印尼默拉皮火山

默拉皮火山MountMerapiGunungMerapiMerapjcJuly2005TypeGunungMerapiMerapjcJuly2005TypeActiveStratovolcano英文名称：Merapi,Mount.MountMerapi印尼语名称：GunungMerapi印度尼西亚爪哇岛中心附近的火山山峰，在日惹以北约32公里（20哩），距三宝垄以南稍远处。默拉皮火山海拔2,911公尺（9,550呎），陡坡较低的两侧植被茂密。在印度尼西亚130个火山中活动最频繁。最大的喷发之一发生在西元1006年，其使爪哇中部到处散布火山尘。其他大喷发分别发生在1786、1822、1872、1930和1976年。1994年11月22日喷发中释放的火成碎屑流使64人丧生。默拉皮火山是一个锥形火山，是印度尼西亚活动性最强的火山，自从1548年起，已经断续喷发了68次。"默拉皮”在印度尼西亚语中的意思就是“火山”。火山距离日惹市相当近，山麓居住着几千人，有的村庄在海拔1700米的高处，由于其威胁人类居住地的安全，被国际地球化学和火山学协会列为应当加强监督与研究的全球16座火山之一。默拉皮火山在南爪哇的火山中属于最年轻的一座，位于一个隐没带上，在这里印度-澳大利亚板块沉入欧亚大陆板块下Elevation 2円诜rri阳用辭ft)；【1】Prominence ■]^2 m(4^67fty 氏心网Listing RibuTranslation MountainofFire.(Indonesian^Location▲MountMerapiBorderofCentralJavafYogyakarta(Indonesia)Coordinates&厂亚‘26.9917S110°26;41.34"EGeologyAgeofrock400,000years：Lasteruption18November-2010^面。地层学分析证明在40万年前这个地区已经开始喷发，直到一万年以前，一直是典型的熔岩喷出，形成玄武岩。后来就形成爆炸式的喷发，是更粘稠的安山岩浆，形成熔岩丘，熔岩丘崩塌会造成火山碎屑流和猛烈的喷发，形成喷发的烟尘柱。默拉皮火山一般每两到三年都有一次小喷发，每10至15年会有一次大喷发，严重的喷发发生在1006年、1786年、1822年，1872年发生一次最大的喷发，和1930年的喷发一起造成13个村庄的毁灭，死亡1400人。默拉皮火山地理参数经纬度海拔(m)高差(m)火山类型岩石年龄最后喷发时间7°32‘26.99〃S110°26z41.34〃E29681392活火山成层火山40万年2010.11.18喷发记录2010EruptionMerapivolcanobeganeruptingon26thOctober2010.Theeruptionwasthewasthelargestatthevolcanoin100years.Ashemissionsreachedanaltitudeof40,000ft,and370,000peoplewereevacuatedfroma20kmradiusdangerzone.Over190peoplewerekilledbypyroclasticflowsandashfall.2006EruptionsSeismicactivitybeganincreasingatMerapivolcanoinMarch2006,and10,000residentswerepreparedforevacuation.On10thAprilpeoplewerebannedfromclimbingthevolcano.On12thApriltheAlertLevelwasraidedfrom2to3.An8kmexclusionzonewasplacedaroundthevolcano.On27thAprilnearly2,000villagerswereevacuatedfromSidorejoandTegalmulyovillagesaroundMerapivolcano.On13thMay,theAlertLevelwasraisedtothehighestlevel4,andabout4,500peoplelivingnearthevolcanowereevacuated.On15thMaypyroclasticflowstraveledupto4kmwest.By16thMay,morethan22,000peoplehadbeenevacuated.On8thJune,thelava-domegrowthrateatMerapiwasanestimated100,000cubicmetersperday,withanestimatedvolumeof4millioncubicmeters.Pyroclasticflowsandrockfallsdecreasedinfrequencyandintensityafter28thJune2006.2006EarthquakesOn27thMay2006amagnitude6.3earthquakekilledabout5,400peopleproducedinathree-foldincreaseinactivityatMerapivolcano.On17thJuly2006amagnitude7.7earthquakehit50kmsouthofMerapivolcano.Theearthquakewastheresultofthrust-faultingontheboundarybetweentheAustralianandSundatectonicplates.Theearthquakeproducedan8mhightsunamiwhichhitthesoutherncoastofJava.Thiseventwasclassifiedasatsunamiearthquake,becauseofthelowearthquakemagnitudecomparedtothetsunamisize.Theearthquakecaused5,750deaths,38,560injuries,andupto600,000peopledisplacedintheBantul-Yogyakartaarea.2001EruptionAmajoreruptionbeganatMerapivolcanoon10thFebruary2001.A30-minute-longpyroclasticflowoccurredat0200hr.At0330hrtherewasacollapseofthe1998lavadomewhichejectedash5kmabovethesummitandproducedapyroclasticflowsthatextended7kminthedirectionoftheSatRiver.1998EruptionsActivityatMerapivolcanobeganincreasinginJuly1998.On11thJuly37nueesardentesoccurredbetweenmidnightand0500hr.Between11-19July,128nusssardentesoccurred,includingastrongpyroclasticashandblockflowat1500on19thJuly.1994EruptionsOn22ndNovember1994,alargenumberofdome-collapsenueesardentesweregeneratedoveraperiodofseveralhoursatMerapivolcano.ThenueesardentesdescendedmainlytheBoyongvalleyandtheBedogvalley,atributaryoftheKrasak-Kecilvalley.Thiswasincontrasttothe1984and1992flowswhichtraveledexclusivelytowardsthesouthwestandwest.1986-87EruptionsLavadomeformationatMerapivolcanoin1986-87wasthelargestsince1973.1984EruptionOn15thJune1984explosionsatthelavadomeproducedpyroclasticflowswhichextended7kmfromthevolcano,andashfall80kmNW.1968EruptionsAttheendofMay1968alavatonguehadextended875mandwastheresultofnewlavadoneextrusionafterthe1967collapse.Thenumberofavalanchesfromthelavatonguewere1432inJune,1370July,329August,and12inSeptember.RenewedactivitybeganatMerapivolcanoinOctober1968withanincreasingnumberoflavaavalanches.1967EruptionsAlavadomeextrudedinApril1967attheupperBatangRiverontheSWslopeofMerapivolcano.ThedomecollapsedinOctober1967.1822LaharAhotlaharatMerapivolcanoon28thDecember1822destroyed4villageswith100casualties.MerapiVolcanoEruptions2010,2007,2006,2001-02,1992-98,1972-90,1971,1967-69,1961,1953-58,1948-49,1944-45,1942-43,1939-40,1933-35,1930-31,1924,1923,1922,1920-21,1918,1915,1909-13,1908,1906-07,1905,1902-04,1902,1897,1894,1893,