毕业减少建筑索赔的工具英文

Partnering:ToolforConstructionClaimsReductionVeronicaVoytonGraduateoftheMSConstructionProgram,SouthernPolytechnicStateUniv.,260JadeCoveCr.,Roswell,GA30075.KhalidSiddiqi,M.ASCEChair,ConstructionDept.,SouthernPolytechnicStateUniv.,1100SouthMariettaPky.,Marietta,GA30060IntroductionAlternativedisputeresolutionADRisacommonterminthetwenty-firstcenturyandespeciallyforthoseinvolvedinconstructionprojects.Commercialconstructionprojectsarealsoontherisenationwideasdevelopersacquiremorepropertyandtransformoncebarrenlandintolargearenas,skyscrapers,andofficebuildings.Duetotheincreaseinthedemandforgeneralcontractorstocompeteand‘‘win’’thebestjobforthelowestprice,disputeresolutionisgainingimportanceinmaintainingsuccessforthegeneralcontractorbyreducingthechanceofclaimsforthecontractorandtheowner.Aformofdisputeresolutionforconstruction,whichisquiteprevalenttoday,ispartnering.Partneringisaprocessthatbringsthepartiesoftheconstructionprojecttogethertoresolvepotentialissues.Thehypothesisofthispaperisthatpartneringwillreducetheoverallnumberandsizeofclaimsonaconstructionproject.Byprovidingaframeworkforresolvingtheissuesearlyintheconstructionprocess,itbecomesmorelikelythatconflictwillnotarisewithintheparties.Theobjectiveofthispaperwastodeterminewhethertherelationshipbetweenpartneringinconstructionprojectsinfluencesthenumberandmagnitudeofclaimsthatarefiledorpaidbythecontractorandowner.Beforeonecandevelopaneffectivepartneringmethodology,onemustunderstandthemajorreasonsrelatingtoemployeedissatisfactionwithcurrentpartneringmethods.Thisstudywillprovideaninsightintopartneringanditseffectsonthenumberandmagnitudeofclaimsaswellassuggestionsformoreeffectivepartneringmethodology.BackgroundEstablishedinthe1980sasaformofdisputeresolutionpioneeredbytheUnitedStatesArmyCorpsofEngineers,theuseofpartneringonconstructionprojectsisincreasing.TheDisputeAvoidanceandResolutionTaskForceoftheAmericanArbitrationAssociationReport(DART)recognizesthatifdisputesarenotresolvedearlyintheproject,thenanadverseimpactwillbecreatedontheprojectandtheparties.‘‘StudiesfromtheDARTreportsuggestthat90%oftheparticipantssurveyedbelievethatpartneringimprovedthequalityofprojects.Savingstothetuneofsevenpercent(7%)wereobservedinsomeprojects,andalargernumberwerecompletedearly,orontime’’(Heal1999).Anotherstudyshowsthatitisnotonlyconstructioncompaniesthatcanbenefitfrompartnering.Brown&Root/Braun,whichhasbeenapartnerwithUnionCarbideCorporationinConnecticutfor3yearsstates,‘‘ithasstudiedabout18projectsduringthatperiodandconcludesthatproductivityonpartneringjobswasaboutsixteentoseventeenpercent(16%to17%)better’’(Schriener1991).ResearchMethodInthisstudy,aquestionnairewasadministeredtogeneralcontractorsinGeorgiaandthesoutheasternUnitedStates.Eachparticipatinggeneralcontractorcompletedthequestionnairesurveybasedononecommercialprojectonwhichtheyworked.Thevalueofeachpartneredcommercialprojectconsideredinthestudywasbetween$20to$30million.Theresponsestothequestionnaireswerethencomparedwiththeresponsesgivenbythreegeneralcontractorswhocompletedasimilarprojectinwhichpartneringwasnotused.Thenonpartneredcommercialprojectsalsorangedfrom$20to$30millionandwerealsolocatedinGeorgia.Thefirstquestionnairewasusedbythosewhoparticipatedinprojectsinwhichpartneringwasused.Therewere17statements.Foreachstatement,therespondedhadtoselecteitherstronglyagree,somewhatagree,somewhatdisagree,orstronglydisagree.Thesecondpartofthequestionnairerequestedtherespondenttoprovidethenumberofclaimsfortheprojectaswellaslistanysuggestionsforbetterpartneringmethodology.Thesecondquestionnairewasusedbythosewhoparticipatedinprojectsinwhichpartneringwasnotused.Therewere14statementsinthesecondquestionnaire.Therespondentsofnonpartneredprojectswerealsogivenoptions,whichwereidenticaltothepartneredprojectquestionnaire.Therespondentsfornonpartneredprojectswerealsoaskedtoprovidethenumberofclaimsontheprojectaswellasanysuggestionsforbetterpartneringmethodology.Inaddition,therespondentswerealsoaskedifpartneringwouldhavemadeadifferenceintheseprojects.DataCollectionProceduresThepartneringquestionnaireswereeitherelectronicallymailedorhandedoutto35generalcontractors.Outofthese,28questionnaireswerereturned.Thenonpartneringquestionnaireswerealsoadministeredinanidenticalmannerbutwerelimitedtothreegeneralcontractors.Allthreequestionnaireswerereturned.Allrespondentstothesurveyquestionnairebelongedtoprojectman-agementpositionsandworkedforthegeneralcontractorengagedfortheproject.ResultsThefirstpartofbothquestionnairesaskedtherespondentstomarkeachstatementbasedontheirexperiencewithnonpartneredorpartneredprojects.Thechoicesincludedstronglyagree,somewhatagree,somewhatdisagree,orstronglydisagree.TheresultsareshowninFig.1,whichindicatesthatallnonpartneredprojectshadclaims,whereasonly29%ofpartneredprojectshadclaims.Otherpartsofthequestionnairesurveyedtheopinionofrespondentsonfourmainareas.Onearearelatedtotheimpactofpartneringonthepossibleincreaseordecreaseinclaims.Thesecondareawasabouttherespondent’sopiniononencouragingpartneringinfutureprojects.Thethirdareaenquiredabouttheeffectivenessofpartneringinreducingoravoidingclaims.Afourtharearelatedtothebenefitsofthepartneringprocessinconstruction.Resultspertainingtothesefourareasbasedon‘‘stronglyagree’’responsesaresummarizedinFig.1.ConclusionsTheobjectivesforthisstudyweretwofold.Thefirstobjectivewastoinvestigateifpartneringcouldin?uenceareductioninthenumberandsizeofclaimsonaconstructionproject.Asecondobjectivewastoidentifyprosandconsofpartnering,andtosuggestwaysforimprovingtheprocess.Fig.2illustratesthecomparisonofnonpartneredandpartneredprojectsintermsofthepercentageofprojectswithclaims.Fig.1providesacomparisonoftheselected‘‘stronglyagreed’’responsestothequestionnaires.Theresultsofthestudyamplydemonstratedthattheprojectsinwhichpartneringwereusedhadfewerconstructionclaims.按Wi糕threg棕ardto分thep县roject宗swher凳epart昨nering瑞took所place,泻about溜onet嘱hird(袜37%)s疫trongl陶yagre珠edtha律tthei都rproj螺ectha筑dfoll并ow-up归partne备rings塌ession线s.Sli服ghtly赶moret虎hanon瓜e-half霜(57%)斜somew精hat里agreed固that淡everyo股newas栗open死tocom厉munica戒tiona目ndide贞as.Al悠mostt诊wo-thi倒rds(6宣4%)st档rongly墙disag唐reedt讯hatpa创rtneri撤nginc琴reased烦thec挂hance热ofcla狠imson屑thep筋roject胀.One族major冬findin铁gwas锄thata江lmost嘴four-f颂ifths遣(79%)县ofthe圆surve环yedsa中mples尚trongl还yagre溪edtha旅tthey其would撞encou践ragep单artner痰ingan蜜dalmo粒sttwo迟thirds猛(64%)凡stron滩glyag睡reedt束hatpa糠rtneri镰ngis滩aneff杂ective陕tool.雪Al炉mostt烘wo-thi晶rdof军there剃sponde圾nts(6犬4%)sa楼idtha百tthey扮felt脂apart糊ofth裂eteam倾when间theyp站artici缎pated共inpar蜘tnerin纷gsess币ions.O嘉ne-hal农foft预hepar息ticipa芬ntsfe溉lttha旗tthey都learn乓edmor末eabou泽ttheo居therp乳roject条partn被ersaf痕terth阔epart熔nering膛sessi槐on.Ano秒thers瞒ignifi北cantf野inding魔wast定hatal足lthe巩partic湾ipants炉agree且dthat道they扫donot史belie绣vepar环tnerin炼gisa习waste残ofti禾meand腥money味.Fina叹lly,m启oreth茅antwo熟-fifth约s(43%赖)oft河heres畏ponses岗menti驰onedt密hatth奏eyhad场nocl速aimso食nproj纤ectsw剖herep营artner锻ingwa猾sused膀.获In龄thec葱ontext队ofpr薄ojects斜where饶partn扔ering摸wasno别tused忧,all浪thege茶neral金contra民ctors即whopa赞rticip蹦ateda湖greed开thatp扁artner活ingwo努uldha姨veena蹲bledt带hepro兼jectt记ohave胞ahig筑hersu焰ccess征rate.T慧wo-thi雹rdsst罗rongly辰agree隐dthat这there庆were坑claims磨onth脑eproj练ectbe译cause辣partne急ringd关idnot碍take蹲place革andth沉atthe铜proje彼ctsho爽uldha恒veinv骡ested让inpar浓tnerin画gmeet吗ings.慧Allso牲mewhat聋agree冶dthat昼thep志roject合wasu席nsucce吨ssful穴becaus惜eoft佛helac晨kofp坛artner售ing.Al电lthe胃partic怕ipants仙agree茅dthat晓partn础ering晌isan弄effect令iveto舍olfor晕reduc辽ingcl很aimsi缺ncons矿tructi食on.Tw扁o-thir锤dssom驶ewhat票agreed银that嫁theyd崇idnot专feel隙apart棵ofth柄eteam较duet浸olack乳ofpa仔rtneri糕ngarr稍angeme化nts.Al孩lthe巷respon仍dents筹strong友lydis货agreed宇that波partne宇ringi伯sawa邮steof尸time话andmo堂ney.疯Th廊efoll抢owing简weret嫩hemaj贵orfin锣dings干fromt祸hisst谅udy:芽1.Les昂sthan侮one-h民alfme曾ntione坐dthat跪their题proje珍ctsha欺dfoll旗ow-up蚂sessio锻ns.Pa柴rticip城antsi箱napa莫rtnere禾dproj沈ectfe诚lttha壁tfoll耳ow-up栏isimp附ortant污andc周ritica踩lfor叨partne煌rings蹦uccess径.渐Fig.1抽.Resp逮onsec惠ompari林sonbe柔tween壁nonpar影tnered作andp撇artner达edproj悠ect仿s架圆格我Partn评eredP怀roject鬼s哀改聚Non-P殃artner吼edPro晒jects市Flg.2锄.Perc轧entage绑ofpr著ojects坛with慧claims缴.2Two剩-third酿sofa喉llres舰ponden味tsagr萍eedto枯encou次ragep梢artner唇ingin气comme柳rcial上projec押tsran刘gingf肉rom$2盛0to$街30mil溪lion.属3.Mor抢ethan蔬one-h唯alfof散thes雹urveye援dsamp及lebel眼ieved妙partne除ringi砌sane雾ffecti漫vetoo蒜l.法4.No绘oneag眼reedt吹hatpa仅rtneri狮ngis避awast庸eoft武imean险dmone朝y.伞5.Ove据rone-瓣halfo笔fthe盟survey晃edsam丽plebe橡lieved躺that旷claims腔onth返eproj凉ectwe像redue索tola配ckof概partne帆ring.钢Sugges丙tions挽forIm缓provin辰gPart苏nering藏Proce筋ss婆Thequ遵estion身naire汉survey室also捧solici守tedde俊script捆ivere握sponse袋sonw故aysto茎impro厦vepar系tnerin细gbase叔dont项hepre查vious闹experi弯enceo亡fresp弓ondent摘s.Pro多jectm挽anager腹sofl叶arger昌constr弯uction牧sproj禁ects(移$20表millio普nplus锦)shou蹄ldcar耳efully拾consi匠derth激efoll米owing居sugges遍tions乔forcr同eating誉more伪effect据ivepa筒rtneri显ngmet痛hodolo羊gy.恶1.Fol谊lowup泻partn蛮ering里sessio醒nssho坡uldta卵kepla钻cethr查oughou墨tthe树durati拆onof搅thepr屠oject.触2.Eve摆rytea凳mmemb较ermus光tappr伶oacht缴hepro币cessh贿onestl突yand散witha与nopen继mind.小3.All饶stake谅holder赠smust饰parti糖cipate匠inth颂epart颈nering余proce仓ss,inc烛luding节thee冈nd-use技rs.嘉4.Mak劣esure敬that毙theco滩ntract牢o书r笛’唉suppe己rmana碑gement刘conti怨nuest握ochec眼kprog呢ressw衔ithin其thepa洋rtneri亏ngpro铃cesso温nare仿gular增ormon冒thlyb哗asis.丰5.Bri朝ngin兼asman剥ysubc朝ontrac邀torsa烂sposs漂iblet栽othe乳partne五ringa窃rrange暴ment.众6.Dis罪cusse莲achst笼akehol草de瞒r委’迫sobje皮ctives踪andg孕oalsf蹈orthe绝proje据ctin魄early剪sessio俘nson扶partne闷ring.犯7.Whe绩never虹there悲isac好hange佣intea归mmemb擦ership收,part口nering境shoul根dber割einfor舞cedth真rough仪specia冤lsess价ionsh敞ighlig搏hting织thech桐ange.两Teamm孝embers脉must痒learn践about争theco承ntract先ualre趟sponsi狮biliti柱esof浮eachp赚artner马.衫8.Onl蜘ythos晒ewho帝partic硬ipate至inthe煎initi挪alpar爸tnerin守gsess胀ionwi位llfin握dthe喇sessio臂nsmea寇ningfu脏l.贵9.The剪role偿ofan测indepe洲ndent句facili挠tator踪isext慢remely党impor愚tantt傲oward灌projec持tteam帅build坛ing.里10.Ke吹ymemb规ersof勾thep寺roject修team您mustb张eiden读tified舌toth猫efaci缘litato海ratt快hebeg禽inning焦ofth勤eproj备ect.K罩eymem筝berss冬hould者meetb刻riefly荷under椒theg枕uidanc咽eoft砖hefac泥ilitat碰orin已prepar轨tnerin相gsess章ionst迅ounde善rstand粮each图ot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