专八07级语言学备考要点

Conversionisaword-formationwherebyawordofacertainword-classisshiftedintoawordofanotherwithouttheadditionofanaffix.Itisalsocalledzeroderivation(零位派生).AcronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandpronouncedasAcronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.(Is)theprocessbywhichwordsorphrasesarecreatedorre-formedaccordingtotheexistingpatternsinthelanguage.Syntaxisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudies howwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthat erntheformationofthesentences.Insomelanguages, ticalgenderhadlittletodowiththe Descriptivevs.Don'tsayPeopledon'tsayThefirstisaprescriptivecommand,whilethesecondisadescriptive–Thedistinctionliesinprescribinghowthingsoughttobeanddescribinghowthingsare.Inthe18thcentury,allthemainEuropeanlanguageswerestudiedTheSTRUCTURALapproachtotheysisofLanguagewasstartedbytheSwisslinguistFerdinanddeSaussureinthebeginningofthe20thcentury.Therearesyntacticconditionsandsemanticconditionsthewordsmust4-2-aTheboykickedthe4-2-b*Boytheballkicked4-2-c*TheballkickedtheWordsinand4-2-bviolatesyntacticrulesandin4-2-cviolatesemanticTheSyntagmaticrelation(结构关系,组合关系)istherelationbetweenoneitemandothersinasequence,orbetweenelementswhichareallpresent.Theparadigmaticrelation(聚合体关系SaussureoriginallycalledASSOCIATIVE,isarelationholdingbetweenelementsreceablewitheachotherataparticularceinstructure,orbetweenoneelementpresentandtheothersabsent.ThesequencewhichasignformswiththoseinasyntagmaticrelationissometimescalledaTousethewordinamorerestrictedsense,andtheclassofsignswhichareinaparadigmaticaresometimescalledaThesyntagmaticrelationisnowadaysalsorefereedtoasHORIZONALRELATIONorchainAndtheparadigmaticrelationisalsoknownastheVERTICALrelationorCHOICEimmediate Thisnotion(immediateconstituent)wasproposedbytheAmericanlinguistLeonardBloomfield(Language,1933.)Thisconstructionmaybeasentence,maybeawordgroup,mayalsobeaword.Thelastlevelofconstituentsismorphemes,knownasultimate ，bracketinguprightlines（竖）,oranyother.In1957,theAmericanlinguistChomskyproposedthetransformational-generativegr (TG)(转换生成语法),thusprovidingamodelforthedescriptionofhumanlanguages.ThegoalofTGistofindoutasystemofrulestoaccountforthelinguisticcompetenceofnativespeakersofalanguagetoformgr ticalsentences.Inhisaspectsofthetheoryofsyntax,Chomskysaysthatagenerativegr rshouldconsistofthreecomponents:syntactic,phonological,andsemantic.theloveof isaonlysurfacestructure.ThereareinfacttwodeepGodlovesSomebodylovesTheremayalsobeafunctionalysisintermsofTHEMEandRHEME.VilemMathesiusInhisterminology,thefirsttermrefersto“thatwhichisknownoratleastobviousinthegivensituationandfromwhichthespeakerproceeds”,andthesecond“whatthespeakerstatesout,orinregardto,thestartingpointoftheutnce”(Danes1974).Thethemeisthestartingpointforthemessage;itisthegroundfromwhichtheclauseistakingoff.(Halliday1994:38)Thenamingtheory（命名说）isoneoftheoldestnotionsconcerningmeaning.Accordingtothistheory,thelinguisticformsorsymbols,inotherwords,thewordsusedinalanguagearesimplylabelsoftheobjectstheystandfor.Theconceptualistview（概念论）isoneconcerningmeaning.Accordingtothisview,thereisnodirectlinkbetweenalinguisticformandwhatitrefersto.Accordingtothisview,themeaningofalanguageformisthe“situationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheresponseitcallsforthinthehearer”.(Bloomfield1933:139)Contextualism（语境论：isaviewconcerningmeaningwhichholdsthatmeaningshouldbestudiedintermsofsituation,use,context.Samereferencebutdifferent Theeveningstar west.(sunset)Themorning east.Sameobject(samereference)butdifferentsense(differentaspect);differentwaysofreferringtothesamething.Conceptualmeaningisalsocalled“denotative”（外延义）or“cognitivemeaningThisreferstothedefinitiongiveninthedictionary.Connotativemeaningmayvaryaccordingtoculture,historicalperiodandtheexperienceoftheindividual,andthusareindeterminateandopen-ended.–Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowards orthinginHomonymyreferstocaseswherelexemeswiththesamephonologicalormorphologicalshapehavedifferentmeanings.Accordingtothesemanticrelationship,antonymscanbelooselydividedintothreeComplementaryantonyms互补性反义Complementaryantonymsarealsocallednon-gradableantonyms.Theyarelexemesorexpressionswhosecrucialsemanticfeaturesaremutuallyexclusive.Thepositiveofonesuggeststhenegativeoftheother.male---female;married---single;alive---Gradableantonyms可分等级的反义词)Thereareoftenintermediateformbetweenthetwomembersofapairofantonyms.Soitisamatterofdegree.“old”and“young”Relationalantonyms（关系反义词）Theyarepairsoflexemesorexpressionswhosecrucialsemanticfeaturesdisyareciprocal(相互的)relationship.husband---MyonlylovesprungfrommyonlyTooearlyseenunknown,andknowntooAntonymscanalsobeusedasarhetoricaldevicetomaketheexpressionsmorecontrastiveandToachieveemphasisbyputtingcontrastingideastogether,toexpresseconomicallytheoppositeofaparticularthought.Meronymyisatermusedtodescribeapart-wholerelationshipbetweenlexicalHyponymyisusedtorefertoaspecific-generalsemanticrelationshipbetweenlexicalthestudyoflanguageinuseorlanguagecommunication;thestudyoftheuseofcontexttomakeinferenceaboutmeaning.Semantics----isthestudyofthelilmeaningofasentence(withouttakingcontextinto thestudyoftheintendedmeaningofaspeaker(takingcontextinto?“Golfyed logicallyincorrect;butitmightbeappropriatepragmaticallycertainSpeechactsisatermderivedfromtheworkofthephilosopherJ.L.Austin(1962)andnowusedtorefertoatheorywhichyzestheroleofutncesinrelationtothebehaviorofthespeakerandthehearerininter alcommunication.Threespeechacts:locutionary,illocutionaryandLocutionaryact:actofutteringwords,phrases,Illocutionaryact:theactofexpressingthespeaker’sPerlocutionaryact:theactperformedbyorresultingfrosayingsomething,theconsequenceoftheut Constatives:sentenceswhichdescribethings(TrueorPerformatives:sentenceswhichdonotdescribethings,buttheut nceofthesentencesisthengofanaction.CooperativeMakeyourconversationalcontributionsuchasrequiredatthestageatwhichitoccursbytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged.A:Thehostessisanawfulbore.Don’tyouthink?B:Therosesinthegardenarebeautifularen’tthey?(了关联原则，答非所问.)Idon’twanttomakeanycommentsonthehostessinsucharudeA:Let’sgetthekidsB:Okay,butIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-(了方式原则，拐弯抹角，咬文嚼字，其中必有缘故含义：Idon’twantthechildrentoknowwearetalkingaboutice-ConversationalA:Wearelookingto ingyouagainnexttimewhendelegationreturntoTokyoin oftheSpringGirl.”B:“TheairinTokyoiswarmandfriendly,butMarchinthefamouscityofGuangzhouseemstohavestrongerspringatmosphereofsouthernstylein .Especiallywhenyoutakeabird’seyeviewfromtheever-flyingWhiteSwanHosituatedonthebankoftheclearwaterZhujiangRiver,you’llenjoyyourselvessomuchtoforgettoreturnhome.”Mrs.Li,IagreewithmostofwhatyouActually,theimplicatureis“ThereissomethinginwhatyousaidthatIcannotagreeSpeakersgiveuscluesaboutwhentheyarefinishedspeaking,aboutwhentheyaregoingtochangeatopic,orwhentheyexpectustospeakornottospeak.Thesecluesareknownasdiscoursemarkers.SociolinguisticsstudiesallaspectsoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandDiglossia:Twodistinctvarietiesofthesamelanguageareused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.Code-Switching:BilingualsoftenswitchbetweentheirtwolanguagesinthemiddleofaThedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesintheobstructionofPhonologystudiesthesoundsystemsinacertainOfallthespeechorgans,thetongueisthemostArticulatoryphoneticsmainlystudiestheproductionofWhichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage? A. B.DisC. D.【2】Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortoB.speechysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationC.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue D.Alloftheabove【3】Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa studyofA. B.C. D.【4】AccordingtoF.deSaussure, referstothe linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.A. B. C. D.【5】Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled A.dis B. C. D.cultural【6】Distinctivefeaturescanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsare A.phonetic B.immediateC.suprasegmental D.semantic【7】A vowelisonethatisproducedwiththefrontpartofthetonguemaintainingthehighestposition.A. B. C. D.【8】Themorpheme“vision”inthecommonword“evision”isa(n) A.bound B.boundC.inflectional D.9】Thepartofspeechofthecompoundsisgenerallydeterminedbythepartofspeech A.thefirst B.thesecondC.eitherthefirstorthesecond D.boththefirstandthesecond【10】 isabranchofgr rwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.A. B. C. D.【11】Alinguisticsituationinwhichtwostandardlanguagesareusedeitherbyanindividualorbyagroupofspeakersiscalled A.situational B. C.linguistic D.【12】SyntacticchangeincludesallthefollowingEXCEPT A.rule B.affix C.rule D.rule【13】Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetter A.howwordsandphrasesformB.whatconstitutesthe ticalityofstringsofC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossibleD.Allofthe【14】Whichisthesmallestunitoflanguageintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent? A. B. C. D.15】Whichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsareA. B. C. D.【16】Thesentencestructureis A.only B.Only plexD.bothlinearand【17】Allwordscontaina A.root B.bound C. D.【18】Therelationshipbetween"fruit"and"apple" A. B. C. D.【19】Thepartofthegr rthatrepresentsaspeaker'sknowledgeofthestructureofphrasesandsentencesiscalled A. B. C. D.【20】Themeaningcarriedbytheinflectionalmorphemeis A. B. C. D. Commentonthefollowinglinguisticphenomena1】a:Don'tsayb:Peopledon'tsay2a:Boytheballkickedthe.b:Theballkickedthe3】theloveofa:Godlovessomebodyb:Somebodyloves4】MyonlylovesprungfrommyonlyTooearlyseenunknown,andknowntoo5】a:Let’sgetthekidsb:Okay,butIvetoI-C-E-C-R-E-A-【6 yzethedifferentthematicmeaninginthefollowingA:TheyoungmandonatedthecarB:Thecarwasdonatedbytheyoungman7】/p/=[phpp¬8】AWe’llallmissBillandRose,won’tB:Well,we’llallmiss9】AThehostessisanawfulbore.Don’tyouB:Therosesinthegardenarebeautiful,aren’t【10】ASomeonehaseatentheicingoftheB:Itwasn’tAnswerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary.1whatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?2Whatarethethreecategoriesofantonyms?【3】Whatisthecooperativeprincipleandits s?Readthestatementscarefullyanddecidewhethereachofthemistrue(T)or(F)intermsof1】Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.【2】Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.3】Wordsarethesmallestmeaningfulunitsof4】Boundmorphemesincludetwotypes:rootsand5】Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.【6】Acronymsdifferfrominitialismsinthattheyarepronouncedaswordsratherthanassequencesofletters.7】TheparadigmaticrelationisalsoknownastheHORIZONALRELATIONorchain8】Connotativemeaningmayvaryaccordingtoculture,historicalperiodandtheexperienceoftheindividual,andthusareindeterminateandopen-ended.Ⅰ.Foreachquestion,thereisonlyONEcorrectanswer.ChoosetheonefromA,B,CandDiscementbenefitshumanbeingsbygivingthemthepowerto arbitrarinessand B.generalizations C. al D.performativeUsinglanguageforthesheerjoyofusingitshowsthatlanguagehasa B.C. D.Accordingto ,thetaskofalinguististodeterminefromthedataofperformancetheunderlyingsystemofrulesthathasbeenmasteredbythelanguageuser.Roman B.LeonardC.Kenneth D.NoamWhichofthefollowingwordsislikelytohavestressinA. B.C. D. ”is unitunderlyingthesmallestunitinthelexicalsystemofa B.C. D.WordClassisknownasintraditional ras B.partsofC. D.WhichofthefollowingareNOT B.C. D.“Concord”hasthesamemeaning B.C. WhichofthefollowingisNOTrelatedtoNoamDeep B.SurfaceC.Transformational D.ThemeandThe“semantictriangle”wasproposed A.toand B.OgdenandC.Chomskyand D.LeechandWhichofthefollowingareNOTrelationalclever: B.father:C.give: D.teacher:“IcanrefertoConfuciuseventhoughhewasdead2000yearsago.”Thisshowsthatlanguagehasthedesignfeatureof B.C. D.Dis“Don’tendasentencewithapreposition.”Thisisanexampleof B.C. D.AccordingtoG.B.Shaw’sridiculeofEnglishorthography,thenon-existedwordghoticanbepronouncedinthesamewayas B.C. D.WhichofthefollowingisthecorrectdescriptionofvoicelesslabiodentalvoicedlabiodentalvoicelesslabiodentalvoicedlabiodentalWhichofthefollowingwordclassistheclosed-A B.C. D.WhichofthefollowingareNOTA. B.C. D. meaningisconcernedwiththerelationshipbetweenawordandthethingitrefers