实践现象学课件

PhenomenologyofpracticeMaxvanManen,UniversityofAlberta2007Phenomenologyofpracticeisformativeofsensitivepractice,issuingfromthepathicpowerofphenomenologicalreflections.Phenomenologyofpracticeisanethicalcorrectiveofthetechnologicalandcalculativemodalitiesofcontemporarylife.Itfindsitssourceandimpetusinpracticalphenomenologiesofreadingandwritingthatopenuppossibilitiesforcreatingformativerelationsbetweenbeingandacting,selfandother,interioritiesandexteriorities,betweenwhoweareandhowweact.IntroductionPractice:TheoryContext/situationPathicPhenomenologywritingTheorycannotsolvetheallquestionsabouttheworld.Weneedpracticetofinishthesetasks.Situationmeanspathic.Theyarethedifferentwaytoknowtheworld.Phenomenologyneedtodopractical,notjustonlymeansphilosophicalquestion.VanManen:Wehavequestionsofhowtoactineverydaysituationsandrelations.ThispragmaticconcernIwillcallthe"phenomenologyofpractice.”Theaimsofaphenomenologyofpractice:toopenuppossibilitiesforcreatingformativerelationsbetweenbeingandacting,betweenwhoweareandhowweact,betweenthoughtfulnessandtact.

whatisthe“phenomenologyofpractice"?

Practice—TheoryTheoriainitsoriginalGreeksenseofcontemplatiowasconductedinabroadercontextoflifeandthuswasalsoawayofcomportingoneself.(“Praiseoftheory”)Itisa"'beingpresent'inthelovelydoublesensethatmeansthatthepersonisnotonlypresentbutcompletelypresent"Intheendallpracticesuggestswhatpointsbeyondit.——Gadamer1998。一切实践的最终含义就是超越实践本身。AnexampleofaprovocativequestioningofthesignificanceoftheoryisthebookDerridaoffersasurprisingbutprovocativethesisofhowheseesthepracticeofhisownlifeinrelationtohiswriting.Ilovethevoice,Ilovepresence,Ilove…;thereisnolove,nodesirewithoutit.So,I'mconstantlydenying,sotospeak,inmylifewhatI'msayinginmybooksormyteaching….thereisnopurepresencethatIdesireit.Therewouldbenodesirewithoutit.Derrida(inthefootstepsofHeidegger)hasdeconstructedthepossibilityofbeing“completelypresent.”Derridacouldarguethatthereisstillconsistencyinthesensethattheorizingisalsoaformoflife,inotherwords,apractice.Numerousphenomenologistshaveaimedtofindvantagepointsfromwhichwemaygraspthewaysthatrevealhowoursensibilitiesandexperiencesoftheworldareformedorconditionedbytheprimordialitiesofourexistence.

PrimordialitiesofPracticethefamousexampleofsound(Howthetonesofapieceofmusicpresentthemselvesintheinstantofthenow)PhenomenologyofInternalTimeConsciousness

itistheprimalimpressionalconsciousnessanditsretentionalandprotentionalaspectsthatmakeourlivedexperiencespotentiallyavailableintheformofintentionalobjectsforourreflection。——Husserl'sepistemologicallanguage

前摄，感知，滞留

Primalimpressionalconsciousnesspointstothecorporealandtemporalnatureofexistence.Atthelevelofprimalconsciousnessthereisnotyetobjectificationofselfandworld.Livedexperienceissimplyexperience-as-we-live-through-itinouractions,relationsandsituations.Ofcourse,ourlivedexperiencescanbehighlyreflective(suchasinmakingdecisionsortheorizing)butfromaHusserlianphenomenologicalpointofviewthisreflectiveexperienceisstillprereflectivesincewecanretroactively(afterwards)subjectittophenomenologicalreflection."wearealwaysalreadypracticallyengagedinthecontextoflife"------HeideggerHeideggeremphasizesthemeaningofthesoundwehear:“Wehearthedoorshutinthehouseandneverhearacousticalsensationsofmeresounds.”Evenifwehearasoundthatwedonotrecognizeweneverthelessrecognizeitasnonrecognizableandwemayorienttoitsoriginornature.Thepointisthatwearealreadyengagedinaworldwherethissoundacquiresaparticularmeaningandsignificance.HowimportantthecontextisForHeideggertheoriginofmeaningisnotfoundinsomeprimalrealmbutrighthereinouractionsandinthetactilethingsoftheworldthatweinhabit.MauriceMerleau-PontymakesasimilarpointinthePhenomenologyofPerception.Pureimpressionsarenotonlyimperceptiblebutundiscoverable.Wedon'thearapuresoundsensationor"senseimpression"butthebarkingofthedogortheringingofthephone."Thechildimitatesnot'models'butotherpeople'sactions."Bourdieusays.ForHeidegger,thesourceofintelligibilityismoremundanelythecontextofmeaninginwhichourpracticesareembedded.FromHeidegger'sperspectiveonecannotreallyaccountforthecontextsincewealreadyliveit,beforewemakesenseofitinaninterpretivemanner.Weliveoutthatcontextbyconstantlyactualizingandrealizingourunderstandingsthatalreadyinhereinourpracticesandthatcannotnecessarilybeexplicated.VanManenemphasizesthateverythinginourlifedependsonitscontext,andonlyinthiscontextcanwegetknownwiththephenomeny.Wecannotknowthesense,butwegetitfromacertainpracticeorcontextthatcanmakethesenseinterpretive.Furthermore,onlydependsonthetheorycannotexplainthephenomeny,itmustturntothepractice!Howdoesthecontextgetsitsmeaning?FromHeidegger'sperspectiveonecannotreallyaccountforthecontextsincewealreadyliveit,beforewemakesenseofitinaninterpretivemanner.technologicalandcalculativepractice:

emphasizesthattheentitiesareinstrumental.

HeideggershowshowwithFriedrichNietzsche'snotionofthe"eternallyrecurringwill-to-power,"our(post)modernsensibilityofrealityhasbecomeametaphysicsofnihilisticenframingthattreatsallentities(includinghumanbeings)instrumentally,availableforouruse.AccordingtoHeidegger,ithasledtoathoughtlessnihilismthatreducesallintelligibilitytotechnologicalsensibility:viewinganythingthatexistsasinfinite,andthuswithoutend,meaning,orpurpose.

Thepervasivenessoftechnologicalandcalculativepractice

InThomson'swords,"ourtechnologicalunderstandingofbeingproducesacalculativethinkingthatquantifiesallqualitativerelations,reducingentitiestobivalent,programmable‘information'".Thomsonobserveshowineducationalcontexts,termssuchas"excellence,""potential,"and"quality"havelosttheirsubstantiveandnormativecontent.Strivingforahigherpedagogicalqualityofeducationbecomesaquantitativeconcernwithwhatcanbemeasuredintermsofoutcomes,observables,andstandards.FreeitselfofcalculativerationalityInvolveadifferentwayofknowingtheworldGrasptheworldpathicallyTheory:thinkPractice:graspThecompetenceofprofessionalpractitionersisitselflargelytiedintopathicknowledge.Professionalknowledgeispathictotheextentthattheactofpracticedependsonthesenseandsensualityofthebody,personalpresence,relationalperceptiveness,tactforknowingwhattosayanddoincontingentsituations,thoughtfulroutinesandpractices,andotheraspectsofknowledgethatareinpartprereflective,pre-theoretic,pre-linguistic.FurtherstudyandenhancepathicdimensionofprofessionalpracticeNeedalanguageRemainorientedtotheexperiential

orlivedsensibilityofthelifeworld.Expressandcommunicateunderstandinge.g:ExperientialstoriesprovideopportunitiesforevokingandreflectingonpracticePathic传统知识观有身体的直接参与,有情感的参与,有感受性的因素,有当下的直观IntuitiveknowingEmbodiedknowingpathicknowing实践认识论强调认识中感性因素,情感因素,被动性的一面EmpathySympathyRelational,situational,corporeal,temporal,actionalpathossufferingandpassionInalargelifecontext:generalmood,sensibility,sensuality,feltsenseofbeingintheworldEasier:teachconceptsandinformationalknowledge>bringaboutpathicunderstandings.Easier:describethecognitive>pathicaspectsofourworld.ourprofessionalpracticemaybecommunicated,internalizedandreflectedonDevelopaphenomenologythatissensitivetothethoughtfulnessrequiredincontingent,moral,andrelationalsituations.SpeakofthepathicsensibilitySpaceshavetheiratmospheric,sensual,andfeltaspects.PathicknowledgeinhereinthebodyinthethingsofourworldInthesituationsinwhichwefindourselvesIntheveryrelationsthatwemaintainwithothersandthingsaroundus.thewholebodyitselfispathic"thebodyknows"howtodothings,suchthat,ifwewantedtogainintellectualcontrolofthis"knowledge"wemightinfacthamperourabilitytodothethingswearedoing.OuractionsSedimentedintohabituations,routines,kinestheticmemories.Sensitivetothecontigencies,novelties,andexpectanciesofourworld.Ordinarycognitivediscoursesarenotwellsuitedtoaddressnoncognitivedimensionsofprofessionalexperience.Apathiclanguageisneededinordertoevokeandreflectonpathicmeanings.Pathicunderstandingrequiresalanguagethatissensitivetotheexperiential,moral,emotionalandpersonaldimensionsofprofessionallife.PhenomenologywritingShiedawayfromtechnicalphilosophicalissuesThroughacertainkindofphenomenologicalwriting,thesepathicformsofknowingmayfindexpressionintexts,whichmakedemandsonusthatfindexpressioninourpractices.Langeveldinterestedindoingpracticalphenomenologyandhenotinphilosophicalquestionsaboutindubitableknowledgeortheconditionsofphenomenologicalunderstanding.Hisintentionistoshowtheformativepedagogicalvalueoftheexperience.Phenomenoloicaltexts:anearlyformofPhenomenoloicalwritingDutchorUniversityofUtrechttraditione.g:VandenBerg;Langeveld;LinschotenTheywereinterestedinphenomenologyasapracticalandreflectivemethod,notasprofessionalphilosophy.PhenomenoloicaltextsLangeveld–“TheSecretPlaceintheLifeofChild”Givesreadersareasoningunderstandingofthe“feltmeaning”ofthatspecialplacethatyoungchildrenattimesseemtoseekout.The“secretplace”istheplacewherethechildwithdrawsfromthepresenceofothers.Thisspaceexperience----aplaceofgrowthDoingpracticalphenomenologySpaceexperience----self-understandingLangeveld’sintentionistoshowtheformativepadagogicalvalueoftheexperienceofthesecretplaceforthegrowingchild.Thephenomenologicalanalysisofthesecretplaceofthechildshowsusthatthedistinctiousbetweentheouterandinnerworldmetintoasingle,uniuqe,personalworldSpaceexperienceThesecrecyofthisplaceisfirstofallexperiencedasthesecrecyof“my-own-ness”Thechildencountersthe“world”Heshowsnotonlywhattheexperienceislikehealsoshowshowitisapedagogicallyappropriateexperienceforthechild.FromtheperspectiveofLangeveld'spedagogicalinterestinchildren,aphenomenologyofpracticesponsorsapedagogicalsensitivitythatexpressesitselfintactfulnessonthepartoftheadult.Thefeaturesofthetexts:InsightfulEvocativeSpeaktousStirourpadagogical,psychological,professionalsensibilities.Thepowerofphenomenologicaltextsliespreciselyinthisresonancethatthewordcaneffectinourunderstanding,includingthosereachesofunderstandingthataresomehowpre-discursiveandpre-cognitiveandthuslessa