心理学考研2012英语二真题版

MillionsofAmericansandforeignersseeGI.Joeasamindlesswartoy,thesymbolofAmericanmilitaryadventurism,butthat’snothowitusedtobe.Tothemenandwomenwho1inWorldWarIIandthepeopletheyliberated,theGI.wasthe2)mangrownintohero,thepoolfarmkidtornawayfromhishome,theguywho3)alltheburdensofbattle,whosleptincoldfoxholes,whowentwithoutthe4)offoodandshelter,whostuckitoutanddrovebacktheNazireignofmurder.thiswasnotavolunteersoldier,notsomeonewellpaid,5)anaverageguy,up6)thebesttrained,bestequipped,fiercest,mostbrutalenemiesseenincenturies.Hisnameisnotmuch.GI.isjustamilitaryabbreviation7)ernmentIssue,anditwasonallofthearticle8)tosoldiers.AndJoe?Acommonnameforaguywhonever9)ittothetop.JoeBlow,JoeMagrac…aworkingclassname.TheUnitedStateshas10)hadaorvice-orsecretaryofstateJoe.GI.joehada(11)careerfightingGerman,Japanese,andKoreantroops.Heappearsasacharacter,ora(12)ofAmerican alities,inthe1945movieTheStoryofGI.JoebasedonthelastdaysofwarcorrespondentErniePyle.SomeofthesoldiersPyle(13)portrayedthemselvesinthefilm.Pylewasfamousforcoveringthe(14)sideofthewarl,writingaboutthedirt-snow–and-mudsoldiers,nothowmanywere(15)orwhattownswerecapturedorliberated,Hisreports(16)the“willie”cartoonsoffamedStarsandStripesBillMaulden.Bothmen(17)thedirtandexhaustionofwar,the(18)ofcivilizationthatthesoldierssharedwitheachotherandthecivilians:coffee,tobacco,whiskey,shelter,sleep.(19)Egypt,France,andadozenmorecountries,G.I.JoewasanyAmericanmostintheir1.[A]2.[A][C]8.[A]handed[B]turn[C]brought[D]passed[B]coun20.[A]onthe [B]bythis [C]fromthe [D]atthatSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.answerthequestionaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)hasneverbeenterriblypopularwithstudentsandevenmanyparents,butinrecentyearsithasbeenparticularlyscorned.Schooldistrictsacrossthecountry,mostrecentlyLosAngelesUnified,arerevisingtheirthinkingonhiseducationalritual.Unfortunay,L.A.Unifiedhasproducedaninflexiblewhichmandatesthatwiththeexceptionofsomeadvancedcourses, maynolongercountformorethan10%ofastudent’sacademicgrade.Thisruleismeanttoaddressthedifficultythatstudentsfromimpoverishedorchaotichomesmighthaveincompletingtheir .Buttheisunclearandcontradictory.Certainly,no shouldbeassignedthatstudentscannotdowithoutexpensiveequipment.Butifthedistrictisessentiallygivingapasstostudentswhodonotdotheirbecauseofcomplicatedfamilylives,itisgoingriskilyclosetotheimplicationthatstandardsneedtobeloweredforpoorchildren.Districtadministratorssaythatwillstillbeapatofschooling:teachersareallowedtoassignasmuchofitastheywant.Butwithcountingfornomorethan10%oftheirgrades,studentscaneasilyskiphalftheirandseeveylittledifferenceontheirreportcards.Somestudentsmightdowellonstatetestswithoutcompletingtheir,butwhataboutthestudentswhoperformedwellonthetestsanddidtheir?Itisquitepossiblethatthehelped.Yetratherthanempoweringteacherstofindwhatworksbestfortheirstudents,theimposesaflat,across-the-boardrule.Atthesametime,theaddressesnoneofthetrulythornyquestionsabout.Ifthedistrictfindstobeunimportanttoitsstudents’academicachievement,itshouldmovetoreduceoreliminatetheassignments,notmakethemcountforalmostnothing.Conversely,ifdoesnothingtoensurethatthestudentsarenotassigningmorethantheyarewillingtoreviewandcorrect.Therulesshouldbeputonholdwhiletheschoolboard,whichisresponsibleforsettingeducational,looksintothematterandconductspublichearings.ItisnottoolateforL.A.Unifiedtodoright.Itisimpliedinparagraph1that isreceivingmoreisnolongeraneducationalisnotrequiredforadvancedcourses[D]isgainingmorepreferencesL.A.Unifiedhasmadetheruleabout mainlybecausepoorstudents [A]tendtohavemoderateexpectationsfortheireducation[B]haveaskedforadifferenteducationalstandard[C]mayhaveproblemsfinishingtheir[D]havevoicedtheircomintsAccordingtoParagraph3,oneproblemwiththeisthatitmay [A]discouragestudentsfromng[B]resultinstudents'indifferencetotheirreportcards[C]underminetheauthorityofstatetests[D]restrictteachers'powerinAsmentionedinParagraph4,akeyquestionunansweredaboutis itshouldbeitcountsmuchin[C]itcesextraburdensonteachers[D]itisimportantforgradesAsuitabletitleforthistextcouldbe WrongInterpretationofanEducational edforPoorStudents[C]ThornyQuestionsabout[D]AFaultyApproachtoPrettyinpink:adultwomendonotrememberbeingsoobsessedwiththecolor,yetitispervasiveinouryounggirls’lives.Itisnotthatpinkisintrinsicallybad,butitissuchatinysliceoftherainbowand,thoughitmaycelebrategirlhoodinoneway,italsorepeatedlyandfirmlyfusesgirls’identitytoappearance.Thenitpresentsthatconnection,evenamongtwo-year-olds,betweengirlsasnotonlyinnocentbutasevidenceofinnocence.Lookingaround,Idespairedatthesingularlackofimaginationaboutgirls’livesandinterests.Girls’attractiontopinkmayseemunavoidable,somehowencodedintheirDNA,butaccordingtoJoPaoletti,anassociateprofessorofAmericanStudies,itisnot.Childrenwerenotcolour-codedatalluntiltheearly20thcentury:intheerabeforedomesticwashingmachinesallbabiesworewhiteasapracticalmatter,sincetheonlywayofgettingclothescleanwastoboilthem.What’smore,bothboysandgirlsworewhatwerethoughtofasgender-neutraldresses.Whennurserycolourswereintroduced,pinkwasactuallyconsideredthemoremasculinecolour,apasversionofred,whichwasassociatedwithstrength.Blue,withitsintimationsoftheVirginMary,constancyandfaithfulness,symbolisedfemininity.Itwasnotuntilthemid-1980s,whenamplifyingageanddifferencesbecameadominantchildren’smarketingstrategy,thatpinkfullycameintoitsown,whenitbegantoseeminherentlyattractivetogirls,partofwhatdefinedthemasfemale,atleastforthefirstfewcriticalyears.Ihadnotrealisedhowprofoundlymarketingtrendsdictatedourperceptionofwhatisnaturaltokins,includingourcorebeliefsabouttheirpsychologicaldevelopment.Takethetoddler.Iassumedthatphasewassomethingexpertsdevelopedafteryearsofintochildren’sbehaviour:wrong.Turnsout,accordingtoDanielCook,ahistorianofchildhoodconsumerism,itwaspopularisedasamarketingtrickbyclothingmanufacturersinthe1930s.Tradepublicationscounseleddepartmentstoresthat,inordertoincreasesales,theyshouldcreate“thirdstepstone”betweeninfantwearandolderkids’clothes.Itwasonlyafter“toddler”becameacommonshoppers’termthatitevolvedintoabroadlyaccepteddevelopmentalstage.Splittingkids,oradults,intoever-tiniercategorieshasprovedasure-firewaytoboostprofits.Andoneoftheeasiestwaystosegmentamarketistomagnifygenderdifferences–orinventthemwheretheydidnotpreviouslyexist.Bysaying"itis...therainbow"(Line3,Para.1),theauthormeanspink [A]shouldnotbethesolerepresentationofgirlhood[B]shouldnotbeassociatedwithgirls'innocence[C]cannotexingirls'lackofimagination[D]cannotinfluencegirls'livesandAccordingtoParagraph2,whichofthefollowingistrueofcolours？[A]Coloursareencodedingirls'DNA.[B]Blueusedtoberegardedasthecolourfor[C]Pinkusedtobeaneutralcolourinsymbolisinggenders.[D]Whiteispreferedbybabies.Theauthorsuggeststhatourperceptionofchildren'spsychologicaldevelopmentwasmuchinfluencedby themarketingofproductsforchildren[B]theobservationofchildren'snatureresearchesintochildren'sstudiesofchildhoodWemaylearnfromParagraph4thatdepartmentstoreswereadvisedto [A]focusoninfantwearandolderkids'clothes[B]attachequalimportancetodifferentgenders[C]classifyconsumersintosmallergroups[D]createsomecommonshoppers'Itcanbeconcludedthatgirls'attractiontopinkseemsto clearlyexinedbytheirinborntendency[B]fullyunderstoodbyclothingmanufacturers[C]mainlyimposedbyprofit-drivenbusinessmen[D]wellinterpretedbypsychologicalexpertsIn2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecadesby2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,ainUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsButascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsat alisedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederalurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.AStheindustryadvances,however,paniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmolecules-mostarealreadypatentedorinthepublic .firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinct,lookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacy,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor‘connectingthedots’,exinsHansSauer,alawyerfortheBIO.Theirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissue,broughtbytheMayoClinic,whichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedsessionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked.ItcanbelearnedfromparagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike theirexecutivestobejudgestoruleoutgenegenestobetheBIOtoissueaThosewhoareagainstgenepatentsbelievethat genetictestsarenotonlyman-madeproductsarepatentsongenesdependmuchoncourtsshouldrestrictaccesstogeneticAccordingtoHansSauer,companiesareeagertowinpatentsfor establishingdiseasediscoveringgene drawingpicturesofidentifyinghumanBysaying“eachmeetingwaspacked”(line4,para6)theauthormeansthat thesupremecourtwastheBIOwasapowerfulgenepatentingwasagreatlawyerswerekeentoattendGenerallyspeaking,theauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingis Thegreatrecessionmaybeover,butthiseraofhighjoblessnessisprobablybeginning.Beforeitends,Itwilllikelychangethelifecourseandcharacterofagenerationofyoungadults.Andultimay,itislikelytoreshapeourpolitics,ourculture,andthecharacterofoursocietyforNoonetriesharderthanthejoblesstofindsilverliningsinthisnationaleconomicdisaster.Manysaidthatunemployment,whileextremelypainful,hadimprovedtheminsomeways;theyhad elessmaterialisticandmorefinanciallyprudent;theyweremoreawareofthestrugglesofothers.Inlimitedrespects,perhapstherecessionwillleavesocietybetteroff.Attheveryleast,ithasawokenusfromournationalfeverdreamofeasyrichesandbiggerhouses,andputanecessaryendtoaneraofreckless alspending.Butforthemostpart,thesebenefitsseemthin,uncertain,andfaroff.InTheMoralConsequencesofEconomicGrowth,theeconomichistorianBenjaminFriedmanarguesthatbothinsideandoutsidetheU.S.,lengthyperiodsofeconomicstagnationordeclinehavealmostalwaysleftsocietymoremean-spiritedandlessinclusive,andhaveusuallystoppedorreversedtheadvanceofrightsanddoms.Anti-immigrantsentimenttypicallyincreases,asdoesbetweenracesandclasses.einequalityusuallyfallsduringarecession,butithasnotshrunkinthisone,.Indeed,thisperiodofeconomicweaknessmayreinclassdivides,anddecreaseopportunitiestocrossthem---especiallyforyoungpeople.TheresearchofTillVonWachter,theeconomistinColumbiaUniversity,suggeststhatnotallpeoplegraduatingintoarecessionseetheirlifechancesdimmed:thosewithdegreesfromeliteuniversitiescatchupfairlyquicklytowheretheyotherwisewouldhavebeeniftheyhadgraduatedinbettertimes;itisthemassesbeneaththemthatareleftbehind.Intheinternetage,itisparticularlyeasytoseetheresentmentthathasalwaysbeenhiddenwithinAmericansociety.Moredifficult,inthemoment,isdiscerningpreciselyhowtheseleantimesareaffectingsociety’scharacter.Inmanyrespects,theU.S.wasmoresociallytolerantenteringthisrecessionthanatanytimeinitshistory,andavarietyofnationalpollsonsocialsincethenhaveshownmixedresults.Wewillhavetowaitandseeexactlyhowthesehardtimeswillreshapeoursocialfabric.Buttheycertainlywillreshapeit,andallthemoresothelongertheyextend.Bysaying“tofindsilverlinings”（Line1,Para.2）theauthorsuggestthatthejoblesstryto seeksubsidiesfrom explorereasonsforthemakeprofitsfromthetroubledeconomy[D]lookonthebrightsideoftherecessionAccordingtoParagraph2,therecessionhasmadepeople [A]realizethenationaldream[B]struggleagainsteachother[C]challengetheirlifestyle[D]reconsidertheirBenjaminFriedmanbelievethateconomicrecessionsmay [A]imposeaheavierburdenonimmigrantsbringoutmoreevilsofhumanPromotetheadvanceofrightsanddoms[D]easesbetweenracesandclassesTheresearchofTillVonWachthersuggeststhatinrecessiongraduatesfromeliteuniversitiestendto lagbehindtheothersduetodecreasedopportunities[B]catchupquicklywithexperiencedemployeesseetheirlifechancesasdimmedastherecovermorequicklythantheTheauthorthinksthattheinfluenceofhardtimesonsocietyis PartBReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbyfindinginformationfromtheleftcolumnthatcorrespondstoeachofthemarkeddetailsgivenintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEERT1.(10“Universalhistory,thehistoryofwhatmanhas plishedinthisworld,isatbottomtheHistoryoftheGreatMenwhohaveworkedhere,”wrotetheVictoriansageThomasCarlyle.Well,notanymoreitisnot.Suddenly,Britainlookstohavefallenoutwithitsfavoritehistoricalform.Thiscouldbenomorethanapassinglirycraze,butitalsopointstoabroadertruthabouthowwenowapproachthepast:lessconcernedwithlearningfromforefathersandmoreinterestedinfeelingtheirpain.Today,wewantempathy,notinspiration.FromtheearliestdaysoftheRenaissance,thewritingofhistorymeantrecountingtheexemrylivesofgreatmen.In1337,PetrarchbeganworkonhisramblingwritingDeVirisIllustribus–OnFamousMen,highlightingthevirtus(orvirtue)ofclassicalheroes.Petrarchcelebratedtheirgreatnessinconqueringfortuneandrisingtothetop.ThiswasthebiographicaltraditionwhichNiccoloMachiavelliturnedonitshead.InThePrince,hechampionedcunning,ruthlessness,andboldness,ratherthanvirtue,mercyandjustice,astheskillsofsuccessfulleaders.Overtime,theattributesofgreatnessshifted.TheRomanticscommemoratedtheleadingpaintersandauthorsoftheirday,stressingtheuniquenessofthe's experienceratherthanpublicglory.Bycontrast,theVictorianauthorSamualSwroteSelf-Helpasacatalogueoftheworthylivesofengineers,industrialistsandexplorers."Thevaluableexampleswhichtheyfurnishthepowerofself-help,ofpatientpurpose,resoluteexhibit,”wroteS.”whatitisinthepowerofeachto plishforhimself”HisbiographiesofJamesWalt,RichardArkwrightandJosiahWedgwoodwereheldupasbeaconstoguidetheworkingmanthroughhisdifficultlife.ThiswasallabitbourgeoisforThomasCarlyle,whofocusedhisbiographiesonthetrulyheroiclivesofMartinLuther,OliverCromwellandNapoleonBonaparte.Theseepochalfiguresrepresentedliveshardtoimitate,buttobeacknowledgedaspossessinghigherauthoritythanmeremortals.CommunistManifesto.Forthem,historydidnothing;itpossessednoimmensewealthnorwagedbattles:“Itisman,real,livingmanwhodoesallthat.”Andhistoryshouldbethestoryofthemassesandtheirrecordofstruggle.Assuch,itneededtoappreciatetheeconomicrealities,thesocialcontextsandpowerrelationsinwhicheachepochstood.For:“Menmaketheirownhistory,buttheydonotmakeitjustastheyplease;theydonotmakeitundercircumstanceschosenbythemselves,butundercircumstancesdirectlyfound,givenandtransmittedfromthepast.”[A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassicalThiswasthetraditionwhichrevolutionizedourappreciationofthepast.InceofThomasCarlyle,BritainnurturedChristopherHill,EPThompsonandEric[A]emphasizedthevirtueofclassical41.[B]highlightedthepublicgloryoftheleadin