七选五指导-据“标点符号分析句间关系”快解

专攻解题方法与技巧七选五指导-据“标点符号分析句间关系”快解空后常见标点符号及思维趋向空后是逗号空后是句号空后是破折号空后是问号此处要么填入复合句中的主句或从句，要么填入名词短语、介词短语或非谓语动词短语。要依据段落主题和上下文逻辑关系来解题。破折号后面的内容对设空处的内容进行解释和说明。此处应填入问句，这时可由下文的答语推知问句的内容。类型1空后是逗号1．当设空处后面是逗号，且后面的句子是由从属连词引导的状语从句时，则设空处为主句。[典例](2021·全国乙卷节选)AccordingtoJessicaHagy,authorofHowtoBeInteresting,it'snotdifficulttomakeyourselfinterestingatadinnerparty.__36__，ifyou'reoutofyourcomfortzoneorifyou'rewanderingintosomebody'shouseforthefirsttime.Sothemainthingisjusttoshowupandbeadventurous,tryingdifferentfoodsandtalkingtostrangers.B．ThefirststepistogoexploringD．BepreparedtohaveawkwardconversationswithstrangersG．Heorsheisthepersonwhoisfeelingtheweightofthatawkwardnessthemost[解题思路]根据空后的句子“ifyou'reoutofyourcomfortzoneorifyou'rewanderingintosomebody'shouseforthefirsttime”是由if引导的条件状语从句可知，此空应该填入一个主句；再由下文“beadventurous,tryingdifferentfoodsandtalkingtostrangers”可知，本段告诉读者在晚宴上要勇于尝试，故B项“第一步是去探索”符合语境。2．当设空处后面是逗号，且后面的句子没有连词引导，则设空处多为状语从句。[典例](2021·全国乙卷节选)Peoplelovetotalkaboutthemselves.Ifyoucanstarttheconversationwithaquestionotherthan“Whatdoyoudoforaliving？”，you'llbeabletogetalotmoreinterestingconversationoutofwhomeveritisyou'retalkingto.__37__，itcanbringin“Ihavethisold,broken-downvehicle”or“Irodethebuswiththesecrazypeoplewhowerelaughingatsillyjokesintheback.”Itjustopensupconversation.C．Ifyouaskthequestion“Howdidyougethere？”E．Orturntheconversationintoatopicwheretheyhavelittletosay[解题思路]根据空后的标点符号和标点符号后的句子可推知，此空应该填入一个从句；再根据“‘Ihavethisold,broken-downvehicle’or‘Irodethebuswiththesecrazypeoplewhowerelaughingatsillyjokesintheback.’”可知，空处内容与交通方式有关。故C选项符合语境。类型2空后是句号当设空处后面是句号时，考生要根据段落主题和前后句之间的逻辑关系来解题。[典例](2021·全国乙卷节选)Andwhataboutthatotherdinner-partykiller:awkwardsilence?Ifyou'refacedwithanawkwardsilenceatadinnerparty,theonlythingthatalwaysgetseveryonetalkingagainistogivethehostacompliment(赞扬).__40__.Justquicklyturnaroundandsay,“Thiscakeisextremelydeliciousandyouhavetotellmeallaboutit.”D．BepreparedtohaveawkwardconversationswithstrangersG．Heorsheisthepersonwhoisfeelingtheweightofthatawkwardnessthemost[解题思路]本段第一句为段落主题句，意为“如何应对另一个宴会杀手：尴尬的沉默？”，下文给出方法，应对宴会杀手——尴尬的沉默的唯一方法就是赞扬主人，故G项“他或她是最能感受到这种尴尬的人”符合语境，与前面的句子构成前果后因的关系。类型3空后是破折号当设空处后面是破折号时，考生要根据破折号后面的内容来确定答案，因为它是对前面内容的解释和说明。[典例](2016·全国卷Ⅱ节选)•Recall(回忆)yourchildhoodmemoriesOurmodelofwhatagardenshouldbeoftengoesbacktochildhood.Grandma'srosegardenandDad'svegetablegardenmightbegoodorbad,butthat'snotwhat'simportant.__39__—howbeinginthosegardensmadeusfeel.Ifyou'dliketobuildapowerfulbondwithyourgarden,startbytakingsometimetorecallthegardensofyouryouth.Foreachofthosegardens,writedownthestrongestmemoryyouhave.Thengooutsideandworkoutaplantotranslateyourchildhoodmemoriesintoyourgrown-upgarden.Havefun.C．It'sourexperienceofthegardenthatmattersD．It'sdelightfultoseesomanybeautifulflowers[解题思路]根据空前的“butthat'snotwhat'simportant”可知，空处应讲什么重要；再根据破折号后面的内容“howbeinginthosegardensmadeusfeel”可知，空处内容应该是对“我们”的关于花园的体验的解释，故C项“我们的关于花园的体验很重要”符合语境。类型4空后是问号当设空处后面是问号时，考生要根据后面对这个问题的回答来确定设空处问的是什么。[典例](2021·全国乙卷节选)__38__？Ifyoucan'ttaketheirwineaway,youshouldcertainlytrytotakeawaytheirsoapbox(讲台).Ifyou'rethehost,youcanaskthemtohelpyouinthekitchenwithsomethingandjustremovethemfromthesituation.Orturntheconversationintoatopicwheretheyhavelittletosay.A．HowdoyouknowthehostF．Whataboutthatpersonwhohashadtoomuchtodrinkorwon'tstoptalking[解题思路]根据空后的标点符号可知，此空应该填入一个问句，选项中只有A和F是问句；再根据空后“Ifyoucan'ttaketheirwineaway”中的“wine”可知，F选项中的“hashadtoomuchtodrink”与之属于同一范畴的表达，因此F项“对于喝多了或者不停说话的人该怎么办”符合语境。快捷技法(三)据“上下检索复现词汇”准解类型1原词复现法掌握特点一个单词在一个语意场中以同样的形式反复出现，有时兼有词形的变化。如：上文中的“says”与下文中的“said”可以看成是原词复现技巧运用①寻找空格前后句中的相同关键词；②根据语言习惯，第一句的宾语往往是第二句的主语，或者前后句有相同、重叠的词语[典例](2022·全国甲卷节选)HandsorUtensils(餐具)InIndiaandtheMiddleEast,it'sconsideredveryrudetoeatwithyourlefthand.PeopleinFranceexpectyoutoeatwithautensilineachhand.__38__，insteadpreferringtousetheirhands.InChile,youmaynevertouchanyfoodwithyourfingers.PeopleinThailandgenerallyusetheirforksonlytopushfoodontotheirspoons.C．MexicansconsideritinappropriatetoeatwithutensilsE．It'sagoodsignforthechefifyoumakeamessaroundyourplate[解题思路]根据本段小标题和上下文内容可知，空处应是以某个国家为例，介绍使用手或餐具来就餐的某条重要规则；再根据下文中的“instead”可知，空处内容应与后半句内容形成对比。根据后半句“(他们)反而更喜欢用他们的手”并分析选项可知，C项“墨西哥人认为用餐具吃饭是不合适的”符合语境。选项C中的“utensils”与空处前文中的“utensil”为原词复现。类型2代词复现法掌握特点为了避免与上文捉到的名词重复，常用不同的代词指代上文提到的人、事物或事件技巧运用①注意空格前后出现的代词，并确定其意义；②结合指代意义和单复数解题it可指代单数名词、不可数名词或整个句子；they或them指代复数名词；one指代单数可数名词；that指代不可数名词或句子；this指代单数名词或句子；these或those指代复数名词。还有反身代词、指示代词、关系代词等。[典例](2022·全国甲卷节选)ChopstickRulesThewayyouhandlechopsticksisimportanttoavoidannoyingyourcompanions.Whenyouputthemdownbetweenbites,alwaysputthemdowntogethersotheyareparallelwiththeedgeofthetableinfrontofyou.__37__.D．Don'tgetcaughtmakinganembarrassingmistakeatarestaurantF．Neverstickthemuprightinyourfoodorcrossthemasyouusethem[解题思路]根据本段小标题和上文内容可知，空处也应是关于使用筷子的规则。F项“当你使用它们时，切勿将它们直立于你的食物中或把它们交叉(放置)”符合语境，选项中的“them”指代“chopsticks”，与小标题和前文内容相呼应。类型3派生复现法掌握特点派生词是由词根加词缀构成的词技巧运用在句中寻找这类词的复现[典例](2019·全国卷Ⅰ节选)__40__Whilethesun'srayscanageandharmourskin,theyalsogiveusbeneficialVitaminD.TomakesureyougetenoughVitaminD—butstillprotectyourskin—putonsunscreenrightasyouheadoutside.Ittakessunscreenaboutfifteenminutestostartworking,andthat'splentyoftimeforyourskintoabsorbaday'sworthofVitaminD.D．Anothersidebenefitofgettingfreshairissunlight.E．Butisfreshairreallyasgoodforyouasyourmotheralwayssaid?[解题思路]由下文阳光也能带来有益的维生素D可知，空处应是呼吸新鲜空气的另一个好处。下文中的“beneficial”与D项中的“benefit”属于同根词，属于派生词重复信息。故选D项。类型4同义复现法掌握特点指上下文中意义相同或相近的词、词组或同义句子。如：room与space技巧运用在句中寻找同义词的复现[典例](2021·新高考Ⅰ卷节选)Parisiansaredifferentfromyouandme.Theyneverlooklazyoruntidy.Assomeonenotedinthispaperacoupleofweeksago,theyeatgreatfoodandnevergainweight.__38___Frenchstrawberriesdonottastelikecardboard.Instead,theyexplodeinyourmouthlikelittleflavorbombs.D．Theamazingfoodismainlyconsumedbylocalfarmers.G．Thefoodissodeliciousthatyoudon'tneedmuchofittomakeyouhappy.[解题思路]根据空前一句和下文的描述可知，空处承上启下，应说明法国人吃得少的原因，G项符合语境。G项中的“delicious”与空前的“great”为同义词复现关系，而且空后又具体例证了巴黎人吃的食物很美味。故选G。类型5反义复现法掌握特点上下文中有互为相反词义的单词、短语或者意思相反的句子技巧运用在句中寻找反义词的复现[典例](2021·全国甲卷节选)•Invite5－10peoplesoyouhaveaniceselection.__37__，andtheremaynotbeenoughthingstochoosefrom;morethanthat,anditbecomesuncontrollable.A．LesspeoplethanthatB．Holdaclothingswap[解题思路]空处与下文的“morethanthat...”形成对比；意思应与morethan相反，表示人比这少，可能没有足够的东西可供选择；人比这多，就会变得无法控制，故A项符合语境。选项A中的“that”指代前文的“5～10”people。[专题验收评价]A(2022·潍坊市高三阶段性监测)Doyouhaveanimportantorfavoritememoryfromthepast?Perhapsitwasclappingforgoals.__1__Bysharingourmemories,wecanfeelclosertootherpeopleandmorepositiveaboutwhatwe'vebeenthrough.Howdoesmemorywork?Scientistsbelievetherearetwolevelsofmemory.Oneisshort-termorworkingmemory,whichstaysinyourbrainforonly15－30seconds.Theotherlevelislong-termorpermanentmemory,whichcanbestoredfordays,monthsorevenyears.__2__Motor-skillmemorieshelpyourememberhowtorideabike;factualmemorieshelpyoutorecognizefaces.Thesetypesofmemoriescanbeshort-orlong-termones.Emotionalmemoriesrecallhowyoufeltaboutsomethingandcanbestrongandpowerful.Rememberingthesadnessofmissingyourfriendsduringlockdown,andbeinghappyandexcitedtoseethemagainafterwards,areemotionalmemories.__3__Whyarememoriesimportant?Memoriestellyouthestoryofyourself.Informationsuchaswhichschoolyougotoandwhoyourfriendsareisstoredinsideyourbrain,readyforwhenyouneedit.__4__“IfImissseeingmygrandparents,IrememberstayingwiththeminDevon.Itmakesmefeelhappy,likewhenIwasthere，”Heidi,12,toldTheWeek.__5__Whenpeoplethinkofsharedexperience,whatusuallycomestomindisbeingclosewithothers,suchasfriendsorfamily,andtalkingwiththem.Bytellingafunnyorembarrassingstory—perhapsthetimethedogstoletheham—wesharefeelingsofjoyorrecognitionofdifficultiestoovercome,largeorsmall.Bysharingsimilarornot-so-similarexperiences,weempathizewithandunderstandoneanotherbetter.A．Therearemanyusesofmemory.B．Memoriescanhelpyouownwell-being.C．Timecannoterasehismemoriesofthepast.D．Memoriescanalsohelpyoumanagefeelings.E．Sharedmemoriescanconnectyouwithothers.F．Oritwasseeingrainbowpicturesinthewindows.G．Theyarelong-termonesandcansometimeslastalifetime.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了记忆的工作原理和作用。1．选F根据该段第一句“Doyouhaveanimportantorfavoritememoryfromthepast？”和空处上句“Perhapsitwasclappingforgoals.”可知，空处上句是对提出的问题的具体回答，F项“或者是看到了窗户上的彩虹图案”也是对该问题的回答，符合语境。2．选A根据空处所在的位置可知，空处为该段主旨句；根据下文内容可知，该段主要介绍了记忆的作用，包括运动记忆和事实记忆的作用等。故A项适合作本段主旨句。3．选G该段讲了运动记忆和事实记忆可以是长期的，也可以是短期的；空前讲了情感记忆，故可推知空处应该会介绍情感记忆的特征，故G项“它们是长期的记忆，有时会伴随一生”符合语境。4．选D根据空处下句可知，如果Heidi想见到祖父母，则会记得在德文郡和他们待在一起的时光。这让他很开心，就像他在那里的时候一样。据此可知，记忆可以帮助人们控制情感，故D项符合语境。5．选E根据空处所在的位置可知，空处为该段主旨句；根据下文内容可知，该段主要介绍了分享记忆中的事情更有助于和他人保持亲近、与他人产生共鸣和更好地理解他人，因此本段主要讲分享记忆的好处。故E项能概括本段主旨。B(2022·南京市高三学情调研)Doyoubelieveinaliens?Duringthe1980s，hundredsofmysteriouscirclesappearedinfieldsalloverEngland.Manypeoplethoughttheywerecreatedbyaliensfromouterspace.Whatwerethesecircles？__1__ScaringCirclesHundredsofgeometricalpatternsappearedinthemiddleofEnglishwheatfieldslikemagic.Themostcommontheorywasthattheyweremadebyspaceships.Twoscientists,PatDelgadoandColinAndrews,becamecrazyaboutthesubject.__2__Bytheendofthe1980s,cropcircleshadbecomeamystery;andtherewereregularreportsinthepressandontelevision.Conflict__3__Somebelievedthecircleshadbeencausedbyanimalssuchasdeer，whileothersclaimedthecircleswerecausedbyhelicopters.Specialiststhoughtthesymbolswerefromancientwritings.However,noonecouldreallyofferaconvincingexplanation.Eventually,theKoestlerFoundationoffered5,000poundsforadefinitivesolution.ThePeak1990wasthegoldenyearforthecropcircles.DelgadoandAndrewsreleasedtheirbestsellerCircularEvidence.Andateamofscientistsarrivedtorecordcircle-makinginaction.Thatyear,thecropcircleswereevenmorecomplexthantheonesbefore.Thehitoftheyearcameon12thJulywhenahugecircleappearedinafieldatAltonBarnes.__4__Butthemysterywasabouttobesettled.AnExplanationOnedaythatsameyear,agroupoffamouscircleexpertssetupmonitoringequipmentonahillinWiltshire.__5__Amazingly,thenextdaysixcirclesappearedinafieldjustbelowthem,withouttheteamrecordinganything.Worsestill,whentheresearchersenteredthecircles,theyfoundman-madetoolsinthecentreofeachcircle,whichseemedtoprovethatthecircleshadbeenmadebyhumans.A．Andwhohadmadethem?B．Theanswerspuzzledmanypeople.C．Cropspecialistswereasconfusedasever.D．Sincethen,agreatmanymorecropcircleshaveappeared.E．Theywerehopingtorecordtheformationofacropcircle.F．Apartfromthealientheories,therewereothersuggestions,too.G．Theywereconvincedthecirclesweretheworkof“unknownintelligence”．语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了20世纪80年代英国田地里出现的数百个神秘的圆圈，以及人们对这些圆圈的猜测及科学家们的研究。1．选A空前讲述了英国的田地上出现了神秘的圆圈，这些圆圈是什么？结合下文小标题的内容可知，A项“又是谁制造的这些圆圈？”和空前的问句共同引出下文，符合语境。2．选G空前讲述人们普遍认为是宇宙飞船造成的圆圈，两位科学家对此十分狂热，故本空应讲述这两位科学家对待这些圆圈的看法。故G项“他们相信这些圆圈是未知智慧的作品”承接上文，符合语境。3．选F根据空后的“Some...whileothers...Specialiststhought...ancientwritings”可知，本段讲述人们对圆圈的不同看法，故F项“除了外星理论外，还有其他一些建议”可作为本段主旨句。4．选C空后讲述“但是谜团即将被解决”，故C项“农作物专家仍像以前一样困惑不解”与空后一句构成转折关系，符合语境。5．选E空前讲一组著名的圆圈专家在山上搭起监测设备，空后讲令人十分吃惊的是，第二天又出现了六个圆圈，团队没有记录到任何东西，故E项“他们希望记录到麦田圆圈的形成”符合语境。C(2022·重庆名校联盟高三联考)Openanappatyoursmartphoneandscanthebarcodeonthegarbagecan.Whenyouthrowgarbageintothegarbagecan,itwillshowtheweightofthegarbageandthepointsyoucangetfromdoingso.__1__Itwillbecomemorepopularinthefuture.Yes,wearetalkingaboutthesmartgarbagecan.__2__Theenvironmentalproblemshavebecomeconstantheadachesinthedevelopmentofthosecities.Encouraginggarbageclassificationhasbecomeaneffectiveway.Insomecities,avarietyofmultifunctionalsmartgarbagecansarebeingputintouse.InBeijing,forexample,asmartgarbagecanisequippedwithanLEDscreen,whichnotonlyshowsnationalpoliciesongarbageclassificationbutalsoshowsthecorrectstepsforgarbagesorting.Itcanalsocalculatetheweightofthegarbageandtheaccumulatedpointsonecanget.Theycanbetradedforsomearticlesofdailyuse.__3__Itsbodyisactuallyascreen.Itisequippedwithsomeinternalsensors.Whenpeoplethrowgarbageintoit,theinternalsensorscanautomaticallytellthetypesofthegarbage.Meanwhile,peoplecanseehowtodealwiththem.__4__Garbagedisposalisasmallissuethatinvolveseverybodyeachday.However,itisalsoabigissue.__5__Withsmartgarbagecansinourdailylife,theideaofgarbagesortingwillbecomemoreestablished.OurdreamofbuildingagreenerandmorebeautifulChinawillcometruesolongaswestarttomakesmallchangesrightnow.A．Garbagesortinghasbeenanewfashion.B．Anotherkindofgarbagecanisevensmarter.C．Itisnowonderthatresidentscheeredfortheirpresence.D．Suchawayofhandlinggarbagehasappearedinsomecities.E．ItwillaffectChina'stransformationtowardsgreendevelopment.F．Over200milliontonsofgarbageisproducedeachyearinsomecities.G．Thegoodhabitofgarbageclassificationcanimprovethelivingenvironment.[谨防连环错]本篇的第2题因上文提到智能垃圾桶的使用场景，下文又提到在这些城市的发展过程中，环境问题一直是令人头疼的问题，鼓励垃圾分类已成为一种有效的方式，考生容易误认为下文的内容是C项“难怪居民们为它们的出现欢呼雀跃”的原因而误选C项，从而造成第4题的误选，形成连环错。语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。智能垃圾桶在城市成功试用，并有望得到推广，这将有助于中国向绿色发展转型。1．选D根据空前“在智能手机上打开一个应用程序，扫描垃圾桶上的条形码。当你把垃圾扔进垃圾桶时，它会显示垃圾的重量和你可以从中得到的分数”可知，空前讲扫码扔垃圾的方式，D项中的“Suchawayofhandlinggarbage”与之相呼应，符合语境。2．选F根据下文“环境问题一直是那些城市发展中令人头疼的问题。鼓励垃圾分类已经成为一种有效的方式”可知，F项“一些城市每年制造2亿多吨垃圾”与下文令人头疼的环境问题相呼应，故选F。3．选B根据本段首句“在一些城市，各种多功能智能垃圾桶正在投入使用”可知，该段主要讲述两种智能垃圾桶，空前介绍了装有LED屏幕的垃圾桶，空后介绍了装有感应器的垃圾桶。故B项“另一种垃圾桶甚至更智能”符合语境。4．选C根据本段首句并结合本段内容可知，该段主要介绍两种智能垃圾桶。根据空前一句中的“people”可知，该空应为人们对它们的出现给予的评价。故C项“难怪居民们都为它们(这两种智能垃圾桶)的出现而欢呼”符合语境。5．选E空前讲垃圾处理也是个大问题，本空应该对其作进一步解释。E项“它会影响中国向绿色发展转型”给出了具体的理由，承接上文；同时与下文中的“agreenerandmorebeautifulChina”相呼应。DKeepInformedofFactsaboutElectricCarsSalesofelectricvehicles(EVs)grew40percentlastyearworldwide.Stateside,nearlyathirdofdriverswanttheirnextcartobeelectric.__1__Almost100pure-electricvehiclesaresettocomeintothemarketbytheendof2024.Manymanufacturers,includingGM,Jeep,andVolvo,havepromisedtoofferfullyelectriclineups(阵容)beforethisdecadeisgone.__2__Tesla'supcomingreimaginedRoadsterwillstartat$200,000,whileTesla'scurrentcheapestmodelis$41,000.Butpl