1994年全国入学统一考试英语试题

1994年入学统一考试英语试Section StructureandPartBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5BythetimeyouarriveinLondon,we inEuropefortwoshallhavewillhavehavebeenIappreciated theopportunitytostudyabroadtwoyearshavingbeenhavingtohavebeentohaveLivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblems, obtainingwaterisnottheleast.offorTheheartis inligentthanthestomach,fortheyarebothcontrolledbythebrain.notnotmuchno thefactthathisinitialexperimentshadfailed,Prof.Whitepersistedinhisresearch.BecauseAsInspiteInviewnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatit inareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofistobehasbeenbeshouldhavebeenThemillionsofcalculationsinvolved,hadtheybeendonebyhand, practicalvaluebythetimetheywerefinished.couldwouldhavemightoughttohaveNobreadeatenbymanissosweetas earnedbyhisownItisn’tcoldenoughforthere afrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.wouldtoScientistsgenerallyagreethattheEarth’sclimatewillwarmupoverthenext50to100years ithaswarmedinthe20,000yearssincetheIceAge.aslongasmuchassoonaswellPartEachofthefollowingsentenceshasfourunderlinedpartsmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].IdentifythepartofthesentencethatisincorrectandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebrackets.(5SimilarelementsintheprehistoricA

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workoftheBritisheconomistPartCBeneatheachofthefollowingsentences,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Choosetheonethatbestcompletesthesentence.MarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Pleasedonotbe byhisbadmannerssinceheismerelytryingtoattractCraigassuredhisbossthathewould allhisenergiesinngthisnewcallcallcallcallToomuch toX-rayscancauseskinburns,cancerorotherdamagetotheWhenconfrontedwithsuchquestions,mymindgoes ,andIcanhardlyremembermyowndateofbirth.Itiswellknownthatknowledgeisthat conditionforexpansionofMorethantwohundredyearsagotheUnitedStates fromtheBritishEmpireand eanindependentcountry.gotpulledbrokedroppedCareshouldbetakentodecreasethelengthoftimethatoneis continuousnoise.subjectedfilledassociatedattachedSomeofthemostimportantconceptsinphysics theirsuccesstothesemathematicalsystems.Asyourinstructoradvised,yououghttospendyourtimeonsomething researchingAsadefenseagainstair-pollutiondamage,manyntsandanimals substancetoabsorbharmfulchemicals.Withoutthefrictionbetweentheirfeetandtheground,peoplewould abletowalk.innobyallinnoonanyWhilety,Helenhasahabitofstop togiveherlongandflowinghairasmooth.OnereasonforthesuccessesofAsianimmigrantsintheU.S.isthattheyhavetakengreat toeducatetheirchildren.Ifanymanheredoesnotagreewithme,heshould hisownnforimprovingthelivingconditionsofthesepeople.putputputputIsupportyourdecision,butIshouldalsomakeitclearthatIamnotgoingto toTheEnglishlanguagecontainsa(n) ofwordswhicharecomparativelyseldomusedinordinaryconversation.Inmyopinion,youcanwidenthe oftheseimprovementsthroughyouractiveparticipation. Thenewsitemaboutthefireisfollowedbyadetailedreportmade ontheontheontheontheTheremarkable oflifeontheGalapagosIslandsinspiredCharlesDarwintoestablishhistheoryofevolution.Section ClozeForeachnumberedblankinthefollowingpassage,therearefourchoicesmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(10points)Thefirstandsmallestunitthatcanbediscussedinrelationtolanguageistheword.Inspeaking,thechoiceofwordsis大41家theutmostimportance.Properwilleliminateonesourceof大42家breakdowninthecommunicationcycle.Toooften,carelessuseofwords大43家ameetingofthemindsofthespeakerandlistener.Thewordsusedbythespeakermay大44家unfavorablereactionsinlistener大45家interferewithhiscomprehensionhence,thetransmission-receptionsystembreaksdown.大46家,inaccurateorindefinitewordsmaymake大47家difficultforthelistenertounderstandthe大48家whichisbeingtransmittedtohim.Thespeakerwhodoesnothavespecificwordsinhisworkingvocabularymaybe大49家toexinordescribeina大50家thatcanbeunderstoodbyhislisteners.[A][A][A][D][A]pass[B]take[C]back[D]stir[A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D][A][B][C][D]SectionIIIReadingEachofthepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswersmarked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.ThenmarkyouransweronANSWERSHEET1byblackeningthecorrespondingletterinthebracketswithapencil.(40points)TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.Privatebusinessmen,strivingtomakeprofits,producethesegoodsandservicesincompetitionwithotherbusinessmenandtheprofitmotive,operatingundercompetitivepressures,largelydetermineshowthesegoodsandservicesareproduced.Thus,intheAmericaneconomicsystemitisthedemandofindividualconsumers,coupledwiththedesireofbusinessmentoizeprofitsandthedesireofindividualstoizetheir es,thattogetherdeterminewhatshallbeproducedandhowresourcesareusedtoproduceit.Animportantfactorinamarket-orientedeconomyisthemechanismbywhichconsumerdemandscanbeexpressedandrespondedtobyproducers.IntheAmericaneconomy,thismechanismisprovidedbyapricesystem,aprocessinwhichpricesriseandfallinresponsetorelativedemandsofconsumersandsofferedbyseller-producers.Iftheproductisinshortsupplyrelativetothedemand,thepricewillbebidupandsomeconsumerswillbeeliminatedfromthemarket.If,ontheotherhand,producingmoreofacommodityresultsinreducingitscost,thiswilltendtoincreasethesupplyofferedbyseller-producers,whichinturnwilllowerthepriceandpermitmoreconsumerstobuytheproduct.Thus,priceistheregulatingmechanismintheAmericaneconomicsystem.Theimportantfactorinaprivate-enterpriseeconomyisthatindividualsareallowedtoownproductiveresources(privateproperty),andtheyarepermittedtohirelabor,gaincontrolovernaturalresources,andproducegoodsandservicesforsaleataprofit.IntheAmericaneconomy,theconceptofprivatepropertyembracesnotonlytheownershipofproductiveresourcesbutalsocertainrights,includingtherighttodeterminethepriceofaproductortomakeacontractwithanotherprivateInLine8,Paragraph1,“thedesireofindividualstoizetheir means Americansareneversatisfiedwith Americanstendtooverstate Americanswanttohave esAmericanswanttoincreasethepurchasingpowerof Thefirsttwosentencesinthesecondparagraphlusthat producerscansatisfytheconsumersbymechanizedconsumerscanexpresstheirdemandsthroughproducersdecidethepricesofsupplyanddemandregulateAccordingtothepassage,aprivate-enterpriseeconomyischaracterized privatepropertyandrightsmanpowerandnaturalresourcesownershipofproductivecontractsandpricesThepassageismainlyabout howAmericangoodsarehowAmericanconsumersbuytheirhowAmericaneconomicsystemhowAmericanbusinessmenmaketheirOnehundredandthirteenmillionAmericanshaveatleastonebank-issuedcreditcard.Theygivetheirownersautomaticcreditinstores,restaurants,andhos,athome,acrossthecountry,andevenabroad,andtheymakemanybankingservicesavailableaswell.Moreandmoreofthesecreditcardscanbereadautomatically,makingitpossibletowithdrawordepositmoneyinscatteredlocations,whetherornotthelocalbranchbankisopen.Formanyofusthe“cashlesssociety”isnotonthehorizon--it’salreadyWhilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.Electroniccashregisterscandomuchmorethansimplyringupsales.Theycankeepawiderangeofrecords,includingwhosoldwhat,when,andtowhom.Thisinformationallowsbusinessmentokeeptrackoftheirlistofgoodsbyshowingwhichitemsarebeingsoldandhowfasttheyaremoving.Decisionstoreorderorreturngoodstorscanthenbemade.Atthesametimethesecomputersrecordwhichhoursarebusiestandwhichemployeesarethemostefficient,allowingnelandstaffingassignmentstobemadeaccordingly.Andtheyalsoidentifypreferredcustomersforpromotional ns.Computersarereliedonbymanufacturersforsimilarreasons.Computer-yzedmarketingreportscanhelptodecidewhichproductstoemphasizenow,whichtodevelopforthefuture,andwhichtodrop.Computerskeeptrackofgoodsinstock,ofrawmaterialsonhand,andevenoftheproductionprocessitself.Numerousothercommercialenterprises,fromtheaterstomagazinepublishers,toconsumersthroughtheuseofAccordingtothepassage,thecreditcardenablesitsownerto withdrawasmuchmoneyfromthebankasheobtainmoreconvenientservicesthanotherpeopleenjoygreatertrustfromthecashmoneywhereverhewishesFromthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphwelearnthat inthefuturealltheAmericanswillusecreditcreditcardsaremainlyusedintheUnitedStatesnowadaysmanyAmericansdonotpayinitisnowmoreconvenienttousecreditcardsthanThephrase“ringupsales”(Line3,Para.2)mostprobablymeans makeanorderofrecordsalesonacashcallthesaleskeeptrackofthegoodsinWhatisthispassagemainlyApproachestothecommercialuseofConveniencesbroughtaboutbycomputersinSignificanceofautomationincommercialAdvantagesofcreditcardsinExceptionalchildrenaredifferentinsomesignificantwayfromothersofthesameage.Forthesechildrentodeveloptotheirfulladultpotential,theireducationmustbeadaptedtothosedifferences.Althoughwefocusontheneedsofexceptionalchildren,wefindourselvesdescribingtheirenvironmentaswell.Whiletheleadingactoronthestagecapturesourattention,weareawareoftheimportanceofthesupportingyersandthesceneryoftheyitself.Boththefamilyandthesocietyinwhichexceptionalchildrenliveareoftenthekeytotheirgrowthanddevelopment.Anditisinthepublicschoolsthatwefindthefullexpressionofsociety’sunderstanding--theknowledge,hopes,andfearsthatarepassedontothenextgeneration.Educationinanysocietyisamirrorofthatsociety.Inthatmirrorwecanseetheitself.Thegreatinterestinexceptionalchildrenshowninpubliceducationoverthepastthreedecadesindicatesthestrongfeelinginoursocietythatallcitizens,whatevertheirspecialconditions,deservetheopportunitytofullydeveloptheircapabilities.“Allmenarecreatedequal.”We’vehearditmanytimes,butitstillhasimportantmeaningforeducationinademocraticsociety.Althoughthephrasewasusedbythisequalityofopportunity.Thatconceptimplieseducationalopportunityforallchildren-therightofeachchildtoreceivehelpinlearningtothelimitsofhisorhercapacity,whetherthatcapacitybesmallorgreat.Recentcourtdecisionshaveconfirmedtherightofallchildren--disabledornot--toanappropriateeducation,andhaveorderedthatpublicschoolstakethenecessarystepstoprovidethateducation.Inresponse,schoolsaremodifyingtheirprograms,adaptinginstructiontochildrenwhoareexceptional,tothosewhocannotprofitsubstantiallyfromregularprograms.InParagraph2,theauthorcitestheexampleoftheleadingactoronthestagetoshowthat thegrowthofexceptionalchildrenhasmuchtodowiththeirfamilyandtheexceptionalchildrenaremoreinfluencedbytheirfamiliesthannormalchildrenexceptionalchildrenarethekeyinterestofthefamilyandtheneedsofthesocietyweighmuchheavierthantheneedsoftheexceptionalThereasonthattheexceptionalchildrenreceivesomuchconcernineducationisthat theyareexpectedtobeleadersofthethey eaburdenofthetheyshouldfullydeveloptheirdisabledchildrendeservespecialThispassagemainlydealswith thedifferencesofchildrenintheirlearningthedefinitionofexceptionalchildreninmodernthespecialeducationalprogramsforexceptionalthenecessityofadaptingeducationtoexceptionalFromthispassagewelearnthattheeducationalconcernforexceptional isnowenjoyinglegaldisagreeswiththetraditionofthewasclearlystatedbythecountry’swillexertgreatinfluenceovercourt“Ihavegreatconfidencethatbytheendofthedecadewe’llknowinvastdetailhowcancercellsarise,”saysmicrobiologistRobertWeinberg,anexpertoncancer.“But,”hecautions,“somepeoplehavetheideathatonceoneunderstandsthecauses,thecurewillrapidlyfollow.ConsiderPasteur,hediscoveredthecausesofmanykindsofinfections,butitwasfiftyorsixtyyearsbeforecureswereavailable.”Thisyear50percentofthe910,000peoplewhosufferfromcancerwillsurviveatleastfiveyears.Intheyear2000,theNationalCancerInstituteestimates,thatfigurewillbe75percent.Forsomeskincancers,thefive-yearsurvivalrateisashighas90percent.Butothersurvivalstatisticsarestilldiscouraging13percentforlungcancer,and2percentforcancerofthepancreas(胰腺).Withasmanyas120varietiesinexistence,discoveringhowcancerworksisnoteasy.Theresearchersmadegreatprogressintheearly1970s,whentheydiscoveredthatoncogenes,whicharecancer-causinggenes(),areinactiveinnormalcells.Anythingfromcosmicraystoradiationtodietmayactivateadormantoncogene,buthowremainsunknown.Ifseveraloncogenesaredrivenintoaction,thecell,unabletoturnthemoff, escancerous.Theexactmechanismsinvolvedarestillmysterious,butthelikelihoodthatmanycancersareinitiatedatthelevelofgenessuggeststhatwewillneverpreventallcancers.“Changesareanormalpartoftheevolutionaryprocess,”saysoncologistWilliamHayward.EnvironmentalfactorscanneverbetotallyeliminatedasHaywardpointsout,“Wecan’tprepareamedicineagainstcosmicrays.”Theprospectsforcure,thoughstilldistant,are“First,weneedtounderstandhowthenormalcellcontrolsitself.Second,wehavetodeterminewhethertherearealimitednumberofgenesincellswhicharealwaysresponsibleforatleastpartofthetrouble.Ifwecanunderstandhowcancerworks,wecancounctitsaction.”TheexampleofPasteurinthepassageisusedto predictthatthesecretofcancerwillbedisclosedinaindicatethattheprospectsforcuringcancerareprovethatcancerwillbecuredinfiftytosixtywarnthatthereisstillalongwaytogobeforecancercanbeTheauthorimpliesthatbytheyear2000, therewillbeadrasticriseinthefive-yearsurvivalrateofskin-cancer90percentoftheskin-cancerpatientstodaywillstillbethesurvivalstatisticswillbefairlyevenamongpatientswithvarioustherewon’tbeadrasticincreaseofsurvivalrateofallcancerOncogenesarecancer-causinggenes thatarealwaysinoperationinahealthywhichremainunharmfulsolongastheyarenotthatcanbedrivenoutofnormalwhichnormalcellscan’tturnTheword“dormant”inthethirdparagraphmostprobablymeans Discoveriesinscienceandtechnologyarethoughtby“untaughtminds”tocomeinblindingflashesorastheresultofdramaticaccidentsSirAlexanderFlemingdidnot,aslegendwouldhaveit,lookatthemold霉onapieceofcheeseandgettheideaforpenicillinthereandthen.Heexperimentedwithantibacterialsubstancesfornineyearsbeforehemadehisdiscovery.Inventionsandinnovationsalmostalwayscomeoutoflaborioustrialanderror.Innovationislikesoccereventhebestyersmissthegoalandhavetheirshotsblockedmuchmorefrequentlythantheyscore.Thepointisthattheyerswhoscoremostaretheoneswhotakemostshotsatthegoal--andsoitgoeswithinnovationinanyfieldofactivity.Theprimedifferencebetweeninnovatorsandothersisoneofapproach.Everybodygetsideas,butinnovatorsworkconsciouslyontheirs,andtheyfollowthemthroughuntiltheyprovepracticableorotherwise.Whatordinarypeopleseeasfanciful ions,professionalinnovatorsseeassolidpossibilities.inngthingsthewaytheyhavealwaysbeendone,”wroteRudolphFlesch,alanguageauthority.Thisaccountsforourreactiontoseeminglysimpleinnovationslikesticgarbagebagsandsuitcasesonwheelsthatmakelifemoreconvenient:“Howcomenobodythoughtofthatbefore?”Thecreativeapproachbeginswiththepropositionthatnothingisasitappears.Innovatorswillnotacceptthatthereisonlyonewaytodoanything.FacedwithgettingfromAtoB,theaveragewillautomaticallysetoutonthebest-knownandapparentlysimplestroute.Theinnovatorwillsearchforalternatecourses,whichmayproveeasierinthelongrunandareboundtobemoreinterestingandchallengingeveniftheyleadtodeadends.HighlycreativeindividualsreallydomarchtoadifferentWhatdoestheauthorprobablymeanby“untaughtmind”inthefirstAignorantofthehardworkinvolvedinAcitizenofasocietythatrestrictsalAwhohashadnoAnindividualwhooftencomesupwithnewideasbyAccordingtotheauthor,whatdistinguishesinnovatorsfromnon-ThevarietyofideastheyTheinligencetheyThewaytheydealwithThewaytheypresenttheirTheauthorquotesRudolphFleschinParagraph3because RudolphFleschisthebest-knownexpertinthestudyofhumanthequotationstrengthenstheassertionthatcreativeindividualslookfornewwaysofngthingsthereaderisfamiliarwithRudolphFlesch’spointofthequotationaddsanewideatotheinformationpreviouslyThephrase“marchtoadifferentdrummer”(thelastlineofthepassage)suggeststhathighlycreativeindividualsare diligentinpursuingtheirreluctanttofollowcommonwaysofngdevotedtotheprogressofconcernedabouttheadvanceofSectionIVEnglish-Readthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsentencesinto.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(15points)Accordingtothenewschoolofscientists,technologyisanoverlookedinexpandingthehorizonsofscientificknowledge.(71)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.(72)“Inshort,”aleaderofthenewschoolcontends,“thescientificrevolution,aswecallit,waslargelytheimprovementandinventionanduseofaseriesofinstrumentsthatexpandedthereachofscienceininnumerabledirections.”(73)Overtheyear