考研英语阅读十八计知到章节答案智慧树2023年青岛大学

考研英语阅读十八计知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新青岛大学第一章测试【原文】Withinthecomplexsocialstructureofthescientificcommunity,researchersmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepublicationprocess;otherscientistsusethenewfindingtosuittheirownpurposes;andfinally,thepublic(includingotherscientists)receivesthenewdiscoveryandpossiblyaccompanyingtechnology.

33.Paragraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaim

becomescredible

afterit

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hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity第二章测试【原文】TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase“jobseekers’allowance”isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“jobseeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesa“time-limited”allowance,conditionalonactivelyseekingajob.25.Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthor

mostprobablyagree?

参考答案:

Unemploymentbenefits

shouldnotbemadeconditional【原文】Reformingthesystemwouldhelpbothlawyersandtheircustomers.Sensibleideashavebeenaroundforalongtime,butthestate-levelbodiesthatgoverntheprofessionhavebeentooconservativetoimplementthem.Oneideaistoallowpeopletostudylawasanundergraduatedegree.Anotheristoletstudentssitforthebarafteronlytwoyearsoflawschool.Ifthebarexamistrulyasternenoughtestforawould-belawyer,thosewhocansititearliershouldbeallowedtodoso.Studentswhodonotneedtheextratrainingcouldcuttheirdebtmountainbyathird.28.Hindrance

tothereformofthelegalsystem

originatesfrom

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therigidbodiesgoverningtheprofession【原文】Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.29.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequired

to

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coverthecostofitspublishing【原文】The8-0objectiontoPresidentObamaturnsonwhatJusticeSamuelAlitodescribesinhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower.”TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona’slawsconflictedwithitsenforcementpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.39.TheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenforcement

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outweighsthatheldbythestates

【原文】Thereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusiness,“wroteMiltonFriedman,aNobelprize-winningeconomist,”Thatis,touseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.ButevenifyouacceptFriedman’spremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholders’money,thingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompaniesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSR

with

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skepticism

第三章测试【原文】TheUS$3-millionFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisindeedaninterestingexperiment,asAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.

31.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrize

isseenas

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ahandsomereward

forresearch【原文】Paidandownedmediaarecontrolledbymarketerspromotingtheirownproducts.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia——forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonItsWebsite.Wedefinesuchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationsplacetheircontentore-commerceengineswithinthatenvironment.32.AccordingtoParagraph2,soldmediafeature

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strongusertraffic【原文】Theroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.Nolonger.Whiletraditional“paid”mediasuchastelevisioncommercialsandprintadvertisementsstillplayamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanyalternativeformsofmedia.Consumerspassionateaboutaproductmaycreate“earned”mediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,andacompanymayleverage“owned”mediabysendinge-mailaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionsmeansthatmarketing’simpactstemsfromabroadrangeoffactorsbeyondconventionalpaidmedia.31.Consumers

maycreate“earned”mediawhentheyare

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enthusiastic

aboutrecommendingtheirfavoriteproducts【原文】JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed.“Eachyearthephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsinsignificantrevenuelossestothestates,”hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates’abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhaspreventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield.”38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas

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harmed

fairmarketcompetition【原文】Favoritisminofficialaccesscanfanpublicperceptionsofcorruption.Butitisnotalwayscorruption.Ratherofficialsmustavoiddoublestandards,ordifferenttypesofaccessforaveragepeopleandthewealthy.Ifconnectionscanbebought,abasicpremiseofdemocraticsociety—–thatallareequalintreatmentbygovernmentisundermined.Goodgovernanceunderstandingoftheinherentworthofeachindividual.Thecourtsrulingisastepforwardinthestruggleagainstbothcorruptionandofficialfavoritism.40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthecourt’srulingis

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Supportive第四章测试【原文】Inthe2006filmversionofTheDevilWearsPrada,MirandaPriestly,playedbyMerylStreep,scoldsherunattractiveassistantforimaginingthathighfashiondoesn’taffecther.Priestlyexplainshowthedeepbluecoloroftheassistant’ssweaterdescendedovertheyearsfromfashionshowstodepartmentstoresandtothebargainbininwhichthepoorgirldoubtlessfoundhergarment.21.Priestly

criticizes

herassistant

forher[A]lackofimagination.

[B]poorbargainingskill.

[C]obsessionwithhighfashion

[D]insensitivitytofashion

参考答案:

insensitivitytofashion【原文】Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism”.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestment

onpubliccompanies

canbe

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adverse【原文】Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalonereproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.Wearejustinasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactuallyisandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere.”32.InDavidEagleman’sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

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istoolimitedforustoreproduceit【原文】Thefirststep,asErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfeeargueinTheSecondMachineAge,shouldberethinkingeducationandjobtraining.Curriculums——fromgrammarschooltocollege——shouldevolvetofocuslessonmemorizingfactsandmoreoncreativityandcomplexcommunication.Vocationalschoolsshoulddoabetterjoboffosteringproblem-solvingskillsandhelpingstudentsworkalongsiderobots.Onlineeducationcansupplementthetraditionalkind.Itcouldmakeextratrainingandinstructionaffordable.Professionalstryingtoacquirenewskillswillbeabletodosowithoutgoingintodebt.23.Education

intheageofautomationshouldputmoreemphasison

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creativepotential

【原文】Advertisersarehorrified.Humannaturebeingwhatitis,mostpeoplestickwithdefaultsettings.FewswitchDNTonnow,butiftrackingisoffitwillstayoff.BobLiodice,thechiefexecutiveoftheAssociationofNationalAdvertisers,saysconsumerswillbeworseoffiftheindustrycannotcollectinformationabouttheirpreferences,Peoplewillnotgetfewerads,hesays.“They’llgetlessmeaningful,lesstargetedads.”28.BobLiodiceholdsthatsettingDNTasadefault

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willnotbenefitconsumers第五章测试【原文】Farlesscertain,however,ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections.It’sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter-behavedclassmates.Thetacticneverreallyworks.Andthat’stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside:intherealworld,asinschool,weinsistonchoosingourownfriends.25.Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis

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questionable【原文】TheastronomycommunityismakingcompromisestochangeitsuseofMaunaKea.TheTMTSitewaschosentominimizethetelescope’svisibilityaroundtheislandandtoavoidarchaeologicalandenvironmentalimpact.TolimitthenumberoftelescopesonMaunaKea,oldoneswillberemovedattheendoftheirlifetimesandtheirsitesreturnedtoanaturalstate.ThereisnoreasonwhyeveryonecannotbewelcomedonMaunaKeatoembracetheirculturalheritageandtostudythestars.30.Theauthor’sattitudetoward

choosingMaunaKeaastheTMTsiteisoneof

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fullapproval【原文】Thislongperspectivemakesthepessimisticviewofourprospectsseemmorelikelytobeapassingfad.Tobesure,thefutureisnotallrosy.Butwearenowknowledgeableenoughtoreducemanyoftherisksthatthreatenedtheexistenceofearlierhumans,andtoimprovethelotofthosetocome.35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitle

forthetext?

参考答案:

TheEver-brightProspects

ofMankind

【原文】Asmuchassomescientistsmaycomplainaboutthenewawards,twothingsseemclear——mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.Second,itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism——thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall——butitistheprize-giversmoneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.35.Theauthor

believesthatthenewawardsare

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acceptabledespitethecriticism【原文】BrendonLynch,Microsoft’schiefprivacyofficer,blogged:“Webelieveconsumersshouldhavemorecontrol.”Coulditreallybethatsimple?

30.Theauthor’sattitude

towardswhatBrendonLynchsaidinhisblogisoneof

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skepticism第六章测试【原文】Comeon——Everybody’sdoingit.Thatwhisperedmessage,halfinvitationandhalfforcing,iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure.Itusuallyleadstonogood——drinking,drugsandcasualsex.21.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peerpressureoftenemergesas

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acauseofundesirablebehaviors【原文】Devotedconcert-goerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinartisticqualitythantoday’sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe”consumed”atatimeandplaceofthelistener’schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.23.Theauthorbelievesthatthedevotedconcertgoers

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overestimatethevalueofliveperformances【原文】“Soifyou’reoverpayingforprint,youcouldfeellikeyouwerehelping,”Perettisaid.“Thenincreaseitatahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue.Inotherwords,ifyou’regoingtomakeaprintproduct,makeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayear,morethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription.40.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetext?

参考答案:

MakeYourPrintNewspaperaLuxuryGood【原文】DavidVaux,acellbiologist,saysthatScience’sideatopasssomepaperstostatisticians“hassomemeritbutaweaknessisthatitreliesontheboardofreviewingeditorstoidentify’thepapersthatneedscrutinyinthefirstplace.”34.DavidVaux

holdsthatwhatScience

isdoingnow

参考答案:

hasroomforfurtherimprovement【原文】Ratherthanconcludingthatchildrenmakeparentseitherhappyormiserable,Seniorsuggestsweneedtoredefinehappinessinsteadofthinkingofitassomethingthatcanbemeasuredbymoment-to-momentjoy,weshouldconsiderbeinghappyasapast-tensecondition.Eventhoughtheday-to-dayexperienceofraisingkidscanbesoul-crushinglyhard.Seniorwritesthat“theverythingsthatinthemomentdampenourmoodscanlaterbesourcesofintensegratificationanddelight.

36.JenniferSeniorsuggestsinherarticlethatraisingachildcanbring

参考答案:

happinessinretrospect第七章测试【原文】Criticsalsoarguethatcommercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.Databasesusedbysomecompaniesdon’trelyondatacollectedsystematicallybutratherlumptogetherinformationfromdifferentresearchprojects.ThismeansthataDNAdatabasemayhavealotofdatafromsomeregionsandnotothers,soaperson’stestresultsmaydifferdependingonthecompanythatprocessestheresults.29.Inthelastparagraph,aproblemcommercialgenetictestingfacesis

参考答案:

disorganizeddatacollection【原文】WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorliterarygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,Newmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’”23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?

参考答案:

Notallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting【原文】Therelationshipbetweenformaleducationandeconomicgrowthinpoorcountriesiswidelymisunderstoodbyeconomistsandpoliticiansalike.Progressinbothareasisundoubtedly

necessaryforthesocial,political,andintellectualdevelopmentoftheseandallothersocieties;however,theconventionalviewthateducationshouldbeoneoftheveryhighestprioritiesforpromotingrapideconomicdevelopmentinpoorcountriesiswrong.Wearefortunatethatitis,becausebuildingneweducationalsystemsthereandputtingenoughpeoplethroughthemtoimproveeconomicperformancewouldrequiretwoorthreegenerations.Thefindingsofaresearchinstitutionhaveconsistentlyshownthatworkersinallcountriescanbetrainedonthejobtoachieveradicallyhigherproductivityand,asaresult,radicallyhigherstandardsofliving.31.TheauthorholdsinParagraph1thattheimportanceofeducationinpoorcountries]

参考答案:

hasbeenoverestimated【原文】Intheidealizedversionofhowscienceisdone,factsabouttheworldarewaitingtobeobservedandcollectedbyobjectiveresearcherswhousethescientificmethodtocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorknowledgeandinterestsinfluencewhatweexperience,whatwethinkourexperiencesmean,andthesubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.31.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,theprocessofdiscoveryischaracterizedbyits

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uncertaintyandcomplexity【原文】Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance.“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,”heclaimed.“We’redoingthesethingsbecauseweknowtheyhelppeoplestayoffbenefitsandhelpthoseonbenefitsgetintoworkfaster.”Help?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith“reforms”toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidiseslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”——protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.23.Whatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?

参考答案:

passiontoensurefairnessforthepayers第八章测试【原文】Theuseofprivacylawtocurbthetechgiantsinthisinstancefeelsslightlymaladapted.Thispracticedoesnotaddresstherealworry.It’snotenoughtosaythealgorithmsDeepMinddevelopswillbenefitpatientsandsavelives.Whatmattersisthattheywillbelongtoaprivatemonopolywhichdevelopedthemusingpublicresources.

34.Accordingtothelastparagraph,therealworryarisingfromthisdealis

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themonopolyofbigdatabytechgiants【原文】Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure,Rosenbergislesspersuasive.JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful.

23.Intheauthor’sview,Rosenberg’sbook

failsto

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adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors【原文】Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesaside,there’splentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaper——printingpresses,deliverytrucks——isn’tjustexpensive;it’sexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdon’thavethe

samesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterparts,revenuefromprintisstilldeclining.36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringending

itsprinteditionpartlydueto

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thehighcostofoperation【原文】In2010,leadingcongressionalDemocratsandRepublicanssentletterstotheAAAsaskingthatitidentifyactionsthatcouldbetakenby“federal,stateandlocalgovernments,universities,foundations,educators,individualbenefactorsandothers”to“maintainnationalexcellenceinhumanitiesandsocialscientificscholarshipandeducation37.InfluentialfiguresintheCongress

requiredthattheAAAsreportonhowto

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keepaleadingpositioninliberaleducation【原文】There’snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior.Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabitsaswellasnegativeonesspreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication.Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure——weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday.24.Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors

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occurswithoutourrealizingit【原文】Thecourtdidsuggestthatacceptingfavorsinreturnforopeningdoorsis“distasteful”andnasty.Butunderanti-briberylaws,proofmustbemadeofconcretebenefits,suchasapprovalofacontractorregulation.Simplyarrangingameeting,makingaphonecall,orhostinganeventisnotan“officialact,”37.AccordingtoParagraph4,anofficialactisdeemedcorruptive

onlyifitinvolves

参考答案:

concretereturnsforgift-givers

第九章测试【原文】IntheweeksandmonthsthatfollowedMr.

Hirst’ssale,spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable.Intheartworldthatmeantcollectorsstayedawayfromgalleriesandsalerooms.Salesofcontemporaryartfellbytwo-thirds,andinthemosttheyweredownbynearly90%intheyeartoNovember2008.Withinweekstheworld’stwobiggestauctionhouses,Sotheby’sandChristie’s,hadtopayoutnearlyS200minguaranteestoclientswhohadplacedworksforsalewiththem.22Bysaying“spendingofanysortbecamedeeplyunfashionable”(Line1-2,Para.3),theauthorsuggeststhat

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peoplestoppedeverykindofspendingandstayedawayfromgalleries【原文】Americansarewillingtotoleratetime-consumingsecurityproceduresinreturnforincreasedsafety.Butdemandingtoomuchfromtravelersorprovidingtoolittlesecurityinreturnunderminespublicsupportfortheprocess.Anditshould:WastedtimeisadragonAmericans’economicandprivatelives,nottomentioninfuriating.25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

参考答案:

GettingStuckinSecurityLines【原文】Inmanyrichcountriesaveragewagesinthestatesectorarehigherthanintheprivateone.Buttherealgainscomeinbenefitsandworkpractices.Politicianshaverepeatedly“backloaded”public-sectorpaydeals,keepingthepayincreasesmodestbutaddingtoholidaysandespeciallypensionsthatarealreadygenerous.38.ItcanbelearnedfromParagraph4thattheincome

inthestatesector

is

参考答案:

indirectly

augmented【原文】Finally,becauseautomationthreatenstowidenthegapbetweencapitalincomeandlaborincome,taxesandthesafetynet

willhavetoberethought.Taxesonlow-wagelaborneedtobecut,andwagesubsidiessuchastheearnedincometaxcreditshouldbeexpanded:Thiswouldboostincomes,encouragework,rewardcompaniesforjobcreation,andreduceinequality.24.Theauthorsuggeststhattaxpolicies

beaimedat

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preventingtheincomegapfromwidening【原文】Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectualpropertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal,”saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?

参考答案:

Itmaychange

thelegalpractices

intheU.S第十章测试【原文】Inall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompany’srecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficials,”saysoneresearcher.34.Whenprosecutorsevaluateacase,acompany’sCSRrecord

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hasanimpactontheirdecision【原文】Addingtoawoman’sincreaseddoseofstresschemicals,areherincreased“opportunities”

forstress.“It’snotnecessarilythatwomendon’tcopeaswell.It’sjustthattheyhavesomuchmoretocopewith,“saysDr.

Yehuda.”Theircapacityfortoleratingstressmayevenbegreaterthanmen’s,”sheobserves,“it’sjustthatthey’redealingwithsomanymorethingsthattheybecomewornoutfromitmorevisiblyandsooner.”22.Dr.

Yehuda’sresearchsuggeststhatwomen

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areexposedtomorestress【原文】AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosavethebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperience“arefreshingair.”Hill’spressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydon’tmakecountrysideanymore,andeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.27.AccordingtoParagraph2,theachievements

oftheNationalTrust

arenowbeing

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graduallydestroyed【原文】Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethosemeanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents——who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill——feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollarswhichIsanotherbigconcernforcolleges.28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

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obtainmorefinancialsupport【原文】Evenso,kingsandqueensundoubtedlyhaveadownside.Symbolicofnationalunityastheyclaimtobe,theirveryhistoryandsometimesthewaytheybehavetodayembodiesoutdatedandindefensibleprivilegesandinequalities.23.Whichofthefollowingisshowntobeodd,accordingtoParagraph4?

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Thenobility’sadherencetotheirprivileges第十一章测试【原文】Gradeinflation——thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades——isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecause

ofgradeinflation?

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Theinfluenceofconsumerculture【原文】FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutives