化学工程与工艺专业英语练习习题与讲解

KeytoExerciseUnit1ChemicalIndustrieschemicals)1.theIndustrialRanicchemicals9.syntheticfibers10.pharmaceutical11.researchanddevelopment12.petrochemical3.thecontactprocess4.theHputers(automaticcontrolequipment)7.artificialfertilizers8.pesticides(cropprotection14.capitalintensiveSomeChemicalsUsedInOurDailyLifeFoodartificialfertilizers,pesticide,veterinaryproductsHealthantibiotics,β-blockerssyntheticfibers(e.g.polyesters,polyamides),Clothingsyntheticdyessyntheticpolymers(e.g.urea-formaldehyde,polyurethanes),plasticsShelterLeisureplasticsandpolymers(e.g.nylon)additives(e.g.anti-oxidants,viscosityindeximprovements),Transportpolymers,plasticsUnit2ResearchandDevelopment1.R&D12.cessandproducts4.fundamental5.applied16.sufficientlypure17.Rfitbility20.theproductspecification21.Productstorage10.environmentalimpact11.energycostUnit3TypicalActivitiesofChemicalEngineers1.Mechanical14.coolingwater2.electrical15.aneconomical3.civil16.toimprove4.scale-up17.P&IDmercial-size6.reactors18.EquipmentSpecificationSheets19.Construction7.distillationcolumns8.pumps20.capacityandperformance21.bottlenecks9.controlandinstrumentation10.mathematics22.TechnicalSales23.neworimproved24.engineeringmethods25.configurations11.industry12.academia13.steamUnit4SourcesofChemicals1.inorganicchemicals2.derivefrom(originatefrom)3.petrochemicalprocesses4.Metallicores5.extractionprocess6.non-renewableresource7.renewablesources8.energysource9.fermentationprocess10.selective11.rawmaterial12.separationandpurification13.foodindustry14.tobewetted15.Keytosuccess16.Crushingandgrinding17.Sieving18.Stirringandbubbling19.Surfaceactiveagents20.OverflowingUnit5BasicChemicals1.Ethylene4.Polyvinylacetate5.Emulsionpaint2.aceticacid3.PolymerizationHigh-volumesectorLow-volumesectortenstohundredsoftenstoafewthousandsthousandstonsperyeartonsperyearProductionscaleProducts/aplantOperationmannerPriceorprofitsingleproductcontinuousmulti-productsbatchfairlycheapveryprofitableUsageintermediatesend-productsreduceddemand,environmentpollutionChallengessulphuricacid,phosphorus-containingcompounds,agrochemicals,dyestuffs,Productsinthesectornitrogen-containingcompounds,chlor-alkali,pharmaceuticals,specialitypolymerspetrochemicals,commoditypolymersUnit6Chlor-AlkaliandRelatedProcesses1.Ammonia5.NHCl46.Rotarydrier2.ammoniaabsorber3.NaCl&NHOH44.Carbondioxide7.LightNaCO38.Water2MajorstepsorUsesProductRawmaterialPrincipalreactionsammoniating,carbonating,precipitating,filtering,drying,rawmaterialforglassmaking,brine,Soda-ashlimestonesodiumsilicate;asanalkalicalciningaswaterpurification,2Na++2Cl-+2HO→2NaOH+Cl+HChlorinebrinebleachingofwoodpulp;productionofvinylchloride,solvents,inorganicchlorine-containingproducts22forpaper-making,manufactureofinorganic2Na++2Cl-+2HO→2NaOH+Cl+H22Causticsodabrinechemicals,synthesesoforganicchemicals,productionofaluminaandsoapS+O→SO22feedstockforfertilizers;SulfuricacidelementalsulphurSO+O→SO2productionofethanol,22SO+HO→HSO4322hydrofluoricacid,aluminumsulphatesUnit7Ammonia,NitricAcidandUrea1.kineticallyinert2.someironcompounds3.exothermic9.energy10.steamreforming11.carbonmonoxide12.secondaryreformer13.theshiftreaction14.methane4.conversion5.areasonablespeed6.lowerpressures7.highertemperatures8.capital15.3:11787C.Bertholletdiscoversthecompositionofammonia1903FritzHabersynthesizesammonia1909FritzHaberdrivestheoptimumreactionconditions1909-1914C.Bosch,A.Mittaschscale-uptheprocess19131919inBASFbuildapilotplantFritzHaberreceivestheNoblepriceinBritainandAmerica1920s1931IntroducetheHaberprocessreceivestheNoblepriceC.BoschUnit8PetroleumPanicchemicals2.H:Cratios7.consumptionofhydrogen8.thepilotstage3.hightemperaturecarbonization9.surfaceandunderground4.crudetar10.fluidizedbed11.Biotechnology12.sulfurspecies5.pyrolysis6.poorselectivityUnit9PolymersAbbreviationNameofpolymerLDPEHDPELLDPELowdensitypolyethyleneHighdensitypolyethylene低密度聚乙烯高密度聚乙烯Linearlowdensitypolyethylene线性低密度聚乙烯Polyethyleneterephthalate聚对苯二甲酸乙二PETorPBT(PET)醇酯Polybutyleneterephthalate(PBT)聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PVCPSPolyvinylchloridePolystyrene聚氯乙烯聚苯乙烯聚甲醛POMPPPolyoxymethylenePolypropylene聚丙烯PCPolycarbonate聚碳酸酯聚苯醚PPOPTFEPFPolyphenyleneoxidepolytetrafluoroethylenephenol-formaldehyderesins聚四氟乙烯酚醛树脂PMMAUFpoly(methylmethacrylate)聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯urea-formaldehyderesins脲醛树脂NameofpolymerCompanyorYearintroducedInventorPhenol-formaldehyderesinBaekland1909Urea-formaldehyderesin1929Alkydresinlate1920sPoly(styrene-butadiene)GermanyGermanyPoly(acrylonitrile-butadiene)Poly(vinylchloride)GermanyPolystyrenepolyethyleneNylonGermanyICI19381941DupontDupontICIPolyacrylonitrileTerylene19481949EpoxyresinspolypropyleneLLDPEDupontMontecatini19551956late1970sUnit10WhatIsChemicalEngineeringMicroscale(≤10m)-3AtomicandmolecularstudiesofcatalystsChemicalprocessinginthemanufactureofintegratedcircuitsStudiesofthedynamicsofsuspensionsandmicrostructuredfluidsMesoscale(10－10m)-32ImprovingtherateandcapacityofseparationsequipmentDesignofinjectionmoldingequipmenttoproducecarbumpersmadefrompolymersDesigningfeedbackcontrolsystemsforbioreactorsMacroscale(>10m)OperabilityanalysisandcontrolsystemsynthesisforanentirechemicalplantMathematicalmodelingoftransportandchemicalreactionsofcombustion-generatedairpollutantsManipulatingapetroleumreservoirduringenhancedoilrecoverythroughremotesensingofprocessdata,developmentanduseofdynamicmodelsofundergroundinteractions,andselectiveinjectionofchemicalstoimproveefficiencyofrecoveryCourseCoursecontentScienceandMath.Chemistry,Physics,Biology,MaterialScience,Mathematics,ComputerInstructionThermodynamics,Kinetics,Catalysis,ChemicalRectorDesignandAnalysis,UnitOperations,EngineeringProcessControl,ChemicalEngineeringLaboratories,Design/EconomicsOtherEngineeringElectricalEngineering,Mechanics,EngineeringDrawingHumanitiesandUnderstandtheoriginsofone’sowncultureasSocialSciencewellasthatofothersUnit12WhatDoWeMeanbyTransportPhenomena?1.density8.velocityfluctuations2.viscosity3.tubediameter4.Reynolds9.solidsurface10.idealfluids11.viscosity5.eddies12.Prandtl6.laminarflow7.turbulentflow13.fluiddynamicsUnit13UnitOperationsinChemicalEngineering1.physical8.filtration2.unitoperations3.identical9.materialbalance10.equilibriumstagemodel11.Hydrocyclones12.Filtration4.A.D.Little5.fluidflow6.membraneseparation7.crystallization13.Gravity14.VaccumUnit14DistillationOperations1.relativevolatilities2.contactingtrays3.reboiler10.energy-inputrequirement4.anoverheadcondenser5.reflux11.overallthermodynamicefficiency12.trayefficiencies13.Bposition6.plates7.packing8.strippingsection9.rectifyingsection15.arectifyingbatchSieveBubble-capValveplateplateshighlowplatesmiddlemiddlemiddleCostlowCapacityhighlowOperatingrangehighEfficiencysamelowsamehighSamePressuredropmiddle1<2<3Unit15SolventExtraction,LeachingandAdsorption1.aliquidsolvent2.solubilities3.leaching14.HorOH+–15.cessflowrates17.deteriorationofperformance18.closelysimilar4.distillation5.extract6.raffinate19.stationaryphase20.mobilephase7.countercurrent8.afluid21.distributioncoefficients22.selectivemembranes23.synthetic9.adsorbedphase10.400,00011.originalcondition12.totalpressure13.equivalentnumbers24.ambienttemperature25.ultrafiltration26.reverseosmosis(RO).Unit16Evaporation,CrystallizationandDrying1.concentratesolutions2.solids5.heatsensitivity6.heattransfersurfaces7.thelongtube3.circulation4.viscosity8.multiple-effectevaporators9.vacuum14.swirlbreaker10.condensers11.supersaturation12.circulationpump13.heatexchangerDryertype15.circulatingpipe16.Product17.non-condensablegas18.barometriccondenserGeneralfeaturesApplicationBatchoperation,ClosecontrolofdryingconditionsandproductinventoryTraydryersDryingvaluableproductsContinuouscirculation,Highdryingrates,Goodproduct-quality,HighthermalDryingmaterialsthatformabedwithanopenstructureConveyordryersefficiencies,HighinitialandmaintenancecostContinuousoperation,Highthroughput,Highthermalefficiency,LowcapitalcostandlaborcostsDryingfree-flowgranularmaterialsRotarydryerNon-uniformresidencetime,Dustgeneration,HighnoiselevelsContinuousorbatchoperation,DryinggranularandcrystallinematerialsRapidanduniformheattransfer,FluidizedbeddryersShortdryingtimes,Goodcontrolofthedryingconditions,Lowfloorarearequirements;HighpowerrequirementsShortcontacttimes,DryingfineandheatLowthermalefficiencysensitivematerialsPneumaticdryersShortcontacttimes,GoodcontroloftheDryingliquidanddiluteslurryfeedsaswellasheatSpraydryersproductparticlesi