生物医学工程专业英语及其翻译

精选精选1Unit1 BiomedicalEngineeringLesson1AHistoryofBiomedicalEngineeringInitsbroadestsense,biomedicalengineeringhasbeenwithusforcenturies,perhapseventhousandsofyears.In2000,Germanarcheologistsuncovera3,000-year-oldmummyfromThebeswithawoodenprosthetictiedtoitsfoottoserveasabigtoe.Researcherssaidthewearonthebottomsurfacesuggeststhatitcouldbetheoldestknownlimbprosthesis.Egyptiansalsousedhollowreedstolookandlistentotheinternalgoingsonofthehumananatomy.In1816,modestypreventedFrenchphysicianReneLaennecfromplacinghisearnexttoayoungwoman ’sbarechest,soherolledupanewspaperandlistenedthroughit,triggeringtheideaforhisinventionthatledtoubiquitousstethoscope.2000年,德国考古学家发现一个30001816Nomatterwhatthedate,biomedicalengineeringhasprovidedadvancesinmedicaltechnologytoimprovehumanhealth.Biomedicalengineeringachievementsrangefromearlydevices,suchascrutches,platformshoes,woodenteeth,andtheever-changingcacheofinstrumentsinadoctor blackbag,tomoremodernmarvels,includingpacemakers,theheart-lungmachine,dialysismachines,diagnosticequipment,imagingtechnologiesofeverykind,andartificialorgans,implantsandadvancedprosthetics.TheNationalAcademyofEngineeringestimatesthattherearecurrentlyabout32,000bioengineersworkinginvariousareasofhealthtechnology.无论什么日期,生物医学工程提供了先进的医疗技术来改善人类健康。生物医学工程成就范围从早期设备,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齿,和不断变化的缓存工具在医生的黑包,更现代的奇迹无论什么日期,生物医学工程提供了先进的医疗技术来改善人类健康。生物医学工程成就范围从早期设备,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齿,和不断变化的缓存工具在医生的黑包,更现代的奇迹32000Asanacademicendeavor,therootsofbiomedicalengineeringreachbacktoearlydevelopmentsinelectrophysiology,whichoriginatedabout200yearsago.Anearlylandmarkinelectrophysiologyoccurredin1848whenDuBoisReymondpublishedthewidelyrecognizedUeberdietierischeElektrizitaet.Raymond’scontemporary,HermannvonHelmholtz,iscreditedwithapplyingengineeringprinciplestoaprobleminphysiologyanddentifyingtheresistanceofmuscleandnervoustissuestodirectcurrent.作为一个学术努力,生物医学工程的根源及早期电生理学的发展,起源于约200年前。电生理学的早期具有里程碑意义的发生在1848年当杜布瓦Reymond发表了公认Ueber死tierischeElektrizitaet。赫尔曼·冯·作为一个学术努力,生物医学工程的根源及早期电生理学的发展,起源于约200年前。电生理学的早期具有里程碑意义的发生在1848年当杜布瓦Reymond发表了公认Ueber死tierischeElektrizitaet。赫尔曼·冯·雷蒙德•当代亥姆霍兹因应用工程原则问题在生理学和dentifying电阻直流的肌肉和神经组织。In1895,WilhelmRoentgenaccidentallydiscoveredthatacathode-raytubecouldmakeasheetofpapercoatedwithbariumplatinocyanideglow,evenwhenthetubeandthepaperwereinseparaterooms.Roentgendecidedthetubemustbeemittingsomekindofpenetratingrays,whichhecalled“X” raysforunknown.Thissetoffaflurryofresearchintothetissue-penetratingtissue-destroyingpropertiesofX-rays,alineofresearchthatultimatelyproducedthemodernarrayofmedical imaging technologies and virtually eliminated the need for exploratory 1895年,威廉伦琴偶然发现,阴极射线管可以与氰亚铂酸盐钡一张纸涂布发光,即使管和纸是在单独的房间。伦琴决定管必须发出某种穿透光线,他称为“X”光线不明。这引发了一系列tissue-penetrating和专治属性的研究x射线,一系列的研究,最终得出了现代医学影像技术和几乎消除了探索性手术的必要性。1895年,威廉伦琴偶然发现,阴极射线管可以与氰亚铂酸盐钡一张纸涂布发光,即使管和纸是在单独的房间。伦琴决定管必须发出某种穿透光线,他称为“X”光线不明。这引发了一系列tissue-penetrating和专治属性的研究x射线,一系列的研究,最终得出了现代医学影像技术和几乎消除了探索性手术的必要性。Biomedicalengineering’suniquemixofengineering,medicineandscienceemerged2alongsidebiophysicsandmedicalphysicsearlythiscentury.Attheoutset,thethreewerevirtuallyindistinguishableandnonehadformaltrainingprograms.2BetweenWorldWarIandWorldWarIIanumberoflaboratoriesundertookresearchinbiophysicsandbiomedicalengineering.Onlyoneofferedformaltraining:theOswaltInstituteforPhysicsinMedicine,establishedin1921inFrankfurt,Germany,forerunneroftheMaxPlanckInstituteforBiophysics.:Oswalt物理医学研究所,成立于1921TheInstitute’sfounder,FriedrichDessauer,pioneeredresearchintothebiologicaleffectsionizingradiation.TheOswaltInstituteandtheUniversityinFrankfurtsoonestablishedformaltiesthatledtoaPh.D.programinbiophysicsby1940.ResearchtopicsincludedtheeffectsofX-raysontissuesandtheelectricalpropertiesoftissues.Thestaffof20includeduniversitylecturers,researchfellows,assistantsandtechnicians.·Oswalt研究所和大学在法兰克福很快建立了正式的关系,在1940年导致了生物物理学博士学位项目。研究主题包括x射线的影响在组织和组织的电特性。员工20包括大学教师、研究员、助理和技术人员。FollowingtheSecondWorldWar,administrativecommitteesbeganformingaroundthecombinedareasofengineering,medicineandbiology.AbiophysicalsocietywasformedinGermanyin1943.Fiveyearslater,thefirstconferenceofengineeringinmedicineandbiologyconvenedintheUnitedStates,undertheauspicesoftheInstituteofRadioEngineers(forerunneroftheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineers),theAmericanInstituteforElectricalEngineering,andtheInstrumentSocietyofAmerica.Itwasasmallmeeting.About20papersweredeliveredtoanaudienceoffewerthan100.Thefirst10annualconferencespaidmostoftheirattentiontoionizingradiationanditsimplications.Asconferencetopicsbroadened,sodidattendance.Thetopicofthe1958conference,ComputersinMedicineandBiology,drew70papersandmorethan300attendees.By1961,conferenceattendanceswelledtonearly3,000.194320个文件是少于100的传递给观众。前10及其影响。作为会议主题扩大,出席。1958会议的主题、计算机在医学和生物学,吸引了70篇论文和70多名与会者。参加会议,到1961年增加到近3000人。The1951IREconventiongeneratedenoughinterestinmedicalelectronicsthattheIREformedaProfessionalGrouponMedicalElectronics.AnearlyactionofthisgroupwastocollaborateontheAnnualConferenceonElectronicInstrumentationandNucleonicsinMedicine,whichtheAIEE[1]beganabout1948.In1954,theAIEE,theIREandtheISAformedtheJointExecutiveCommitteeon Medicine and Biology, which began organizing the annual conferences.1951愤怒的约定产生足够的兴趣,医疗电子产品的愤怒形成一个专业小组医疗电子产品。本集团的早期行动是合作的年度会议上电子仪器和原子核物理学在医学、AIEE[1]大约始于1948年。1954年,AIEE,愤怒和ISA形成联合执行委员会医学和生物学,开始组织的年度会议。1951愤怒的约定产生足够的兴趣,医疗电子产品的愤怒形成一个专业小组医疗电子产品。本集团的早期行动是合作的年度会议上电子仪器和原子核物理学在医学、AIEE[1]大约始于1948年。1954年,AIEE,愤怒和ISA形成联合执行委员会医学和生物学,开始组织的年度会议。In1963,theAIEEandtheIREmergedtoformtheInstituteofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering.ContributingforcesforthemergerwerethemembersoftheAIEEandIREtechnicalcommitteesforbiomedicalengineering.Mostmembersfavoreditandhadbeencollaboratingtheircounterpartsintheothersocietyforyears.1963年,AIEE和愤怒合并形成了电气与电子工程学院。贡献力量的合并是成员AIEE和愤怒为生物医学工程技术委员会。大多数成员支持,在其他社会和同行合作多年。1963年,AIEE和愤怒合并形成了电气与电子工程学院。贡献力量的合并是成员AIEE和愤怒为生物医学工程技术委员会。大多数成员支持,在其他社会和同行合作多年。AtthemergeritwasdecidedtocarryovertotheIREsystemofProfessionalGroups.TheIREProfessionalGroupon MedicalElectronicsbecamethe IEEEProfessionalGroup on 3Bio-MedicalEngineering(PGBME),thenamechangereflectingthefactthatmanymembers,particularlyformerAIEEmembers,wereconcernedwithnon-electronictopics.Alsointheearly1960stheNIH[2]tookthreesignificantstepstosupportbiomedicalengineering.First,itcreatedaprogram-projectcommitteeundertheGeneralMedicalSciencesInstitutetoevaluateprogram-projectapplications,manyofwhichservedbiophysicsandbiomedicalengineering.Thenitsetupabiomedicalengineeringtrainingstudysectiontoevaluatetraining-grantapplications,anditestablishedtwobiophysicsstudysections.Aspecial“floating”studysectionprocessedapplicationsinbioacousticsandbiomedicalengineering.Manyapplicationsdidnotmakeittothebiomedicalengineeringstudysectionandendedupinradiology,physiologyorotherpanels.Thediversityofworkinbiomedicalengineeringandthediversityofbackgroundofthepeoplecontributingtothisfieldmadeitdifficultforasingleorganizationtorepresenteveryone[3].Inthe1960stherewereeffortsbysomeleadersofthePGBME,whichbecametheIEEEEngineeringinMedicine and Biology Society, to achieve greater autonomy within the IEEE in order toaccommodateamorediversemembership.Becausetherewerequiteafewprofessionalgroups,severalumbrellaorganizationswereestablishedtofacilitatecooperation.Inthelate1960stheAllianceforEngineeringinMedicineandBiologywasformed.In1968,theBiomedicalEngineeringSocietywasformedtogive"equalstatustorepresentativesofbothbiomedicalandengineeringinterestsandpromote the increaseof biomedicalengineeringknowledgeand its utilization".Initially, themembershipofthesocietyconsistedof171foundingmembersand89chartermembers.Membershipnownumbersnearly1,200professionalbiomedicalengineers,withanother1,600studentmembers.在合并决定继续愤怒系统的专业团体。医疗电子产品成为了IEEE愤怒专业小组3生物医学工程专业小组(PGBME),许多成员名称更改反映了事实,尤其是前AIEE成员关心非电子的话题。在合并决定继续愤怒系统的专业团体。医疗电子产品成为了IEEE愤怒专业小组3生物医学工程专业小组(PGBME),许多成员名称更改反映了事实,尤其是前AIEE成员关心非电子的话题。也在1960[2在生物医学工程工作的多样性和背景的多样性导致这一领域使一个组织难以代表每个人在1960年代有PGBME的一些领导人,努力成为IEEEIEEE1968社会的成员包括社会的成员包括171创始成员和89宪章》的成员。现在会员数量近1200专业生物医学工师 ,1600 年 与 另 一 个 学 生 成 员 。ThesocietyawardedtheAlzaDistinguishedLectureshipfrom1971to1993toencouragethetheoryandpracticeofbiomedicalengineering.TheBMESDistinguishedLectureshipAwardfoundedin1991torecognizeoutstandingachievementsinbiomedicalengineering.Otherhonorsincludeayounginvestigatoraward,theBMESDistinguishedServiceAward,andthePresidentialAward,establishedin1999toenableBMESpresidentstorecognizeextraordinaryleadershipwithinthesociety.Inadditiontotheprofessionalsocieties,thefieldofbiomedicalengineeringreceivedalargeallywhenTheWhitakerFoundationwascreatedin1975,uponthedeathofU.A.Whitaker.Asanengineerandphilanthropist,Whitakerrecognizedthatmajorcontributionstoimprovinghumanhealthwouldcomefromthemergingofmedicineandengineering.Sinceitsinception,thefoundationhasprimarilysupportedinterdisciplinarymedicalresearchand 4education,withtheprincipalbeingonbiomedicalengineering.Thefoundationhasbecomethelargestprivatebenefactorofbiomedicalengineering.By2002,ithadcontributedmorethan$615milliontouniversitiesandmedical schools to support faculty research, graduate students, program development, andconstructionoffacilities.In1990theNationalScienceFoundationandTheWhitakerFoundationobservedthatinspiteofthenumerousacademicprograms callingthemselves"bioengineering"or"biomedicalengineering",therewasnostructureforthiswidelydiversifiedfield.Becausemanyadvancesinbiomedicalengineeringweregeneratedthroughthecollaborationofengineersandclinicalscientistsinanumberofdifferentfields,theevolutionofbiomedicalengineeringasaprofessioninthe1970sand1980swascharacterizedbytheemergenceofseparateprofessionalsocietieswithafocusonapplicationswithintheirownfield.协会授予Alza杰出讲师职务从1971年到1993年,鼓励生物医学工程的理论和实践。博雅杰出讲师职务奖表彰杰出成就的成立于1991年在生物医学工程。其他荣誉还包括一个年轻调查员奖,bme杰出服务奖,和总统奖,成立于1999年,使bme总统认识到非凡的领导在社会。协会授予Alza杰出讲师职务从1971年到1993年,鼓励生物医学工程的理论和实践。博雅杰出讲师职务奖表彰杰出成就的成立于1991年在生物医学工程。其他荣誉还包括一个年轻调查员奖,bme杰出服务奖,和总统奖,成立于1999年,使bme总统认识到非凡的领导在社会。1975年,在U.A.2002年,它已经贡献了超过6.151990年,美国国家科学基金会和惠特克基金会指出,尽管许多学术项目自称“生物工程”或“生物医学工程”,没有结构广泛多样化的领域。因为许多生物医学工程的进步通过协作生成工程师和临床科学家在许多不同的领域,生物医学工程的发展作为一个行业在1970年代和1980年代的独立的专业协会,专注于应用程序的出现在自己的领域。Asasteptowardunification,theAmericanInstituteforMedicalandBiologicalEngineeringwascreatedin1992.AIMBEwasbornfromtherealizationthatanumbrellaorganizationwasneededtoaddresstheissuesofpublicpolicyandpublicandprofessionaleducationthatcomprisetheseengineeringsciences.TensocietiessawthevirtueofthisapproachandformedtheoriginalmembersofAIMBE.Today,its17societymembersworkto"establishaclearandcomprehensiveidentityforthefieldofmedicalandbiologicalengineering,andimproveintersocietyrelationsandcooperationwithin the field of medical and biological Theearliestacademicprogramsbegantotakeshapeinthe1950s.TheirestablishmentwasaidedbySamTalbotofJohnsHopkinsUniversity,whopetitionedtheNationalInstitutesofHealthforfundingtosupportagroupdiscussionofapproachestoteachingbiomedicalengineering.Ultimatelythreeuniversitieswererepresentedinthesediscussions:TheJohnsHopkinsUniversity,theUniversityofPennsylvaniaandtheUniversityofRochester.Thesethreeinstitutions,alongwithDrexelUniversity,wereamongthefirsttowinimportanttraininggrantsforbiomedicalengineeringfromtheNationalInstitutesofHealth.In1973,discussionsstartedaboutbroadeningthebaseofPennsylvania’sgraduateDepartmentofBiomedicalElectronicEngineeringbyincludingotheractivitiesandadoptingandundergraduatecurriculum.Itspresentgraduateprogramisanextensionoftheearlierone.Duringthelate1960sandearly1970s,developmentatotherinstitutionsfollowedsimilarpaths,butoccurredmorerapidlyinmostcasesduetothegrowingopportunitiesofthefieldandinresponsetotheimportantNIHinitiativetosupportthedevelopmentofthefield.Theearlierinstitutionsweresoonfollowedbyasecondgenerationofbiomedicalengineeringprogramsanddepartments.Theseincluded:BostonUniversityin1966;CaseWestern 5ReserveUniversityin1968;NorthwesternUniversityin1969;CarnegieMellon,DukeUniversity,RenssselaerandajointprogrambetweenHarvardandMIT[4]in1970;OhioStateUniversityandUniversityofTexas,Austin,in1971;LouisianaTech,TexasA&MandtheMilwaukeeSchoolofEngineeringin1972;andtheUniversityofIllinois,Chicagoin1973.一步统一,美国医学和生物工程研究所成立于1992一步统一,美国医学和生物工程研究所成立于1992AIMBE诞生于意识到伞组织需要解决问题的公共政策和公共和专业教育,包括这些工程科学。十个社会看到这种方法的优点,形成了原始AIMBE,17领域的身份,并改善intersociety最早的学术项目在1950年代开始成型。他们的建立是在约翰霍普金斯大学的萨姆·特的帮助下,他请求美国国立卫生研究院的资金支持生物医学工程教学方法的小组讨论。最1973在1960年代末和1970年代初,发展其他机构沿着这条路走下去,但发生更快在大多数情况下,由于日益增长的机会,为了应对重要NIH行动来支持这一领域的发展。早些时候机构很快就接着第二代生物医学工程项目和部门。包括:波士顿大学;1966年5凯斯西储大学;1968年西北大学;1969年卡内基梅隆大学,杜克大学,Renssselaer和哈佛和麻省理工学院联合项目[4];1970年俄亥俄州立大学和德克萨斯大学奥斯汀;1971年路易斯安那理工大学,德克萨斯A&M大学和密尔沃基工程学院;1972年1973年芝加哥和伊利诺斯州大学的。Thenumberofdepartmentsandprogramscontinuedtoriseslowlybutsteadilyinthe1980sandearly1990s.In1992,TheWhitakerFoundationinitiatedlargegrantprogramsdesignedtohelpinstitutionsestablishordevelopbiomedicalengineeringdepartmentsorprograms.Sincethen,thenumbersofdepartmentsandprogramshaverisentomorethan90.Someofthelargestandmostprominentengineeringinstitutionsinthecountry,suchastheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,haveestablishedprogramsandemergedasleadersinthefield.Manyothernewandexistingprogramshavebenefited from the foundation’ssupport.Amajordevelopmenttookplaceinlate2000whenPresidentClintonsignedabillcreatingtheNationalInstituteofBiomedicalImagingandBioengineeringattheNIH.AccordingtoNIBIB’swebsite,itsmissionisto"improvehealthbypromotingfundamentaldiscoveries,designdevelopment,andtranslationandassessmentoftechnologicalcapabilities".TheInstitutecoordinateswithbiomedicalimagingandbioengineeringprogramsofotheragenciesandNIHinstitutestosupportimagingandengineeringresearchwithpotentialmedicalapplicationsandfacilitatesthetransferofsuchtechnologiestomedicalapplications.ThenewestoftheNIHinstitutes,NIBIBspentmuchof2001buildingprogramandadministrativestaff,preparingabudgetrequest,settingupofficespace,determiningfundingandgrantidentificationcodesandprocedures,andidentifyingprogram(research,training,andcommunication)focusareasand opportunities. NIBIB assumed administration of the NIH's BioengineeringConsortium(BECON)inSeptember2001,andawardeditsfirstresearchgrantinApril2002.部门和项目的数量继续增长缓慢但稳步在1980部门和项目的数量继续增长缓慢但稳步在1980年代和1980年代初。1992年,惠特克基金会发起大型格兰特计划旨在帮助机构建立或发展生物医学工程部门或项目。从那时起,部门和项目的数量已经上升到超过90人。一些最大和最著名的工程机构,如美国乔治亚理工学院(GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology),2000和生物工程研究所美国国立卫生研究院。根据NIBIB的其他机构和国家卫生研究院机构支持成像和工程研究与潜在的医学应用和促进这些技术在医学应用上的转移。最新的美国国立卫生研究院的机构,NIBIB2001建设项目和行政人员,大部分时间都在准备预算要求,建立办公空间,确定资金和格兰特识别代码和程序,并确定项目(研究、培训和交流)重点领域和机会。NIBIB认为政府的美国国立卫生研究院生物工程协会(BECON)2001年9月和2002年4月首次获得科研资助。Lesson2 WhatisaBiomedicalEngineer?ABiomedicalEngineerusestraditionalengineeringexpertisetoanalyzeandsolveproblemsinbiologyandmedicine,providinganoverallenhancementofhealthcare.Studentschoosethebiomedicalengineeringfieldtobeofservicetopeople,topartakeoftheexcitementofworkingwithlivingsystems,andtoapplyadvancedtechnologytothecomplexproblemsofmedicalcare.Thebiomedicalengineerworkswithotherhealthcareprofessionalsincludingphysicians,nurses,therapistsandtechnicians.Biomedicalengineersmaybecalleduponinawiderangeofcapacities:todesigninstruments,devices,andsoftware,tobringtogetherknowledgefrommanytechnicalsourcestodevelopnewprocedures,ortoconductresearchneededtosolveclinicalproblems.生物医学工程师使用传统的工程技术在生物学和医学分析问题和解决问生物医学工程师使用传统的工程技术在生物学和医学分析问题和解决问题,提供一个卫生保健的整体提高。学生选择生物医学工程领域服务的人来,参加工作与生活系统的兴,并将先进的技术应用到医疗保健的复杂问题生物医学工程师的工作与其他卫生保健专业人员包括医生、护士、理疗师和技术人员。生物医学工程师可能要求在范围广泛的能:设计工具,设备和软件,汇集知识外,还可以从许多技术资源开发新程序,或进行研究需要解决的临床问题 。WhatareSomeoftheSpecialtyAreas?Inthisfieldthereiscontinualchangeandcreationofnewareasduetorapidadvancementintechnology;however,someofthewellestablishedspecialtyareaswithinthefieldofbiomedicalengineeringare:bioinstrumentation;biomaterials;biomechanics;cellular,tissueandgeneticengineering;clinicalengineering;medicalimaging;orthopaedicsurgery;rehabilitationengineering;systemsphysiology.Bioinstrumentationistheapplicationofelectronicsandmeasurementtechniquestodevelopdevices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease. Computers are an essential part bioinstrumentation,fromthemicroprocessorinasingle-purposeinstrumentusedtodoavarietyofsmalltaskstothemicrocomputerneededtoprocessthelargeamountofinformationinamedicalimagingsystem.Biomaterialsincludebothlivingtissueandartificialmaterialsusedforimplantation.Understandingthepropertiesandbehavioroflivingmaterialisvitalinthedesignofimplantmaterials.Theselectionofanappropriatematerialtoplaceinthehumanbodymaybeoneofthemostdifficulttasksfacedbythebiomedicalengineer.Certainmetalalloys,ceramics,polymers,andcompositeshavebeenusedasimplantablematerials.Biomaterialsmustbenontoxic,non-carcinogenic,chemicallyinert,stable,andmechanicallystrongenoughtowithstandtherepeatedforcesofalifetime.Newerbiomaterialsevenincorporatelivingcellsinordertoprovideatruebiologicalandmechanicalmatchforthelivingtissue.在这个领域有持续的变化和创造新领域由于技术的快速进步,然而,一些良好的生物医学工程在这个领域有持续的变化和创造新领域由于技术的快速进步,然而,一些良好的生物医学工程,non-carcinogenic、惰性、稳定,机械强大到足以承受一生的重复的力量。新的生物材料甚至把活细胞提供一个真正的生物活组织和机械匹配。Biomechanicsappliesclassicalmechanics(statics,dynamics,fluids,solids,thermodynamics,andcontinuummechanics)tobiologicalormedicalproblems.Itincludesthestudyofmotion,materialdeformation,flowwithinthebodyandindevices,andtransportofchemicalconstituentsacrossbiologicalandsyntheticmediaandmembranes.Progressinbiomechanicshasledtothedevelopmentoftheartificialheartandheartvalves,artificialjointreplacements,aswellasabetterunderstandingofthefunctionoftheheartandlung,bloodvesselsandcapillaries,andbone,cartilage,intervertebraldiscs,ligamentsandtendonsofthemusculoskeletalsystems.Cellular,TissueandGeneticEngineeringinvolvemorerecentattemptstoattackbiomedicalproblemsatthemicroscopiclevel.Theseareasutilize theanatomy,biochemistryandmechanicsofcellularandsub-cellularstructuresinordertounderstanddiseaseprocessesandtobeabletointerveneatveryspecificsites.Withthesecapabilities,miniaturedevicesdelivercompoundsthatcanstimulateorinhibitcellularprocessesatprecisetargetlocationstopromotehealingorinhibitdiseaseformation and ClinicalEngineeringistheapplicationoftechnologytohealthcareinhospitals.Theclinicalengineerisamemberofthehealthcareteamalongwithphysicians,nursesandotherhospitalstaff[1].Clinicalengineersareresponsiblefordevelopingandmaintainingcomputerdatabasesofmedicalinstrumentationandequipmentrecordsandforthepurchaseanduseofsophisticatedmedicalinstruments.Theymayalsoworkwithphysicianstoadaptinstrumentationtothespecificneedsofthephysicianandthehospital.Thisofteninvolvestheinterfaceofinstrumentswithcomputersystemsandcustomizedsoftwareforinstrumentcontrolanddataacquisitionandanalysis[2].Clinicalengineersareinvolvedwiththeapplicationofthelatesttechnologytohealthcare.MedicalImagingcombinesknowledgeofauniquephysicalphenomenon(sound,radiation,magnetism,etc.)withhighspeedelectronicdataprocessing,analysisanddisplaytogenerateanimage.Often,theseimagescanbeobtainedwithminimalorcompletelynoninvasiveprocedures,makingthemlesspainfulandmorereadilyrepeatablethaninvasivetechniques.OrthopaedicBioengineeringisthespecialtywheremethodsofengineeringandcomputationalmechanicshavebeenappliedfortheunderstandingofthefunctionofbones, 9jointsandmuscles,andforthedesignofartificialjointreplacements.Orthopaedicbioengineersanalyzethefriction,lubricationandwearcharacteristicsofnaturalandartificialjoints;theyperformstressanalysisofthemusculoskeletal system; and they develop artificial biomaterials (biologic and synthetic) forreplacementofbones,cartilages,ligaments,tendons,meniscusandintervertebraldiscs.Theyoftenperformgaitandmotionanalysesforsportsperformanceandpatientoutcomefollowingsurgicalprocedures.Orthopaedicbioengineersalsopursuefundamentalstudiesoncellularfunction,andmechano-signaltransduction.RehabilitationEngineeringisagrowingspecialtyareaofbiomedicalengineering.Rehabilitationengineersenhancethecapabilitiesandimprovethequalityoflifeforindividualswithphysicalandcognitiveimpairments.Theyareinvolvedinprosthetics,thedevelopmentofhome,workplaceandtransportationmodificationsandthedesignofassistivetechnologythatenhanceseatingandpositioning,mobility,andcommunication.Rehabilitationengineersarealsodevelopinghardwareandsoftwarecomputeradaptationsandcognitiveaidsto assistpeoplewithcognitive容易重复的非侵入性技术。骨科生物工程的专业工程和计算力学方法已经申请了骨骼的功能的理解,9关节和肌肉,人工关节置换的设计。骨科生物分析的摩擦、润滑和磨损特征的自然和人工关节;他们执行肌肉骨骼系统的应力分析;他们发展人工生物材料(生物和合成)替代骨骼、软骨、韧带、肌腱、半月板和椎间盘。他们经常对体育进行步态和运动分析性能和病人手术后的结果。骨科生物也追求基本细胞功能研究,和mechano-signal转导。康复工程是一个日益增长的生物医学工程专业。康复工程师提高能力,提高个人的生活质量与物理和认知障碍。它们参与假肢,家乡的发展,工作场所和交通的设计修改和辅助技术,提高座位和定位,移动和通信。康复工程师也在开发硬件和软件计算机适应性和认知艾滋病协助人们认知的困难。SystemsPhysiologyisthetermusedtodescribethataspectofbiomedicalengineeringinwhichengineeringstrategies,techniquesandtoolsareusedtogainacomprehensiveandintegratedunderstandingofthefunctionoflivingorganismsrangingfrombacteriatohumans[3].Computermodelingisusedintheanalysisofexperimentaldataandinformulatingmathematicaldescriptionsofphysiologicalevents.Inresearch,predictormodelsareusedindesigningnewexperimentstorefineourknowledge.Livingsystemshavehighlyregulatedfeedbackcontrolsystemsthatcanbeexaminedwithstate-of-the-arttechniques.Examplesarethebiochemistryofmetabolismandthecontroloflimbmovements.Thesespecialtyareasfrequentlydependoneachother.Often,thebiomedicalengineerwhoworksinanappliedfieldwilluseknowledgegatheredbybiomedicalengineersworkinginotherareas.Forexample,thedesignofanartificialhipisgreatlyaidedbystudiesonanatomy,bonebiomechanics,gaitanalysis,andbiomaterialcompatibility.Theforcesthatareappliedtothehipcanbeconsideredinthedesignandmaterialselectionfortheprosthesis.Similarly,thedesignofsystemstoelectricallystimulateparalyzedmuscletomoveinacontrolledwayusesknowledgeofthebehaviorofthehumanmusculoskeletalsystem.Theselectionofappropriatematerialsusedinthesedevicesfallswithintherealmofthe 10biomaterialsengineer.系统生理学方面的术语用来描述生物医学工程的工程策略,技术和工具被用来获得全面、综合的了解生物体的功能从细菌到人类系统生理学方面的术语用来描述生物医学工程的工程策略,技术和工具被用来获得全面、综合的了解生物体的功能从细菌到人类这些专业领域经常互相依赖。通常,一个应用领域的生物医学工程师工作将使用在其他领域知识收集的生物医学工程师的工作。例如,人工髋关节的设计极好地研究解剖学、骨生物力样,系统的设计电刺激瘫痪肌肉控制的方式移动使用的知识人体肌肉骨骼系统的行为。选择10生物材料领域的工程师。Examples of Specific ActivitiesWorkdonebybiomedicalengineersmayincludeawiderangeofactivitiessuchas:Artificialorgans(hearingaids,cardiacpacemakers,artificialkidneysandhearts,bloodoxygenators,syntheticbloodvessels,joints,arms,andlegs).Automatedpatientmonitoring(duringsurgeryorinintensivecare,healthypersonsinunusualenvironments,suchasastronautsinspaceorunderwaterdiversatgreatdepth).Bloodchemistrysensors(potassium,sodium,O2,CO2,andpH).Advancedtherapeuticandsurgicaldevices(lasersystemforeyesurgery,automateddeliveryofinsulin,etc.).Applicationofexpertsystemsandartificialintelligencetoclinicaldecisionmaking(computer-basedsystemsfordiagnosingdiseases).Design of optimal clinical laboratories (computerized analyzer for blood samples, catheterizationlaboratory,etc.).Medicalimagingsystems(ultrasound,computerassistedtomography,magneticresonanceimaging,positronemissiontomography,etc.).Computermodelingofphysiologicsystems(bloodpressurecontrol,renalfunction,visualauditorynervouscircuits,etc.).Biomaterialsdesign(mechanical,transportandbiocompatibilitypropertiesofimplantableartificialmaterials).Biomechanicsofinjuryandwoundhealing(gaitanalysis,applicationofgrowthfactors,etc.).Sportsmedicine(rehabilitation,externalsupportdevices,etc.).由生物医学工程师的工作可能包括范围广泛的活动,如:由生物医学工程师的工作可能包括范围广泛的活动,如:人工器官(助听器、心脏起搏器、人工肾脏和心脏,血液氧合器、人造血管、关节,武器,和腿)。自动病人监护(在手术或重症监护,健康的人在不寻常的环境中,如宇航员在太空或水下潜水员在伟大的深度)。O2CO2和pH专家系统和人工智能应用于临床决策诊断疾病(计算机系统)。设计最优的临床实验室(电脑分析仪对血液样本,心导管实验室,等等)。生物材料设计(机械、运输和生物相容性植入式人工材料的属性)。WheredoBiomedicalEngineersWork?Biomedicalengineersareemployedinuniversities,inindustry,inhospitals,inresearchfacilitiesofeducationalandmedicalinstitutions,inteaching,andingovernmentregulatoryagencies.Theyoftenserveacoordinatingorinterfacingfunction,usingtheirbackgroundinboththeengineeringandmedicalfields.Inindustry,theymaycreatedesignswhereanin-depthunderstandingoflivingsystemsandof