2022-2023年江西省新余市大学英语6级大学英语六级

2022-2023年江西省新余市大学英语6级大学英语六级学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

Thereare7,000glaciersthatcover______.

2.

WhichyearisthefewestinviolationoffederalsmogstandardsinLosAngeles?

A.1976B.1979C.1990D.2004

3.

Employeemoraleismostlyadverselyaffectedby______.

4.

Therearemanyhistoricmysteries,sofiguringoutgoodsubjectisnotadifficulty.

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5.

Themajorreasonfortheexplosionofthecigarettemarketis______.

6.

ForfatchildrenwithtypeⅡdiabetes,theymayhavethesymptomofhighbloodpressure.

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7.

Anti-segregationisalsooneofthecommonthemesofHR.

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8.

AccordingtothescientistsitistheemissionofCO(2byhumanbeingsthatcausestheincreasesofCO2levels.

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9.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

PizzaHut

PizzaHutwasstartedin1958,bytwobrothersinWichita,Kansas.FrankandDanCarneyhadtheideatoopenapizzaparlor.Theyborrowed$600fromtheirmother,andopenedtheveryfirstPizzaHut.In1959,thefirstfranchiseunitopenedinTopeka,Kansas.Almostadecadelater,PizzaHutwouldbeservingonemillioncustomersaweekinits310locations.In1970,PizzaHutwasputontheNewYorkStockExchangeunderthetickersymbolPIZ.

In1986,PizzaHutintroduceddeliveryservice,somethingnootherrestaurantwasdoing.Bythe1990s'PizzaHutsaleshadreached$4billionworldwide.In1998,PizzaHutcelebratedits40thanniversary,andlauncheditsfamouscampaign"TheBestPizzasUnderOneRoof."In1996,PizzaHutsalesintheUnitedStateswereover$5million.Outofalltheexistingpizzachains,PizzaHuthadthelargestmarketshare,46.4%.However,PizzaHut'smarketsharehasslowlyerodedbecauseofintensecompetitionfromtheirrivalsDomino's,LittleCaesar'sandnewcomerPapaJohn's.Homedeliverywasadrivingforceforsuccess,especiallyforPizzaHutandDomino's.

However,thisforcedcompetitorstolookfornewmethodsofincreasingtheircustomerbases.Manypizzachainsdecidedtodiversifyandoffernewnon-pizzaitemssuchasbuffalowings,andItaliancheesebread.Thecurrenttrendinpizzachainstodayisthesame.Theyalltrytocomeupwithsomenewer,bigger,betterpizzaforalowprice.Offeringspecialpromotionsandnewpizzavariationsarepopulartodayaswell.Forexample,chickenisnowacommontoppingfoundonpizzas.

Inthepast,PizzaHuthasalwayshadthefirstmoveradvantage.Theirmarketingstrategyinthepasthasalwaysbeentobethefirst.Oneoftheirmainstrategiesthattheystillfollowtodayisthediversificationoftheproductstheyoffer.PizzaHutisalwaysaddingsomethingnewtotheirmenu,tryingtoreachnewmarkets.Forexample,in1992thefamousbuffetwaslaunchedinPizzaHutrestaurantsworldwide.Theyweretryingtooffermanydifferentfooditemsforcustomerswhodidn'tnecessarilywantpizza.

Anotherstrategytheyusedinthepastandarestillusingisthediversificationoftheirpizzas.PizzaHutisalwaystryingtocomeupwithsomeinnovativewaytomakeapizzaintosomethingslightlydifferent—differentenoughthatcustomerswillthinkit'sawholenewproduct.LookatsomeofthepizzasPizzaHuthasmarketedinthepast.In1983,PizzaHutintroducedtheirPanPizza,whichhadaguaranteeofbeingreadytoeatin5minuteswhendiningatPizzaHutrestaurants.In1993,theyintroducedthe"BigFoot",whichwastwosquarefeetofpizzacutinto21slices.In1995,theyintroduced"StuffedCrustPizza",wherethecrustwouldbefilledwithcheese.In1997,theymarketed"TheEdge",whichhadcheeseandtoppingsallthewaytotheedgeofthepizza.Currently,theyaremarketing"TheBigNewYorker,"tryingtobringthefamousNewYorkstyle.pizzatothewholecountry.

AnotheropportunitythatPizzaHuthasistheirneworderingonlinesystem.AnyonewithInternetaccesscanorderwhatevertheywishandgetitdeliveredtotheirhousewithoutevenspeakingtosomeone.Thisprogramhasjustbeenstarted,sowedonothaveanynumberstosupportwhetherornotitwillbeasuccess.

Lastly,PizzaHuthasalwaysvaluedcustomerserviceandsati

A.1958B.1959C.1969D.1970

10.ThePlayofPower:AnIntroductiontoAmericanGovernment

JamesEisenstein,MarkKessler,BruceA.WilliamsandJacquelineVaughnSwitzer.ThePlayofPower:AnIntroductiontoAmericanGovernment.NewYorkSt.Martin'sPress,1996.639pp.Tables,appendices,glossary,references,index.ISBN0-312-13662-5.

TherearedozensofAmericanGovernmenttextbooksonthemarket,manyofthemveryrespectedandsuccessful,someevenregardedasclassicsintheirumpteenth(无数次的)edition.Frequentlythereislittlethatdistinguishesonefromanother,otherthananidiosyncratic(特殊的)"conceptualframework,"thenumberandkindsofgraphics,boxes,andphotos,orthepackageofancillary(辅助的)materialsavailabletotheadopter.ThePlayofPower:AnIntroductiontoAmericanGovernmentistypicalofthestandardAmericanGovernmenttextbookonthemarket.Itprovidesbalancedcoverageofpoliticalandconstitutionalhistory,Americanpoliticalinstitutionsandprocesses,andpoliticalparticipation.Thisbasicversiondoesnotincludeseparatechaptersonpublicpolicy,butmanypolicyissuesareaddressedinthecoverageofthecongress,thepresidency,thebureaucracy,thecourts,andinterestgroups.

Thechaptersareorganizedinalogicalsequencebuttheyarewrittensothattheymaybeusedinanalternativesequenceifaninstructorwouldsodesire.Thewritingstyle.isverystraightforwardandnotunnecessarilyacademicandjargonistic.Thetoneisrespectfulofstudentsandtheirexperiencesand,despitemultipleauthors,itremainsconsistentthroughoutthetext.

ThereareanumberoffeaturesofThePlayofPowerthatmakeitattractiveandthatmakeitoneofthetextbooksthatIhaveusedwithsatisfactionforseveralyears.Asissuggestedbythetitle,theauthorsdescribepoliticsasagameofpowerplayedbymanyplayers,thoughtheirsisnotanapplicationofformalgametheoriestopolities.Instead,theyaskstudentstothinkofanumberoffamiliargames,likebasketballorMonopoly(强手棋),andthewaysthattherules,strategies,andresourcesshapehowplayersgoaboutpursuingtheirgoalsandwithwhateffect.Theauthorsinvitestudents,then,tolookatpolitiesasagame—a"grand"gamewithsometimesdeadlyconsequences—thatisshapedbycertainrules(somefoundintheConstitution),thatisplayedbymanyplayers(politicians,voters,organizedinterests,etc.)whobringvariousandun-equalresources(money,status,connections,etc.)tothegame,andwhowinvariousmaterialandsymbolicoutcomes.The"gameofpolitics"metaphorissometimesdifficulttosustainthroughoutthecoverageofmanytopics,butitprovidesausefulorganizationalframework.ItdashessomeoftheidealisticnotionsofAmericangovernmentandpoliticsthatstudentsmayhavepickedupinhighschoolcivicsclasses,aswellasthemorecynicalnotionsthattheypickupinthepopularmedia.Intheend,Ithinkitisusefulinhelpingstudentsmakesenseofwhogetswhat,andhow,aswellaswhodoeswhat,andwhy—andwithwhatsuccess.

AnotherattractivefeatureofThePlayofPowerisaserious,consistent,andultimatelysuccessfulefforttodrawonstudents'ownexperiencetouncovertherelevanceofpoliticsandgovernment.Theauthorscompareandcontrastpoliticalissuesanddilemmastostudentissues,tostudentrelationshipsamongthemselves,withtheuniversity,withtheirparents,andwithlocalgovernment.Thishelpsstudentsseetherule-makingandchoice—making,aswebasthetradeoffs(权衡)ofthepoliticalprocess.

TheauthorsofThePlayofPoweralsopallofffairlyeffectivelythechallengeofdescribingtherolesofminoritiesandwomeninAmericanpoliticalhistoryandcontemporarypolitics.ThishasbecomeanincreasinglycommonundertakingforauthorsofAmericangovernmenttextbooks.Someauthorsweaveadiscussionofthese

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11.

MostInternetvideolooksunclearatfullwidth______becausethespeedoftheusers'connection.

12.AdvertiserswouldliketopaymoretoJoostbecause______.

A.Joosthasfoundatotallynewbusinessmodel

B.Joostwilllimitthenumberofitsadvertisements

C.Joostwillimprovetheeffectofadvertisements

D.Joostisthebest-knowninternet-videowebsite

13.

FedExiswell-knownforalistof"firsts"mainlyforadopting______

14.

W.E.B.DuBoiswasnotonlyoneofthefoundersoftheNationalAssociationfortheAdvancementofColoredPeople(NAACP),butalsoorganizedFirstPanAfricanCongressin1919.

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15.

Eventhoughnotthefirsttoinfluencetheearth,thehumanisstillalteringtheplanetin______.

16.

Itisstatedintheconclusionthatbytranslatinglifeinto______,televisionisfalsifyinglife.

17.PassageOne

Itcanbeshowninfactsendfiguresthatcyclingisthecheapest,mostconvenient,endmostenvironmentallydesirableform.oftransportintowns,butsuchcoldcalculationsdonotmeanmuchonthefrostywintermorning.Therealappealofcyclingisthatitissoenjoyable.Ithasnoneofthedifficultiesandtensionsofotherwaysoftraveling,soyouaremorecheerfulafteraride,eventhroughtherushhour.Thefirstthinganon-cyclistsaystoyouis:"Butisn'titterriblydangerous?"Itwouldbefoolishtodenythedangerofsharingtheroadwithmotorvehiclesanditmustbeadmittedthatthereareanalarmingnumberofaccidentsinvolvingcyclists.However,althoughpolicerecordsindicatethatthecardriverisoftentoblame,theanswerlieswiththecyclist.Itispossibletorideinsuchawayastoreduceriskstoaminimum.IfyoudecidetojointhethousandsinBritainwhoarenowreturningtocyclingasacheap,satisfyingform.oftransportyourfirstproblemwillbetryingtodecidewhatbiketobuy.Herearethreesimplerolesofbuyingabike.

1)Alwaysbuythebestyoucanafford.Ofcoursetherehastobeameetingpointbetweenwhatyouwouldreallylikeandeconomicreality,butaimashighasyoucanendyouwillgetthebenefitnotonlywhenyouridebutalsoifyouwenttosell.Well-madebikeskeeptheirvalueverywell.Anddon'tforgettoincludeinyourcalculationsthefactthatyou'llbeginsavingmoneyonfaresandpetroltheminuteyouleavetheshop.

2)Getthebestframe,themainstructureofthebicycle,foryourmoneyasyoucanCheapbrakes,wheelsorgearscaneasilybereplacedbymoreexpensiveones,buttheframe.setstheupperlimitonanytransformationyoushouldallowforthepossibilitythatyourcyclingambitionswillgrowwithpractice.WhenyoubeginthefourmilestoworkmaybethemostYoneverdreamof;butafterafewmonthsaSundayrideintothecountrybeginstolookmoreandmoredesirable-Thebestthingistobuyabikejustalittlebitbetterthanyouthinkyou'llneed,andthengrowintoitotherwise,trytogetamodelthatcanbeimproved.

3)ThefitisvitalHandlebarsandseatheightcanbeadjustedbutyoumustgettherightsizedframe.Onthewholeitisbesttogetthelargestsizeyoucanmanage.Frame.sizesaremeasuredininchesandtheusualadultrangefrom21inchesto25inches,thoughextremesizesoutsidethosemeasurementscanbefound.Somepeoplesayifyoutakefourinchesfromyourinsidelegmeasurementyouwillendupwiththerightsizeofbike.Thebasicprinciple,though,isthatyoushouldbeabletostandwithlegscithersideofthecrossbar(thebargoesfromthehandlebarstotheseat)withbothfeetcomfortablythatontheground

PassageTwo

Thirstingforknowledge?

ThinkingofsubscribingtotheTLS?Well,inthewordsofGeorgeSteiner,"Itisuniqueandindispensable."WhatsetstheTLSapartfromotherliterarymagazinesisnotjustthequalitybuttherangeofitscoverage.Ineveryweeklyissue,youwillfindin-depthcommenton30--40books,withreviewsandessaysoneverysubjectfromAnthropologytoZoology,andasectiondevotedtofilm,theatre,operaandthevisualarts.Infact,there'snotmuchthatmattersintheworldofliterature,scholarshipandtheartsthatyoucan'tfindinourpages--andallofitreviewedbytheleadingmindsandthebestwritersofourtime.

Wealsopublishthebestofcontemporarypoetryandshortstoriesbyleadingwriters.

Therearenobetterreasonstobeginsubscribingtoday

Whatyoureceive

Subscribenowandreceive:

Savingsof30%ontheregularsubscriptionratewithatwo-yearsubscription(104issues),20%witha12monthsubscription(52issues)and100Aonsixmonths(26issues).

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18.

Thevalueofunderstandingthelanguageofaforeigncountryshouldnotbeover-estimated,thoughmanyblundersininternationaladvertisingresultdirectlyfromtranslationmistakes.

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19.

Breakingdownaprojectintosmallerpailswillresultin______.

A.incoherenceoftheproject

B.earlysettlementoftheproject

C.enduringstressandhardwork

D.cooperationandteamwork

20.Whatproportionoftheworld'selectricitysupplyisprovidedbyhydroelectricpower?

A.6%.B.9%.C.15%.D.60%.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.听力原文：Yesterdaywediscussedtheproblemofrisingprices,orintheeconomist'sterms,inflation.Wenotedthat,duringperiodsofinflation,allpricesandincomesdonotriseatthesamerate.Someincomesrisemoreslowlythanthecostofliving,andafewdonotriseatall.Otherincomesrisemorerapidlythanthecostofliving.

Weconcludedthatpeoplewithfixedincomesas,forexample,theelderlywhodependuponpensions,andpeoplewithslow-risingincomesas,forexample,anemployeewithasalaryagreedtoinalong-termcontract,willbemostseriouslyaffectedbyinflation.Pleaserecallthatwhiletheirdollarincomesstaythesame,thecostofgoodsandservicesrises,andineffect,realincomedecreases,thatis,theyareabletopurchaselesswiththesameamountofmoney.

Wealsotalkedaboutthefactthatstockholdersandpeoplewithbusinessinterestsandinvestmentswouldprobablybenefitmostfrominflation,sincehighpriceswouldincreasesalesreceipts,andprofitswouldmorelikelyrisefasterthanthecostofliving.

Andnow,beforewebegintoday'slecture,arethereanyquestionsabouttheterminflationoranyoftheexamplesinourdiscussionsofar?

(30)

A.Anopeningspeechofalecture.

B.Thetextoftheeconomist'sspeech.

C.Adiscussiononinflationandinvestment.

D.Theinterpretationofthephrase"economicdepression".

22.(35)

A.ThePhilippines.B.Mexico.C.Brazil.D.Guatemala.

23.(21)

A.He'snoisy.

B.He'smessy.

C.Hehastoomanyboxes.

D.Hegoestoclassalone.

24.听力原文：M：IamtiredofJohn'sremarks．Idon'tknowwhyheusuallywantstolookateverythinginsuchanegativeway．

W：Whydon'tyoudowhatIdo，Bill，andtakehiscommentswithagrainofsalt．

Q：Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(19)

A.BillshouldnottalktoJohnanymore.

B.JohnshouldtellBilltothinknegatively.

C.BillshouldnottakeJohn'sremarksseriously.

D.JohnshouldpaylittleattentiontoanythingofBill.

25.(24)

A.Drawinggraphs.

B.Givingpresentations.

C.Havingaclassdiscussion.

D.Takinganexamination.

26.(31)

A.Schoolingwillinterruptchildren'seducation.

B.Educationismuchmoreopen-endandall-inclusivethanschooling.

C.Schoolinghascertainpredictabilitywhileeducationoftenproducessurprises.

D.Educationcostsmoretimeandmoneythanschooling.

27.

【B2】

28.

【B11】

29.

【B8】

30.(36)

A.45minutes.B.60minutes.C.90minutes.D.40minutes.

31.(26)

A.Hardworkingathisformercompany.

B.Confidentinhisabilities.

C.Pooratcomputertechnology.

D.Promisingfortheposition.

32.(38)

33.(14)

A.Cowardly.B.Anxious.C.Lazy.D.Courageous.

34.听力原文：W:Ok,lastnightyouweresupposedtoreadanarticleabouthumanbones.Arethereanycommentsaboutit?

M:Well,tobeginwith,Iwassurprisedtofindouttherewassomuchgoingoninbones.Ialwaysassumedtheywereprettylifeless.

W:Well,that'sanassumptionmanypeoplemake.Butthefactisbonesaremadeofdynamiclivingtissuethatrequirescontinuousmaintenanceandrepair.

M:Right.That'soneofthethingsIfoundsofascinatingaboutthearticlethewaythebonesrepairthemselves.

W:Ok.Socanyoutellushowthebonesrepairthemselves?

M:Sure.See,therearetwogroupsofdifferenttypesofspecializedcellsinthebonethatworktogethertodoit.Thefirstgroupgoestoanareaofthebonethatneedsrepair.Thisgroupofcellsproducesthechemicalthatactuallybreaksdownthebonetissue,andleavesaholeinit.Afterthatthesecondgroupofspecializedcellscomesandproducesthenewtissuethatfillsintheholethatwasmadebythefirstgroup.

W:Verygood.Thisisaverycomplexprocess.Infact,thescientistswhostudyhumanbonesdon'tcompletelyunderstandityet.Theyarestilltryingtofindouthowitallactuallyworks.Specifically,becausesometimesafterthefirstgroupofcellsleavesaholeinthebonetissue,forsomereason,thesecondgroupdoesn'tcompletelyfillinthehole.Andthiscancauserealproblems.Itcanactuallyleadtoadiseaseinwhichthebonebecomesweakandiseasilybroken.

M:Ok,Igetit.Soifthescientistscanfigureoutwhatmakesthespecializedceilswork,maybetheycanfindawaytomakesurethesecondgroupofcellscompletelyfillstheholeinthebonetissueevertime.That'llpreventthediseasefromeveryoccurring.

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A.Twodifferenttypesofbonesinthehumanbody.

B.Howboneshelpthebodymove.

C.Howbonescontinuouslyrepairthemselves.

D.Thechemicalcompositionofhumanbones.

35.(29)

A.Topullatrain.

B.Todriveapaddlesteamboat.

C.Togetwaterfromgroundandturnthewheelsofmills.

D.Todonothing.

36.(32)

A.Peopleautomaticallydeserverespectbecausetheyareold.

B.Youngpeopleandoldpeopleareequals.

C.Youshouldarguewithyoungpeopleiftheyarewrong.

D.Youngpeoplehavemanyfaults.

37.(25)

A.Becauseshedidn'tfindsuitablecourses.

B.becausethesummercoursesofthisyearwerethesameasbe{ore.

C.Becauseherfriendspersuadedhertodoso.

D.Becauseshewantstodosomedifferentthings.

38.听力原文：W:Well,thelibraryistocloseinafewminutes.Nowit'susualtimeforustogooutforsomefondbeforegoingtobed.I'mabithungry.

M:Metoo.Justasecond,Ineedtoputallthisstuffinmyschoolbag.Whereshallwego?

W:Theschoolcafeteria.

M:No,thefoodservedthereisnotasgoodasoneexpects.Besides,workersthereoftenpulllongfaces.Let'sgotothefood-studsoutsidethecampus.Foodthereischeapandtastyandthevendersalwaysgreetcustomerswithopenarms.

W:Areyoukidding?Haven'tyouheardthatsomestudentsgotverysickaftertheirtasteofthesnackstheysold.I'drathergotothedininghalleventhoughthefoodservedistastelessasIthink.

M:Whynotgotothesupermarket,andgetsomecookiesandmilk?Bytheway,youoftensuitorfromstomach-ach.

Physicianssayitdoeslotsofgoodtoone'sstomachifhehassomemilkrightbeforehisbedtime.

W:ThatsoundslikeagoodideaLet'sgo.

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A.Togototheschoolcafeteria.

B.Togotothefoodstandsoutsidetheschool

C.Togotothesupermarket.

D.Togotothevenders

39.听力原文：M:Isentthepackageover10daysagoanditstillhasn'tarrived.

W:Maybeyoushouldsendthenextonebyair.

Q:Whatdoesthewomansuggest?

(17)

A.Sendingthenextpackageearlier.

B.Waitingpatiently.

C.Usingairfreight.

D.Lookingforthepackage.

40.SectionC

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhearapassagethreetimes.Whenthepassageisreadforthefirsttime,youshouldlistencarefullyforitsgeneralidea.Whenthepassageisreadforthesecondtime,youarerequiredtofillintheblanksnumberedfrom36to43withtheexactwordsyouhavejustheard.Forblanksnumberedfrom44to46youarerequiredtofillinthemissinginformation.Fortheseblanks,youcaneitherusetheexactwordsyouhavejustheardorwritedownthe

Freelancephotographycanbeahighly【B1】______careerandcanpotentiallytakeyouaroundtheworld.Thescopeforworkislarge,aswellasthetraditionalsourcesof【B2】______andnewspapers.TheincreaseinInternetusagehasopenedupanother【B3】______foryoutosellyourworkorgainongoing【B4】______.Thedigitalagehas【B5】______theuseoftraditionalcamerawiththeongoingdevelopmentofdigitalcameras,andthereforereducedtheuseoftheolddarkroom【B6】______thatweretime【B7】______andpotentiallydamagingtohealthduetothetoxicchemicalsusedtoprocesspicturesfromfilm.

Atthetimeofwriting(2004)theuseofcolourphotographyisnotyet100yearsold,thefirst【B8】______colourfilmsbeingproducedbytheLumiereBrothersinFrancein1907.【B9】__________withtheintroductionofthefirstdigitalcamerasinthemid1990's.Thishasreducedalotoftheburdenandoverheadsoftraditionalphotography.Digitalcamerasnowallowyoutoseetheimagesyouhavetakenbeforeleavingthesceneandallowyoutoseetheresultsofsettingchangesleavingnoexcuseforlowqualityimages!Intheearlydaysofdigitalcamerastheresolutionwasnotgoodenoughforprofessionalimages,【B10】__________________theiroldSLRcamerasforadigitalequivalent.

Thisisexcellentnewsforthebuddingfreelancephotographerasequipmentcostsanddevelopingtimeshavebeenslashed.Withaqualitycameraavailableforaround￡500upwardsand【B11】_________________,theinitialsetupchargesforyourbusinesscanbefairlylow.

【B1】

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.

Whatistheauthor'smainpurpose?

A.TohighlypraiseMs.Harris'swork.

B.TocounterMs.Harris'swork.

C.ToobjectivelyreportonMs.Harris'swork.

D.To.criticallycommentonMs.Harris'swork.

42.

Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat______.

A.StandardEnglishistaughtinschoolsandcolleges

B.TheyoungpeoplearedefiantbecausetheyrefusetospeakstandardEnglish

C.EnglishlanguageisinfluencedbyAmericanEnglishinthelast25years

D.TherehasbeenagreatchangeintheEnglishlanguageinthiscentury

43.

Whydoestheauthordiscussforcingeveryonetobuythesamecaroreatthesamefood?

A.Toshowthatfreedomofchoiceisabsolute.

B.Toshowthatthegovernmenthasinterferedtoomuchinthelivesofindividual.

C.Tosuggestwhatwouldhappenifuniformsbecamecompulsory.

D.Topredictthewaythesocietywillbeinthenextfewgenerations.

44.

【C5】

45.TheforestfromwhichmantakeshistimberisthetallestandmostimpressiveplantcommunityonEarth.Intermsofman'sbrieflifeitappearspermanentandunchanging,savefortheseasonalgrowthandfailoftheleaves,buttoforesteritrepresentstheclimaxofalongsuccessionofevents.

Nowoodedlandscapeweseetodayhasbeenforestforalltime.Plantshaveminimumrequirementsoftemperatureandmoistureand,inagespast,virtuallyeverypartofEarth'ssurfacehasatsometimebeeneithertoodryortoocoldforplantstosurvive.However,assoonasclimaticconditionschangeinfavorofplantlife,afascinatingsequenceofchangesoccurs,calledaprimarysuccession.

Firsttocolonizethebarrenlandarethelowlylichens,survivingonbarerock.Slowly,theacidsproducedbytheseorganismscracktherocksurface,plantdebrisaccumulates,andmossesestablishashallowroot-hold.Fernsmayfollowand,withshortgrassesandshrubs,graduallyform.acoveringofplantlife.Rootsprobeevendeeperintothedevelopingsoilandeventuallylargeshrubsgivewaytothefirsttrees.Thesegrowrapidly,cuttingoffsunlightfromthesmallerplants,andsoonestablishcompletedomination-closingtheirranksandformingaclimaxcommunitywhichmayendureforthousandsofyears.

Yeteventhiscommunityisnoteverlasting.Firemaydestroyitoutrightandsettlersmaycutitdowntogainlandforpastureorcultivation.Ifthelandisthenabandoned,asecondarysuccessionwilltakeover,developingmuchfasteronthemorehospitablesoil.Shrubsandtreesareamongtheearlyinvaders,theirseedscarriedbythewind,bybirdsandlodgedinthecoatsofmammals.

Foraslongasitstandsandthrives,theforestisavastmachine,storingenergyandmanyelementsessentialforlife.

Whatdoestheforeststrikemankindaspermanent?

A.Thetreesareincommunity.

B.Theforestisrenewedeachseason.

C.Man'slifeisshortincomparison.

D.Itisanessentialpartourlives.

46.

【C8】

47.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Opportunitiesforrewardingworkbecomefewerforbothmenandwomenastheygrowolder.Afterage40,jobhuntingbecomesevenmoredifficult.Manyworkersstayatjobstheyaretoooldforratherthanfacepossiblerejection.Ouryouth-oriented,throw-awaycultureseeslittlevalueinolderpeople.InwriterLilianHellman'swords,theyhave"thewisdomthatcomeswithagethatwecan'tmakeuseof"

Unemploymentandeconomicneedforworkishigheramongolderwomen,especiallyminorities,thanamongyoungerwhitewomen.Anationalcouncilreportsthesefindings:Thoughunemployedlongerwhenseekingwork,olderwomenjob-huntharder,holdajoblongerwithlessabsenteeism(缺勤),perform.aswellorbetter,aremorereliable,andaremorewillingtolearnthanmenoryoungerwomen.Yetmanyolderwomenearnpoorpayandfaceafutureofpovertyintheirretirementyears.When"sexismmeetsageism,povertyisnolongeronthedoorstep—itmovesin",accordingtoTishSommers,directorofaspecialstudyonolderwomenfortheNationalOrganizationforWomen.

Yeta1981reportontheWhiteHouseConferenceonAgingshowsthatasagroup,olderAmericansarethe"wealthiest,bestfed,besthoused,healthiest,mostself-reliantolderpopulationinourhistory".Thisstatementissmallcomforttothoselivingbelowthepovertyline,butitdoesexplodesomeoftheoldtr