浪漫主义时期的美国文学

American

Romanticism

(1800-1865)Contents2.IntroductiontoAmericanTranscendentalism3.WashingtonIrving华盛顿·欧文（1783——1859）

4.JamesFennimoreCooper詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀（1789——1851）5.WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特（1794——1878）

6.EdgarAllanPoe埃德加·艾伦·坡1.IntroductiontoAmericanRomanticism7.RalphWaldoEmerson拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生

8.HenryDavidThoreau亨利·大卫·梭罗（1817——1862）9.NathanielHawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑（1804——1864）10.HermanMelville赫尔曼·梅尔维尔（1819——1891）11.HenryWadsworthLongfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗

12.WaltWhitman沃尔特·惠特曼(May31,1819-March26,1892)

13.EmilyDickinson艾米莉·狄金森（1830——1886）

李正栓和吴伟仁对这时期旳描述吴伟仁李正栓Theromanticperiodcoversthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcentury.Thespan1828——1865fromtheJacksonianeratotheCivilWar,oftenidentifiedastheRomanticPeriodinAmerica,marksthefullcomingofageofadistinctivelyliterature.ThisperiodissometimesknownastheAmericanRenaissance;itisalsosometimescalledtheAgeofTranscendentalism,afterthephilosophicalandliterarymovement,centeredonEmerson,thatwasdominantinNewEngland

Inallthemajorliterarygenresexceptdrama,writersproducedworksofanoriginalityandexcellencenotexceededinlaterAmericanhistory.Romanticwritersplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionanddisplayedincreasingattentiontothepsychicstatesoftheircharacters

龙毛忠旳描述1美国文学中旳浪漫主义时代是指18世纪末期到南北战争暴发前期旳这段时间，因为文学旳勃兴与繁华，又称“美国文艺复兴”。华盛顿·欧文旳《见闻札记》（TheSketchBook,1820）旳出版宣告了这一伟大时代旳开始，惠特曼旳《草叶集》（LeavesofGrass,1855）则标志着浪漫主义文学旳高峰。2《牛津美国文学词典》对美国浪漫主义文学旳特征作了精确旳描述，即“感伤主义，原始主义，和对‘高尚旳横蛮人’旳崇敬，对自然之美与俭朴生活旳讴歌、内省，对未受文明玷污旳一般人旳礼赞，钟情于往昔旳田园生活、边陲远地，复古主义，个人主义，病态旳（morbid）旳忧郁，以及历史题材旳罗曼史。”GeneralIntroductionTheterm,Romanticism,isassociatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,ascontrastedwithclassicism,whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction.Themostprofoundandcomprehensiveideaofromanticismisthevisionofagreaterpersonalfreedomfortheindividual.

I.WhatisRomanticismSimplyspeaking,Romanticismisaliterarymovementflourishedasaculturalforcethroughoutthe19thCanditcanbedividedintotheearlyperiodandthelateperiod.Alsoitremainspowerfulincontemporaryliteratureandart.Romanticism,atermthatisassociatedwithimaginationandboundlessness,ascontrastedwithclassicism,whichiscommonlyassociatedwithreasonandrestriction.Aromanticattitudemaybedetectedinliteratureofanyperiod,butasanhistoricalmovementitaroseinthe18thand19thcenturies,inreactiontomorerationalliterary,philosophic,artistic,religious,andeconomicstandards....ThemostclearlydefinedromanticliterarymovementintheU.S.wasTranscendentalism.TherepresentativesoftheearlyperiodincludesWashingtonIrvingandJamesFenimoreCooper,andthoseofthelateperiodcontainRalphWaldoEmerson,HenryDavidThoreau,WaltWhitman,NathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,EdgarAllanPoe.HistoricalBackgroundInternalcauses:Americanburgeonedintoapolitical,economicandculturalindependence.Democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.Radicalchangescameaboutinthepoliticallifeofthecountry.Partiesbegantosquabbleandscrambleforpower,andnewsystemwasinthemaking.Thespreadofindustrialism,thesuddeninfluxofimmigration,andthepioneerspushingthefrontierfurtherwest,alltheseproducedsomethingofaneconomicboonand,withit,atremendoussenseofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.HistoricalBackgroundEver-increasingmagazinesplayedanimportantroleinfacilitatingliteraryexpansioninthecountry.Thewoman’sissue.Bythemid-century,thebreadlinesandsoupkitchensofpublicaidsocietieshadbecomeanimportantpartofAmericanurbanlife.Somewomenthusaskedfortheirrightstovoteandtoownproperty.In1837,thefirstwomen’scollegewasestablishedinMassachusetts.HistoricalBackground5)Theslaveryissue.Slaveryexistedtogetherwiththeanti-slaveryconceptions.Itwaswiththehelpofthousandsofslavesthattheexpansionoftheeconomybecamepossible.Externalcauses:ForeigninfluencesaddedincentivetothegrowthofromanticisminAmerica.TheinfluenceofSirWalterScottwasparticularlypowerfulandenduringThecharacteristicsofRomanticismAmericanRomanticismwasbothimitativeandindependent.Aprofoundlovefornature—natureasasourceofknowledge,natureasarefugefromthepresent,natureasarevelationoftheholyspiritThequestforbeauty—purebeautyTheuseofantiqueandfancifulsubjectmatters—senseofterror,Gothic,grotesque,oddandqueeruniquenessTheWestwardMovement,thepioneeringintotheWest,providedtheAmericanwriterswiththebestsubjectandmaterials.Thewildernessalwaysfilledthemwithhopeanddrovethemtolookforanidealworld.Thenewnessasanation,withpeople’sidealsofindividualismandfreedom,theirdreamthatAmericawastobebuiltintoanewGardenofEden,wasstrongenoughtoinspireromanticimagination.AmericanmoralvalueswerebasicallyPuritan.Asaresult,manywriterstendtomoralizemorethantheirEnglishcounterpart.Theyintendedtoedifyratherthantoentertain.Subjectslikesexandlovewereparticularlyshunned.Theimmigrationinlargenumbersbroughtinminglingofraces,whichmadeAmericanliteraturetakeonavarietyinsubjectmatter.5WilliamCullenBryant威廉·柯伦·布莱恩特（1794——1878）

WilliamCullenBryantIn1817，thestatelypoemcalledThamatopsis(《死亡随想》)introducedthebestpoettoappearinAmericauptothattime.ThisisWilliamCullenBryant.Apartfromhis