秦荻辉-科技英语习题以与答案

练习1I、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中有些冠词的特殊位置：Inthiscasethecurrent（电流）existsforonlyhalfthecycle（周期）.Insuchacasethereisnocurrentflowinginthecircuit（电路）.Sensitivity（灵敏度）isameasureofhowsmallasignal（信号）areceiver（接收机）canpickupandamplify（放大）toalevelusefulforcommunications.£maybeassmallapositiveconstantasyouplease.Evensofundamentaladimension（量纲）astimewasmeasuredextremelycrudelywithsandandwaterclockshundredsofyearsago.Nonlineardistortion（非线性失真）canbecausedbytoolargeaninputsignal.Themethodusedisquiteaneffectiveone.Aseries（级数）solutionofthiskindofproblemallowsascloseacalculationoftheerrorasneeded.II、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中“and”和“or”的确切含义：Airhasweightandoccupiesspace.Inthiswaylesscollectordissipation（集电极功耗）results,andtheefficiencyincreases.Wecangoonestepfartherandtakeintoaccountthenonzeroslopeoftheactualcurves.Tryhard,andyouwillworkthenut（螺母）loose.Thefirststepinanalyzingaphysicalsituationistoselectthoseaspectsofitwhichareessentialanddisregardtheothers.ThissatellitewasusedforcommunicationsbetweentheUnitedStatesandGreatBritain,FranceandItaly.Somephysicalquantitiesrequireonlyamagnitudeandaunittobecompletelyspecified.Thusitissufficienttosaythatthemassofamanis85kg,thattheareaofafarmis160acres,thatthefrequencyofasoundwaveis660cycles/sec,andthatalightbulbconsumeselectricenergyattherateof100watts.Geothermalenergy,orenergyfromwithintheearth,canbeusedtogenerateelectricity.Thecurrentinacapacitor（电容器）leads（导前）thevoltageby90o,or,thevoltagelagsthecurrentby90G.Themessageisalogicalunitofuserdata,controldata,orboth.III、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中分数和倍数的正确译法：ByvaryingVBEonlyafewhundredthsofavolt,thebasecurrent（基极电流）canbechangedsignificantly.Thestandardmeterisaccuratetoabouttwopartsinonebillion.Cromatographic（层析的）techniqueshavebeendevelopedtodetectairpollutantsatconcentrations（浓度）ofonepartpermillionorless.Thevolumecoefficient（体膨胀系数）ofasolidisalmostexactlythreetimesitslinearcoefficient.Thedemandforthiskindofequipmentinthenearfuturewillbe20timeswhatitis.Thewavelengthofthismusicalnote（音符）is7.8ft,overthreetimeslongerthanthewavelengthofthesamenoteinair（2.5ft）.Thiscausesthecollectorcurrent（集电极电流）tochangebyafactorofapproximately0.Thisfactor（因子）isnowequalto9,areductionbyafactorof11.IV、将下列句子译成英语：火箭是由金属制成的。池是能提供（give）恒定电压（constantvoltage）的一种器件（device）。是一台多好的计算机啊！计算机中，趋势（tendency）是以尽可能高的时钟速率（clockrate）运作（operate）。须使物体运动，要不然就没有做功（work）。条铁路比那条长五倍。7、普通的窗户经受（亚此玳2口4）不了如此（so）大的力。8、这个值（value）是原来的1/3。9、这是一个太复杂的问题以至于我们在此不加讨论（gointo）。10、解这个题要花费计算机半个小时（的时间）。V、改正下列句中的错误，并将句子译成汉语：A80-lbforcemustbeusedhere.Thisisatoolargeasignal.Digitaltransmission（数字式传输）doesnotneedtohaveasahighS/Nratio（信噪比）asanalog（模拟）transmission.Tounderstandphysics,goodknowledgeofmathematicsisnecessary.Thisisasosensitiveinstrumentthatitcanmeasureslightchangeinpressure.练习2I、将下列句子译成汉语，并说明句中划有横线的介词短语的语法功能：Oneofthemostvaluablewaysofrepresentingfunctionsisbygraphicalrepresentation（图示法）.Anumberofconditionsareclassifiedas"occupationaldiseases（职业病）.”Engineersmayfindthebookofgreatvalue.Ifyouletyourpencildroptothefloor,youcanseegravityinaction.Inthiscasethefailurepoint（失效点）correspondstoafactorofsafetyof1.Thetopicoftrouble-shooting（故障检修）willbediscussedinChapter9.Typicalnoisemargins（噪声裕度）areusuallybetterthantheguaranteedvaluebyabout75mV.Upontheapplicationofanexternalforce.wecancausethebodytomove.Wemeasureresistance（电阻）inohms.Directcurrent（直流电）flowsonlyinonedirection.Wecanusethisdevicetomeasureaslightchangeinpressure.Thehistoryoftwo-wayradfiocommunicationsinsomewaysparallelsthedevelopmentofcommercialradiobroadcasting.II、将下列句子译成汉语，并说明划有横线的动词的类别：Whenanelectriccurrentflowsthroughawire,thewirewillgethot.Thatstatement（述）soundsnatural.Thewaterinthemiddlepipewillstandlowerandthusindicatesalowerpressure.Ittakesabody（物体）preciselyaslongtofallfromaheighthasitdoestorisethathigh.Wecannotexaggeratethedangerofattemptingashortcircuitdirectlyacrossavoltagesource.III、将下列句子译成汉语，并注意划有横线的副词或副词短语的语法功能：Atthistimethepulse（脉冲）isover.Thetwoequationsbelowareofgreatimportance.Ingeneral,wecansay,foranybodyanywhere,weight=massXacceleration（加速度）duetogravity（重力）.ThetemperaturesonJupiter（木星）andtheplanetsbeyondareextremelylow.Theproblemnowistodeterminetheresultant（合力）oftheseforces.Withgreattelescopesastronomerscanseestarsandotherthingsveryfaraway.Theforcebetweentwocharges（电荷）of1coul（库仑）eachadistanceof1mapartis9X109N（牛顿）.Itallbeginwiththedevelopment30yearsagoofthetransistor（晶体管）.IV、将下列句子译成英语：我们非常容易地获得了这个结果。（要求对划线部分用介词短语来表示）用的仪器有许多。（要求对划线部分用介词短语来表示）们用牛顿（newton）为单位来度量各种力。（要求对划线部分用介词短语来表示）力（gravity）这一概念将在下一节介绍。这新的三章中，第一章介绍核能（nuclearenergy）o两个值相差5o种新设备与那些旧设备相比有许多优点。8、我们需要解这些方程把那些未知数（unknown）求出来。9、在日常生活中，力似乎是仅仅靠“直接接触”来传递（transmit）的。10、这个结果看起来是正确的。11、这一点无论怎样强调也不过分。12、它们相隔的距离是很小的。V、改正以下句中的错误，并将句子译成汉语：Currentismeasuredwithamperes.Inthiscasethewheelwillrotatefor360b.Comparedwiththatalgorithm,thealgorithmpresentedinthispaper（论文）hastwoadvantages.Thesearethesufficientandnecessaryconditionstotheequationabove.Theseparametersmustmaintainconstantduringtransformation（变换）.Thereseemstobethreeforcesactingonthebody.练习3I、将下列句子译成汉语，并说明带有划线的形容词或形容词短语的语法功能：Theenergycontainedinthepulse（脉冲）isthisefficiencytimesthemaximumattainable.Thismeasureisthekeyfortheextremelylowdcpower（直流功率）achievable.Everythingelectronicwillbedonedigitally.Aropetransmitstension（力）fromonepointtoanotherunchanged.Evenifastudentcanfolloweverylineofexampleinthisbook,thatdoesrftmeanthatheorshecansolveproblemsunaided.Theirelectricalandmagneticproperties,oftenparamount,arediscussedinChapters14and15.Theseforcesactontheelectronsabletomovefreelywithinthewire.Amethodoftiming（定时）accuratetomillionthsofasecondisnecessary.Thehumanbodyismadeupofcountlessstructuresbothlargeandsmall.Theacceleration（加速度）duetogravity（重力）isessentiallyconstant.Diffraction（绕射）andinterference（干涉）arephenomenacharacteristicofwaves.Asurfacesosmooththatanyirregularities（不平度）initaresmallrelativetothewavelengthofthelightfallinguponitbehavesdifferently.Therearemanyproblems,bothtechnologicalandfinancial,thatremaintobesolved.Gravitation（万有引力）isineveryobject,largeorsmall.Yetthereareconnections,neitherseries（串联的）norparallel,forwhichtheabove-mentionedphenomenonoccurs.Subjecttocertaingeneralizations（通则）whichwillbedescribedlateron,Coulom'slawintheformgivenaboveisrestrictedtopointcharges（点电荷）.Duetothenatureofthedefinitionoftheradian（弧度）,itisevencommontoexpressradiansintermsofn.Analogoustotheeyelid,thecamerashutter（快门）opensforapredeterminedlengthoftimetoallowtheraystoenterthroughthelensandexposethefilm.Bothmandnarethereforeeven（偶数的），contrarytoourchoiceofmandn.Theforceactsperpendiculartothesurfaceoftheearth.II、将下列句子译成英语，要求对划线部分用形容词（短语）来表示：1、这个信息量（quantityofinformation）近似地正比于可用的频率围（range）。2、现有的化学教科书均提到了这一现象。3、在一个正常的（normal）原子中，质子（proton）数等于存在的电子数。4、在这篇论文（paper）中没有什么特别的容。5、在这种情况下，信号波形（signalwaveform）能无头其地被传输（transmit）o6、太阳的光线（ray）几乎是平行地到达地球的。7、这是一个大于1的正数。8、这样的数列（sequence）必定有一个极限（limit）,或是有限的（finite）,或是无限的（infinite）。9、这方法能用来处理（handle）太复杂了以至于无法用目测法（byinspection）来解的问题。10、一切系统，不论是生物的（的亩8）还是机械的，都是信息和反馈控制系统。11、由于结构简单、价格低廉，这种机器深受用户青睐。12、与普通的观念（common6«能力相反,戈登（Gordon）博士并不是第一个使用该金属的人。13、该球在平行于桌面运动。14、这电路（circuit）工作起来类似于一个计数器（counter）。15、这是一根长为5米的直线（straightline）。练习4I、将下列句子译成汉语，并说明带有划线的物主代词与被修饰词之间的逻辑关系：Eachstructureofthebody（人体）isindirectcommunicationwiththebrainbymeansofjtsownsetoftelephonewires,callednerves.Whenfoodentersthestomach,itspresencestimulatesnerves,sendingsignalstocentersinthebrain.Lightisneededbythegreenplantstomakethemgreenandtheycannotsurviveforlonginitsabsence.Thisdip（倾斜）isreferredtoasthe“Lampdip,”afterW.E.Lamp,whopredicted.itsoccurrenceontheoreticalgrounds.Physicsisthemostquantitativeofthesciences,andwemustbecomeaccustomedtojtsinsistenceuponaccuratemeasurementsandpreciserelationshipsifwearetoappreciateitsresults.Thusfarourdiscussionoftheprinciplesofmechanicshasbeenconcernedprimarilywithparticles.Ouranalysisofthevariousgatefamilies（门电路系列U）willbemadeinthenextchapter.Fromitsdefinitionaschangeinvelocitydividedbyelapsedtime,radialacceleration（径向加速度）isexpressedinm/sec2orcm/sec2.Sincetransformersarelarge,heavy,andexpensive,theireliminationfromthecircuit电路）resultsinconsiderablesavings.Eachofthesetypesofmechanicaldrives（传动装置）hasspecificfeaturesthatoftendictatesitsselectioninaparticularsituation.II、将下列句子译成汉语，并说明带有划线的代词代替了什么东西：Bythe“mostefficient”algorithmonenormallymeansthefastest.Television,itisoftensaid,keepsoneinformedaboutcurrentaffairs.Theterm“strain”（应变）isageometricalone.Theangle0betweenT1andthehorizontal（水平线）isthesameasthatbetweeneitherhalfoftheropeandthehorizontal.ThedesignoftheR1-R2biasC偏压）networkfortheemitterfollowed射极踉随器）parallelsthatforthecommon-emitteramplifier（共发射极放大器）.Wherethereistoomuchofit,thepoisonouswastemaydogreatharmtothethingsaroundus.Althoughtheyfollowthesamebasicpatterndescribedabove,televisionreceiverswillbedealtwithseparately.Althoughitisprobablynotthewholestory,oneeffectofthehydrogengasistoincreasetheresistancece（电阻）betweentheelectrode（电极）andthesolution（溶液），increasingtheinernalresistanceofthecell（电池）.III、将下列句子译成英语，要求对划线部分用名词短语来表示：1、这些新设备与旧的相比的优点之一是它们的体积小。2、由于其极为重要，这个电路（circuit）将在后面详细讨论。3、这些球会很快停下来是由于它们与地面（ground）相互作用（interaction）的缘故。4、我们对这个容（topic）的讨论将在下一章进行。5、负反馈(negativefeedback)是电子学(electronics)中的一项重要技术，对它的论述(description)将推迟(defer)到最后一章。6、水的密度(density)比冰的高。7、所谓效率，人们指的是输出与输入之比。8、月亮离我们最近，这就是为什么它看起来很大的原因。9、这些结果与实验结果相吻合(beinagreementwith)。10、这些计算机与我们实验室里的类同。练习5I、将下列句子译成汉语:Suchaglassrodthesamesizeasthe1-Qcopperwirewouldhaveresistanceof10190.Standardchainsaremadeinwidthapproximately1.5to12timesthepitch（齿距）.Thenodes（节点）arespacedahalf-wavelengthapart.Thisisamicroprocessorcontrolledcommunicationssystem.Toreducetheskineffect（集肤效应），silverplate（涂敷）theconductor（导体）.Smalltransistorizedequipmentisoftenbatterypowered.Transistorsaretemperaturesensitive.Bycalculatingtorques（力矩）abouttheinnerendofthebeam（柱子），weeliminateFxandFy,aconvenientsimplification.Uponmakinguseofthisequation,theexactfrequenciesfoundinthehydrogenspectrumareobtained aremarkableachievement.Theairpressureinanautomobiletiredropsincoldweatherandincreasesinwarmweather,anillustrationoftheaboveproperty.Theindependentparticlemodelofthenucleusisabletoexplaintheoriginofthesemagicnumbers,astrongpointinitsfavor.WhentheappliedforceislessthanF,thefrictionalforcealwaysequalstheappliedforce.Otherwise,sinceFactsintheoppositedirectiontoanappliedforce,objectswouldmovebackwardwhenpushedweakly,somethingthatdoesnot,ofcourse,occur.Atextremelylowtemperatures,nearabsolutezero,someconductorslosethelastvestige（一点点）ofresistance,aphenomenonreferredtoassuperconductivity（超导性）.Oneoftheprincipalapplicationsofthediode（二极管）isintheproductionofadcvoltagefromanacsupply（交流电源），aprocesscalledrectification（整流）.Thegainofelectronsbyanatomleadstotheformationofanegativeion（离子）.Thisintroductionrequiressomeexposuretologicdesignprinciples,electronics,andprogramming.Theremovalofenoughheatfromwatermaychangeitintoice.Theconversionofelectricalenergytoheatinaresistor（电阻器）isanirreversibleprocess.ThisdependenceofwaveenergyonAistrueforwavesofallkinds.Toestablishthevariationoftheforcewithdistance,wecoulduseanarrangementsimilartothatshowninFig.21-5.Therevolutionoftheeartharoundthesuncausesthechangesoftheseasons.Itisimportanttorecognizetheinfluenceofthephysicalsettingoncreativity.Theratioofcharge（电荷）topotential（电位）iscalledthecapacitance（电容）ofthebody.Theneedofaplantforwater,soilandsunshinehastobeobtainedfromitsenvironment.Forclarity,theeffectofgravitationonthebalFsmotionisomittedfromFig.8-2.II、将下列句子译成英语，要求对划线部分用名词（短语）来表示：1、这是不为零的任意常数（constant）。2、有一天，像我们太阳那么大小的小星星会变成白矮星（whitedwarfstar）。3、矢量（vector）A具有n倍矢量B的数值（magnitude）。4、RAM硬盘（disk）的容（contents）完全是由用户控制的。5、所有这些量是取决于频率的。6、这些设备已由工匚精确地校准1^及^0）过了。7、在这种情况下，磁显示器（magneticdisplay）往往变得在显示方面受限制（limit）Jo8、这台仪器在相位（phase）上跟踪（track）由电压（voltage）控制的振荡器（oscillator）o9、炉子（stove）主要是通过受热空气的实际运动来暖和（warm）房间的，这一过程称为对流（convection）。10、这时，我们只需关心（beconcernedwith）叫出（name）无机化合物（inorganiccompound）的名称来，这一任务比较简单。11、在这种情况下，任何介质材料（dielectricmaterial）就会变成导体（conductor）,这一现象称为介质击穿（dielectricbreakdown）。12、我们假定（assume）电子速度并不太接近于（closeto）光速，这一要求（requirement）我们将在第四章讨论。13、这些测量必须在许多频率上进行（make）,这任务是颇为耗时（time-consuming）和烦人的（tedious）。14、物质对于电流流动的阻力（resistance）受到好几个因素的影响。15、这方法与例2的方法相比有一个优点。16、连续地（continued）使眼睛暴露（exposure）于强光（lightofgreatintensity）会引起（cause）视力的丧失（lossofsight）o17、周长（circumference）与半径（radius）之比为2n。18、图1-5画出了向心力（centripetal）Fc对这些因素的依从关系（dependence）o19、速度随时间的变化（情况）示于图6-6中。20、通过加热把冰转变（conversion）成水、把水转变成水蒸汽（watervapor）是物质状态变化的一个例证（illustration）。III、改正下列句中的错误，并将句子译成汉语：Thecomparisonofradiowavestowaterwavesismadeinthissection.Inordertoapplytheselawsofmotion,wemusttakeintodetailedaccountallthevariousforcesactinginagivensituationatanypointinthepathofamovingbody,usuallythedifficultandcomplicatedprocedure.Wemayseetheaction（作用）oftheacid（酸）atglass.ThechoiceoflnCfortheconstantofintegration（积分常数）isreasonable.Conductorspermitthepassageofchargeinthem.ACcanbechangedintoDC,thisprocessisreferredtoasrectification（整流）.Theaddition（加）ofimpurities（杂质）onsemiconductorswillmaketheconductivity（导电率）changegreatly.Controlengineersareusuallyinterestedintheresponseofacontrolsystemtowardthesefunctions（函数）.练习6I、把下列句子译成汉语：ThewordradarcomesfromRadioDetection（探测）AndRanging（测距）.Arithmetic,thescienceofnumbers,isthebaseofmathematics.Thequiescentdcpowerdissipation（静态直流功耗）inthiscaseistypically5nW,anextremelysmallfigure.Nowdefineanidealradiator（辐射体）asa“black”body,onethatabsorbsallincidentradiation（入射辐射）andreflectsandtransmitsnoneofit.Theaboveanalysisdescribesthesteady-stateconditionofacircuit,theconditionthatprevailsafterthecircuithasbeenconnectedtothesource（电源）foralongtime.Fivesensingchannels（感官渠道）,sight,hearing,smell,taste,andtouch,feedsinputstothebrain.AnAmerican,Edison,inventedthefirstelectriclamp.Thischapterexaminesthepropertiesofanimportantnonlinear（非线性的）device,thedioderectifier（二极管整流器）.Twoormoreelementsmaycombinechemicallytoformacompound,anewsubstancewhosepropertiesaredifferentfromthoseoftheelementsthatcomposeit.Inthischapter,theprocessofmeasurement,themostfundamentaloperationinphysics,isdiscussedbriefly.Aninstrumentformeasuringelectricresistance,theommeter（欧姆表）iswidelyusedinelectricalengineering.Anelectroacoustictransducer（电声传感器），theloudspeaker（扬声器）convertsaudio-frequencypowerintoacousticpower.Aportionoftheoutputisreturnedtotheinputterminals,aconditionreferredtoasvoltagefeedback.Theresistanceofawireisindirectlyproportionaltothecrosssection（横截面），afactthatwasverifiedexperimentallybyOhm.Moreimportant,weseehowtousetheFouriertransformtodescribeandanalyzesystemsandcircuits.What,youmaywonder,does54/74standfor?TheSpecialRevisionUnits,itishoped,constituteavaluableaidinthetaskofconsolidation（巩固）.ABooleanvariable（布尔变量），sayA,cantakeon（呈现）onlytwovalues.Thecurrentinaninductor^电感器）lags（滞后）thevoltageby90oor,whatisthesamething,thevoltageleads（导前）thecurrent90o.Thisweknowdoesnothaveadefinedvalue（限定值），sincer>1.ElectricalinventorswhofollowedEdisondidnothavetoexperimentwiththesubstanceswhich,hehadfound,wouldnotwork.Wecouldapplythesetwovectors（矢量），whichitwillbenoticedareinpolarform（极坐标形式），toanynetworkcharacteristic（特性）.II、将下列句子译成英语：1、在该球的整个运动（motion）期间，使照相机快门（camerashutter）打开着。2、为方便起见，一物体的惯性质量（inertialmass）和重力质量（gravitationalmass）习惯地（customarily）设定（set）为相等的。3、我们已知（begiven）该速度是恒定的。4、输入电流的典型值为10皮安（pA），这个值（amount）是足够小的以至于在许多情况下可以忽略不计（ignore）o5、式（6-3）要求m用"磅-秒俅尺"（lb-sec2/ft）来度量，这个单位称为斯勒格（slug）。6、该阻抗（impedance）的实部（realpart）R是频率的函数。7、电流这个术语指的是（referto）电荷（charge）的流动。8、转移（branching）是编程的一个普通特点（feature）,它将在后面详细加以描述。9、我们发现和数（sum）S为0816,这个数小于1000。10、用来限定（define）标准时间间隔（interval）的钟是铯种（cesiumclock）,它是一种大型、复杂而昂贵的实验室仪表。11、氧气太多会使该铁氧化（oxidize）,这一反应（reaction）我们是不想要的。12、在这种情况下，I不随V变化，这一点我们认为是很重要的。练习7I、将下列句子译成汉语：Whatpropertiesofmotioncanwemeasuretohelpusdescribethebehaviorofamovingbody?Thevelocitydoesnotincreaseduringalltimeintervals.Allthedataarenottobechecked.Itdoesnotappearthatthisvaluesatisfiestheequation.Thecenterlineofthechain（链条）isnotatauniformradius,asisthecenterlineofabeltpassingaroundapulley（滑轮）.Thisrelation（关系式）referstoaspecificpieceofmaterial,nottoageneralpropertyofthematerialaswithEq.（2-6）.TheHIGH-level（高电平）outputvoltagesforbothOR（“或”门）andNOR（“或非”门）arebetween—0.81and—0.96Vratherthan—0.8V,aspredictedbyEq.（2-9）.Foracsignalsthecollector-emittercircuitimpedance（集电极-发射极电路的阻抗）isnotRL+Re,asinSec.2.3,butsimplyRL.Nosimpleelectriccomponentactsasacurrentsource（电流源）thewayabatteryactsasavoltagesource.Inthiscasethediodecharacteristic（二极管特性曲线）doesnotappeartobeexponential（指数的）.Thesemeters（仪表）characterizetheunknownimpedance（未知阻抗）completely,insteadofgivingjustonecomponent（分量）asdothepreviouslydescribedinstruments.Thesefunctions（函数）arenotlimitedinthevaluestheytakeon,asarethesineandcosinefunctions.Noneoftheexistinggeneral-purposeoperatingsystemscandothat.Oneofthesetwocircuitsmaybereasonablyaccurateoverareasonablefrequencyrange,butbothcannotbe.Ageneral-purposeprogramminglanguagecannotbeperfectforallofthemanytaskstowhichitisput.Oncethisbalanceisachieved,thedigital-to-analogconverteN数模转换器)isnotreset(复位)tozeroasintheabovetechnique.Inthiscaseneithertransistor(晶体管)saturates(饱和).ThesetwosignalscanneverbothbeTRUE(真)atthesametime.II、将下列句子译成英语：1、在这种条件下，该钢柱(steelcolumn)被缩短(shorten)多少？2、为什么卫星不会掉下落到地球上呢？3、静电荷(stationaryelectriccharge)根本不会与磁铁(magnet)相互作用(interact)的。4、对于％和t的所有值来说，并非都能满足(satisfy)式(5-18)。5、现有的教科书均没有提到这一现象。6、这两台机器都不令人满意。7、这台仪器似乎不如那台好。8、导体(conductor)的电阻(resistance)对于交流电(alternatingcurrent)来说并不像它对于直流电(directcurrent)那样是恒定的(constant)。9、这个数字(figure)表明光速并不像许多人那时相信的那样是无限的(infinite)o10、这些规则并非都适用于(bevalidfor)各类电路。练习8I、将下列句子译成英语，注意句中的时态：Theseresistors（电阻器）andthesupplyvoltage（电源电压）aretobechosensothatthetransistor（晶体管）operateslinearly（线性地）.Whenwelearnaboutthekindofresearchthatisgoingoninthesciencestoday,wewillbegettingsomeinsightintothingsthatwillbeaffectingourlivesinthefuture.Howmanyradians（弧度）willtheshaftC转轴）ofthemotorhaveturnedthroughin1/2min?Thesunisconstantlyemittinglightandheat.WhentheRussiansareorganizingchesstouramentsonVenus,whenAmericansopenthefirstMacDonald'sonthemoon,andtheChineseareplayingping-pongagainsttheMartians,theearthboundLondonerswilleyethemsuspiciouslythroughtheirtelescopes.Wehaveforsimplicitybeenspeekingofthecurrentinaconductorasifallofthefreeelectronsmovedwiththesameconstantvelocity.Thisformulaappliestosidewayswaves（侧波）ofthesortwehavebeendescribing.InChapter2whenwewerediscussingfunctionsweconsideredmanyfunctionsofthistype.Thisquantityistheenergyacquiredbythestoneasaresultofthework（功）wedidonit.Thefirstmotorcyclebuilthadanenginethatdeveloped0.5hp（马力）at700rpm（每分钟转数）.Bynow,manypeoplehavebeenusingC++foradecade.Aboatistocrossariveronacoursedirected20.0bupstreamtoadock815mdistancein10.0min.Increasingly,nowadays,scientistsareusingadifferentunit,thejoule.Fig.6-1showsthedropinfrictionalforcewhentheboxhasbeguntomove.Chemists,bymethodswhichwewillconsidershortly,haveisolatedmanythousandsofpuresubstances.Inthechapteronthej-operator（算子），weshallbeusingimajinarynumbers（虚数）.Wedonotknowexplicitlywhatforceswereactingduringtheexplosion.Withtheexceptionoftheoperationalamplifiers（运算放大器），wehavebeendealingwithtwo-terminalcircuitelements.Indoingso,wearecombiningquantitieswhicharealike.Whenthepointunderconsiderationreachesq,theangularvelocitywillhaveincreasedtoalargervaluew.Theinputmaychangebeforetheoutputhassettledtoitspropervalue.Inthissectionweshallintroducesomebasicterminology.Microelectronicsiscreatingaso-called“electronicrevolution.”Havingstuduedthischapter,studentswillhavelearnedtheprinciplesofradioreceivers.AssumethatTTLgates（门电路）arebeingused.II、将下列句子译成英语：几年来他们一直在开发一种新产品。们已在第一章简要地讨论过这个问题了。架飞机正在装配（assemble）中。位教授当院士（academician）已有十年多了。今年年底，这些工程师在该研究所已工作20年了。界总是在变化着。目前为止，我们只关心（beconcernedwith）质点（particle）的运动（motion）。是他们第一次开发这种新的计算机。年前NASA说他们将建立一座太空工厂。10、那位主任医师（chiefphysician）告诉我们，他的研究小组已发现了一种新的病毒（virus）。III、改正下列句中的错误，并将句子译成汉语：Thisconcepthasbeendescribedintheprevioussection.Thoseresearchersmademanyexperimentsonthepropertiesofthisnewmaterialtheseyears.Bytheendoflastyear,quiteafewbigocean-goingshipswerebuiltinShanghai.Theyear2004hasseenagreatadvanceininformationtechnologyinChina.Havingstudiedthisbook,thereaderwilllearnthefundamentalsofdigitalcomputers.Theengineertoldusthathedevelopedanewkindofsoftware.练习9I、将下列句子译成汉语，注意句中被动语态的各种情况：Bythebeginningoflastcenturyasubstantialbodyofevidencehadbeenaccumulatedinsupportoftheideathatthechemicalelementsconsistofatoms.In1858,Darwin（达尔文）wassentascientificpaperbyamancalledAlfredWallace.Inactuality,thereaderwillbesparedalotofgriefifheorsheneverattemptsashortcircuit（短路）directlyacrossavoltagesource（电压源）inalaboratoryorfield（野夕卜）situationeither.Untilrecently,scientistswerequiteconvincedthattherewasn’tafifthforce.Theprotectiveresistanceshouldbemadeuseofintheusualway.Inthiscasetheworkdoneisaccountedforbyanincreaseinpotentialenergy（位能）.Actually,thisresultcouldhavebeenarrivedatintuitively（直观地）.Theenergythatisstoredintheinductor（电感器）andcapacitor（电容器）eventuallygetsdissipatedbytheresistor.Theairthroughoutaroombecomesheatedbyconvectioncurrents（对流的气流）.Thefirstgroupofsemiconductorcircuitsdevelopedtoperformthebasicdigitalfunctions（功能）becameknownasResistor-TransistorLogic（电阻-晶体管逻辑电路）.Anyprocessthatsubsequentlysendsamessagetothismailboxmustbenotifiedthatthemailboxnolongerexists.Theoreticalanalysisanddesignofservosystems（伺服系统）willnotbedirectlydealtwith.Theseregulations（规章制度）mustbeadheredtointheperformanceanduseofradioequipmentintheUnitedStates.Forthispurpose,useismadeofthedifferencebetweenthesetwovalues.Squarewave（方波）testingfirstbecamewidelyusedinthetestingofvideoamplifiers（视频放大器）.Overload（过载）mustbeguardedagainst.SomeC++novices（新手）getirritatedbytheambiguityreportedbythecompiler（编译程序）.Atthispoint,atransportentity（传递机构）isinformedthatitsnetworkconnectionhasbeenabruptlyterminated.II、将下列句子译成英语：该充分利用现有的计算机。（要求使用短语动词"makeuseof”）每一点赋予（assign）一个数。在我们被告知I正比于V。五章将讨论非线性方程（nonlineareuation）。（要求使用被动句）块石头正受到三个力的作用（acton）。者可能不相信这是真的。（要求使用动词“convince”）III、改正下列句中的错误，并将句子译成汉语：Thisdeviceismainlyconsistedoffiveparts.Wemustmakeuseofoursparetimeinagoodway.Alltheexistedphysicstextbookshavementionedthisconcept.Usewasnotmadeofthisgivenquantityinsolvingtheproblem.Thispointmustbepaidattention.练习10I、将下列句子译成汉语：Bluelighthasashorterwavelengththanredlightdoes.Thismeter（仪表）weighsslightlymorethan13kilograms.Asetofrulesenablesustocalculateslopes（斜率）farmoreeasily.Brassexpandsconsiderablymorethanzincwhenheated.Thereareagreatmanymorecompounds（化合物）thanelements.Thiscircuitrequiresmanymorecomponents（元件）thanthecircuitshownonpage3.Theapplicationsofcomputersareeverwider.Theseorganizationsarebecomingmoreinfluentialasmorepeoplerecognizethevalueofstandards.Thedarkerthecolor,thelesslightisreflectedandthemorelightisabsorbed.Thegreaterthequantityofimpurities（杂质）added,thehigherwilltheconductivity（导电率）ofthesemiconductorbe.Theclosertheupperpulleys（滑轮）areinsizeandthelargertheyare,thegreaterwillbethemechanicaladvantahge（机械效益）ofthechainhoist（链式起重机）.Whateverthecauseoftheheatmaybe,wedoknowthattheearthgetshotterthefartherdownwedig.Theerrorinthisapproximationwillbesmallertheshorterthedistancebetweenthetwoordinates（纵坐标）ABandCD.Theseinherentlimitationsonmaximumpoweraremoreseveretheshorterthewavelength.Thiswidedisparity（差异）betweeninputandoutputresistancemakesthegroundedbasecircuit（共基极电路）lesspopularthanthecommon-emitteramplifier（共发射极放大器）.Themostcommonlyusedoftheseprefixes（前缀）arekilo,centi,andmilli.“Information''maybeasmuchapartofthephysicaluniverseasmatterandenergy.Anymoleculehasasmuchchanceoflosingenergyinacollisionwithanearbymoleculeasithasofgainingenergy.Measuringanythingmeanscomparingitwithsomestandardtoseehowmanytimesasbigitis.Wemayseecomputerswithasfewas1or2bytespermemoryunit.Steamturbines（蒸汽涡轮机）havebeenbuiltwithefficiencyofasmuchas40%.Thereseemtobeasmanywaystodothejobastherearedesigners.Thevalueofaninductor（电感器）dependsmoreontheconditionsofmeasurementthandoesthatof