However,theyonlytaughthimhowtoreadandrecitekungfubookswithoutanyannouncementtothepublic.ItmadeYangGuobeingmisunderstoodandlookeduponbycommonpeoplewhodidnotrealizewhathadhappened.Gradually,hegothurtinheartandbecameevil.Actually,itwasOuyangFengandXiaoLongnü,mainlyXiaoLongnühadtaughthimhowtobeaskilledman,whichmadehimfeltgratitudetoXiaoLongnüandlearnedfast.Severalyears,hebecameskilled,andthenhislegendbegan.Itwasreasonablethatonepersonlearnedkungfufordefenceduringthechaos,butitwasdifficultforYangGuo,becausehelivedwithimmoralspotwhichwaspassedonbyhisrebelfatherallthetime.ItreflectsthefactthataperfectfamilyplayedanimportantroleintheancientfeudalclasssocietyChina.However,inancientChina,orphanswhowerelikeYangGuocouldhardlyhavetheirdays,theywouldliveahardlifewithoutanyhelp.Thus,YangGuo’simagecouldbetterreflectthatancientChinese’sstrongdesireforahappylifeandsomeonewhocouldhelpthem,buttherewaswithlittlehopeinreality.3.2TheoriginoflegendofheroKingArthurTheoriginoflegendofKingArthurdatedfromtheswordinthestoneandExcalibur.Inparticular,knightswouldprovetheirbraveryandstrengththroughforceandjoust.DifferentfromYangGuo,KingArthurwasnotanorphan,hewasbroughtupinthewilderness,buthewasaprince.What’smore,KingArthur’sparentswerekingandqueen.InancientChina,holyfamilytraditionhadgreatpositiveinfluenceonthedevelopmentofchildren.ButthewesternersweremoreinclinedtobelievethatGodwasthetopruler.Furthermore,itwasmainlyGodthatgavetheirgloryratherthanfamily.Forinstance,SirMalory（2010：5）describedthat"whosopullethoutethisswordofthisstoneandanvyldisrightwyskyngeborneofallBrytaygne".Thatwas,hewhopulledtheswordoutofthisstonewasthetrueKingofBritain.AndonlyArthurcouldpulltheswordinthestoneouteasily.HoldingtheswordoutfromthestonemadeArthurundoubtedlytobethekingofallBritain.However,itbrokewhenhefoughtwithSirPellinore.AndthenMerliguidedhimtogetanotherone,Excalibur,whichwitnessedhisvictories.Excaliburwasalsofullofmagic,especiallythescabbardthatcouldpreventtheownerfrombloodwhateverwoundhegot.Againitprovestheideathatheroesaredeification(anembodimentofthequalitiesofagod),includingtheirbelongings.AnditprovidedKingArthur’sstorythepossibilitytobedeified.Infact,therewasnoevidencetoproveGodcouldbetouchableandvisible.Godwasjustasymbolforbelief.Mostheroesfoughtfortheweakagainstthestrongwiththeirhands,itshowedtheideathatwesternershopedthatheroeswithgod’shelpcouldchangetheunfairworldforthem,andtheyallwerethesonsoftheGod.Therefore,peoplereceivedtheimageofArthurwhostoodfortherepresentationofGod’sexistence.God’salmightypowermadethestoryfullofwonderswithoutquestions.Itreflectsthatatthattimehowurgentlyandsincerelypeoplewishedsomeonecouldappeartorescuethem.Itwasmorelikeanidealdream.Toalargeextent,thesamedreamalsohappenedwithChinese,whentheyalsolivedahardlifeandyearnedforsaviorandjusticeandhappiness.

4.Background4.1YangGuoYangGuowasbornintheSouthernSongDynasty,whenlifewasfullwithchaos(ascitedin金庸1994).Hisancestorswerenationalheroesfightingagainstenemies.HisfatherYangKangwasadoptedbytheenemyastheprince.Whenherealizedthetruth,hewantedtogobackhomeland,yetfeelingunwillingtogiveuphisprince-shipintheJingcountry.What’smore,hekilledmanyheroesandlivedtosatisfyhisdesireforpower.Inotherwords,herepeatedhismistakesandbecameatraitor.YangKangdiedwithnotorietybeforeYangGuowasborn,andlefthisweakwifetoadopttheironlychild.AlthoughYangGuo’sfamilyoncewasfamousforrighteousness,peoplediscriminatedYangGuojustforhisfatherwasarebelandYangGuohadtobeartobelookeddownuponbyfolks.Evenhisname(“过”meansmistake,fault)hadthemeaningofcorrectingmistakeswhichwasgivenbyanotherfamousheroGuoJing.Whatever,hisadoptivefatherOuyangFeng,anotoriousskilledperson,hadalsohadstainonYangGuo.Itobviouslyshowsthataperfectfamilyandgoodhumanrelationshiphaveplayedgreatrolesinone’sdevelopment,especiallyinancientfeudalistChina.Withoutreceivinggoodeducation,YangGuolearnedtobecunningandsophisticated.WhenYangGuowaseleven,hismotherdiedandhebecamehomeless.Later,whenYangGuofellinlovewithXiaoLongnü,oneofhismasters.However,orphanashewas,YangGuodidnotknowhowtomakeacorrectdecisionlivingintheoldcustoms.Inaddition,unfortunately,thelovewasbetweenateacherandastudent,whichwasbynomeansallowedinancientChina(ascitedin孔庆东2009：8).Howcouldpeopleaccepttheideaatthattimethattruelovershouldbethebaseforthematch,ratherthanthepersonwhomyoulovewithoutlimitation,evennationality,gender,race.InChina,theliteratureworksareusedtodescribetheheroes’poorfamilybackgroundstospreadtheideathatthehonorofheroeswouldnotappearwithoutreasons.Goodqualitiescomefromstrugglingandhardship.Ashasbeensaid,itcouldbetterexhibittheheroicimageandtheconceptthatheroeswerenotinnatebuttorturedorseasonedinupsanddowns.4.2KingArthurThefamilymembersofKingArthurwerehisfatherKingUtherPendagron,hismotherQueenIgraine,whowastheex-wifeofDukeofTintagilinCornwall,andhisadoptivefatherSirEctor,hissisterMargawse,hisbrotherSirKay,hiswifeGwynevere,theprincessofCameliard,hissonSirModred（ascitedinSirThomasMalory&ChristopherCannon&KeithBaines2010）.Whenhewasborn,hewasaskedtobeadoptedbySirEctorforhissecurity.Fromthenon,helivedwiththeSirEctor,buttheywerewithoutknowingwhowereArthur’sbiologicalparents.AndArthurwasleadinganormallifeascommonpeopleuntilherevealedtheswordinthestoneandbecamethekingofthenation.UnlikeYangGuo’sheroism,whichwaslinkedwiththecitizensandnation,KingArthur’sheroismwaslinkedwithnationandGod.Butbothwestandeastculturesvaluethefamilytie.Arthurdidnotonlypulltheswordinthestoneout,butalsowasthechildoftheKingUther,whichbetterassuredhisthroningtorescuethewholelands.AccordingtoLeMorted’Arthur(ascitedinSirThomasMalory&ChristopherCannon&KeithBaines2010:1),whenKing’sfatherfellinlovewithhismother,whowashisopponent’swifeatthattime,andhisexperienceofbeingadoptedwhenArthurwasborn,itallmadehimtreatedasanbastardandlaughedatbyothers.Evenafterhewasenthroned,manyotherbaronscovetedhisthrone.However,heconqueredthembyhischarm,thatwasre-establishinglandandestablishingthepeaceandorderinthecounties(ascitedinSirThomasMalory&ChristopherCannon&KeithBaines2010:7).AccordingtoHofstede’sfivedimension(ascitedin许力生2011:106),wecangetthatGreatBritain’sculturehasrelativelyhighindividualismindexthanChina’s.Therefore,wecaninferthatheroesfromwesternculturetakingmorecareofindividualism.Westernheroesaremorelikelytobeupperclass,suchasKingArthurandhisknightsofroundtableinthemedievaltimes.Butwithtimeflying,heroescanbefoundineachclassnow,whichwasinfusion.WhatwasthesamewithChineseliteraturefictionswasinclinedtomodelheroeswhohadsufferedfrommanyordeals,butwasnotonlytheuppernoble.Theywerenotonlyheroestootherpeopleandcountry,butalsoordinarypeopletothemselves,evenhadskeletonsinthecupboard.

5.Experience5.1YangGuoDifferentwithotherheroes,YangGuowasnotonlyanorphanbutalsobecamedisablelater,whichonlyhadonearm.Especiallyinancientfeudalsociety,hisbackground,hischaracterandthenatureofthefeudalsocietyallledhislifetobemuchmoredifficult.Howeverhewasneverbeingtheweak,butconstantlystrovetobecomestronger.AsYangGuohadmanymasters,hegotmanyskills.InChinesemind,theylikedkungfuandbelievedthatitcouldhelpthemstrengthenbodyandprotecttheweakagainstthestrong.Therefore,theauthorswouldexaggeratethefunctionandactionforamusingandexpressingthealmightyimageofheroestoarouseechoinreaders’hearts.AlthoughYangGuoseldomusedHamaGong,itreallybroughthimmanytroubles.ItmainlywasnotthatHamaGongwouldgreatlyhurtothers,butitwascreatedbyOuyangFeng.ButYangGuodidnotcareaboutthestereotype.Forthisreason,hewouldnotchangehismindaccordingtoothers’opinion.What’smore,hehadkeptwaitingandlookingforXiaoLongnüallthetimes,whichbettershowshisgoodcharacterandhisbraverytoagainstthefeudalsociety.AndthelastseparationspanbetweenheandXiaoLongnüwassixteenyears,duringtheseyears,hehadlivedwiththehugeeagle（金庸1994）.ClearlytheauthorpersonifiedittobeamagicalandpowerfuleaglethatassistedYangGuotolearnskills.What’smore,duringthesixteenyears,whenhehadkeptlookingforXiaoLongnü,YangGuooftenusedhisskillstoprotecttheweak,includingpunishedthecorruptofficials,whichpleasedthecitizens.Itwasthehugeeaglewhokeptaccompaniedwithhimmorethansixteenyears,andYangGuowaswiththehugeeagleoftengaveothersahandwhenotherswereintrouble,thuspeoplenamedhimShenDiaoXia（金庸1994）.YangGuohadnotshiftedhisheartonothergirlswhenhebecamefamous,butkeptlookingforXiaoLongnüandstillprotectedtheweakagainstthestrong.InancientChina,itwasapolygamysocietythatamanhavingseveralwivesgotverypopular.HoweverYangGuodidnotfollowsuit,whichmadehisimagemoredistinctiveandprofound.Hewantedtolivewithhisloverandpreservethejusticeinsteadofgettingastandinthesociety.Atthattime,peoplebelievedthatnothingwasmoreimportantthanthepeaceofthenation.Althoughheledatragicchildhoodanddidnotknowhowtogetalongwithotherslikethepublic,hewouldgiveothersahandiftheyneeded,whichshowshismoralityandnobility,andmatchestheChineseculture,thatistoleranceandenthusiasm.Hisexperiencewasclosetocitizens’life,whichgavecommonpeoplemuchcouragetostriveagainsttheouterpressure.TheauthoradoptedsuchasadbackgroundandroughexperiencetodescribeYangGuo,mainlyindicatedthatevenpoorpeoplecouldleadahappylifethroughtheireffortswhileitwaswithlittlepossibilityinancientChina.Theheroicimagefurthergotmanyexpectationsfromtheancientpeople,whichturnedimpossibleintopossibleinpeople’smindandthenovels.5.2KingArthurKingArthur’slifecouldbegeneralizeashisexperienceofunityofallBritain,conquestofRomeandfoundationoftheknightsoftheRoundTable（ascitedinSirThomasMalory&ChristopherCannon&KeithBaines2010:533).PowerfulkingasKingArthurwas,hegotmuchrespectfromhiscitizensandhewasaliveinBritishers’minds.Bastardashewas,hislifemustbeunderpressureofpublicandchallenge.