阅读冲刺考博1讲义

细节题:定位对比猜词题:前后对照主旨题:Thesecondmajorcauseofthechangesinculturalthatwearewitnessingatthepresenttimeistheradicaltransformationoftheeconomicenvironmentinwhichculturalgoodsareproduced，distributedandconsumed，broughtaboutbywhatislooselyreferredtoas“globalization”.Thistermiswidelyusedinthecontemporarydiscoursetoidentifyaseriesofrelatedtrendsthatcanbeobservedineconomic，socialandgeopoliticalspheres.Essentially，globalizationcanbedefinedasthreephenomena:labobeteencountriesandregions;theemergenceofaglobalmarketceformanycommodities，withincreasedcommercialopportunitiesforbothnationalandtransnationalcompanies;andtheinternationalizationofcommunications，leadingto，amongotherthings，thetransmissionofculturalsymbolsandmessagesaroundtheworld.Therearebothtechnologicalandeconomiccausesunderlyingthesephenomena;thedigitalrevolution，theexplosionincomputationalpoweravailableacrossawiderangeofapplications，thegrowthoftheinternetandtheinventionofnewdevicesforcommunicationanddatatransmissionhavetogetherprovidedthetechnologicalimpetusforglobalization，whileitsoperationshavebeenenabledbyawidespreadacceptanceofneoliberaleconomicprinciplesasthebasisfornationalandinternational-making.Theeffectsofthesetrendsons，creativeworkers，commercialand havebeenprofound.Tobeginwith，ontheproductionsidenewcommunicationstechnologistshavefosterednewformsofculturalexpressionandopenedupnewavenuesforculturalexchange.Atthecuttingedge，sworkinginnewmediaareexperimentingwithinnovativemethodsformakingartandcommunicatingittoconsumers;thesedevelopmentscanbelikenedtoR&Dactivitiesinindustry，giventhattheeventualpayoff(inboth icandcommercialterms)isuncertainbutcouldbesubstantial.ManuelCaslshasobservedthatthisnewtechnologicalenvironmentcanbedescribedasculturalinsofarasitsdynamicsaredependenton"thecultureofinnovation，onthecultureofrisk，onthecultureofexpectationsand，ultimay，onthecultureofhopeinthefuture.businessoperations，throughimprovedinformationandmarketingservices，moreefficientmanagementsystems，andsoon.Forexample，museumsandgalleriesaredigitizingtheircollections，performinggroupsareadoptingelectronicticketing，newspapersarebeingmadeavailableon-line.Atthesametime，threatshaveemergedtotraditionalmodesofculturalproductionanddistribution，nowheremoreevidentthaninthemusicindustry，whereillegaldownloadsfromtheinternetcontinuetoaffecttherevenuestreamsofperformers，publishersandrecordcompanies.Thebesttitleforthepassageis TheCulturalCausesofTheEmergenceofWhichofthefollowingphenomenacloselyrelatedto“globalization”isNOTmentionedinthepassage?TheemergenceofaglobalmarketceformanyThetransmissionofculturalsymbolsandmessagesaroundtheOneofthecausesunderlyingtheglobalizationtrendsis themovementoflaborresourcesacrossthethesupportof-makersacrosstheWhichofthefollowingisTRUEabouttheeffectsofglobalizationonculturalTheeffectsofglobalizationon sandcreativeworkershavebeenmoreprofoundthanonculturalagenciesandinstitutions.MuseumsandgalleriescandisyandselltheirdigitizedDownloadsfromtheinternetcontinuetoaffecttherevenuestreamsofperformers，publishersandrecordcompanies.Thewordimpetusinparagraph1isclosestinmeaning TextFormanyenvironmentalists,allhumaninfluenceonthenetisbad.Manynaturalscientistsimplicitlysharethisoutlook.Thisisnotunscientific,butitcancreatetheimpressionthatgreensandenvironmentalscientistsareauthoritariantree-huggerswhovaluenatureabovepeople.Thatdoesn’tywellwithmainstreamsociety,astheapparentbacklashagainstclimatescienceEnvironmentalistsneedtofindanewstorytol.Likeitornot,wenowliveintheanthropocene(人类世)-anageinwhichhumansareperturbingmanyofthenet’snaturalsystemsfromthewatertotheacidityoftheoceansWecannotwishthatawaywemustrecognizeitandmanageoutimpacts.JohanRockstrom,headoftheStockholmEnvironmentInstituteinSweden,andcolleagueshavedistilledrecentresearchonhowEarthsystemworkintoalistofnine“netaryboundaries”thatwemuststaywithintolivesustainably.Itispreliminarywork,andmanywilldisagreewithwheretheboundariesareset.Butthepointistoofferanewwayofthinkingaboutourrelationshipwiththeenvironment-ascience-basedpicturethatacceptsacertainlevelofhumanimpactandevenallowsussomeroomtoexpand.Theresultisabreathoffreshairthoughwearealreadywellpastthreeoftheboundaries,wehaven’ttrashedtheceyet.ItisinthesamespiritthatwealsoprobethebasisforkeyclaimsintheInterernmentalPanelonClimateChange’s2007reportonclimateimpacts.ThisreporthasbeenmuchdiscussedsinceourrevelationsaboutitsunsubstantiatedstatementonmeltingHimalayanglaciers.Whyreturntothetopic?BecausethereisasensethattheIPCCsharesthesameanti-humanagendaand,asaresult,istoodangerousofunverifiednumbers.Whilethemajorityofthereportisassuredlyrigorous,thereisnoescathefactthatpartsofitmakeclaimsthatgobeyondtheForexample,thechapteronAfricaexaggeratesaclaimaboutcrashesinfarmyields,andalsohighlightsprojectionsofincreasedwaterstressinsomeregionswhileignoringprojectionsinthesamestudythatpointtoreducedwaterstressinotherAboveall,weneedadispassionateviewofthestateofthenetandourlikelyfutureimpactonit.Thereisnoroomforcomcency:Rockstrom’sysisshowsusthatwefacerealdangers,butexaggeratingourproblemsisnotthewaytosolveAsthe1stparagraphimplies,thereisbetweenenvironmentalistsandmainstreamsociety B.aC.aD.aWithinthenetaryboundaries,asRochstrom wehumanshavegonefarbeyondtheourhumanactivitiesareactuallymoderateinac