刘润清版新编语言学教程1

填空判断：linguisticscanbedefinedasthescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage.Itisasciencestudiestherulessystemsandprinciplesoflanguage.3cannons标准）:exhaustiveness全面性consistency—致性economy.linguisticsstudytheorigin,growth,organization.Natureanddevelopmentoflanguageanddiscoversthegeneralrulesandprinciplesgoverninglanguage.2purposes:studythenature,establishatheoryanddescribelanguagebythattheory;examinesalllanguageandseeksunderstandingwaystofulfilltheneedshumanneed.填空判断选择：Linguisticsdifferfromtraditionalgrammar:®linguisticsdescribeslanguagesanddoesnotlaydownrulesofcorrectness.②linguistsregardspokenasprimarynotwritten.Speechcameearlierthanwritingsystem.③traditionalgrammarbasedonLatinwhilelinguisticsdescribeseachlanguageonitsownmerits.名词解释Microlinguistics:Phonetics（语音学），phonology（语音学），morphology（形态学），syntax（句法学），semantics（语义学），pragmatics（语用学）.Macrolinguistics:sociolinguistics（社会语言学），psycholinguistics（心理语言学），stylistics（文体学），discourseanalysis（话语分析），computationallinguistics（计算语言学），cognitivelinguistics（认知语言学）全especially判断Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Languageisasystem，arbitrary，vocal.Languageisusedforhumancommunication.任意性）：referstothefactthatthereisnologicalorintrinsicconnectionbetweenaparticularsoundandthemeaningitisassociatedwith.Duality（二元性）：organizationoflanguageintotwolevels-alevelofsoundswhichcombineintoasecondleveloflargerunitsiscalledduality.languageworksontwolevels:1havenomeaningbutcombinetoformunitesatanotherlevelhavemeaning.Productivity（创造性）：linguisticabilityenablestoproduceandunderstandsentences.Interchageability（可交换性）：mancanbothproduceandreceivemessageseasily.Displacement（移位性）：enablepeopletotalkathinginotherspaceandtime.Specialization：mandoesnothaveatotalphysicalinvolvementintheactofcommunication.Culturaltransmission（文化传递）languageisculturallytransmitted.Cannotbetransmittedthroughheredity.function交际功能，directivefunction指示功能，informativefunction信息功能，interrogativefunction询问功能，expressivefunction表情功能，evocativefunction召唤功能，performativefunction施为功能，recreationalfunction娱乐功能，metalingualfunction元语言功能（languagecantalkitself）descriptiveandprescriptivegrammar描写式&规定式Descriptivedescribeswhatactuallysay，descriptivegrammarsattempttotellwhatisinthelanguagewhileprescriptivegrammarstellpeoplewhatshouldbeinthelanguage.synchronicanddiachroniclinguistics共时性和历时性langueandparole语言和言语LangueParoleAbstractknowledgeconcretemanifestationSocialconventionalindividualizedCodemessageStableandsystematicsubjecttopersonalandsituationalcompetenceandperformance语言能力和应用Competencereferstotheknowledgethatnativespeakerhaveoftheirlanguageasasystemofabstractrelations,whileperformancereferstotheiractuallinguisticbehavior,thatis,theactualuseofthisknowledge.syntagmaticandparadigmaticrelationsandformalism功能主义和形式主义voicedandvoicelesssound浊音和清音andoralsounds鼻音和口腔音2oralnasalvoicedbpdmnrjvoicelessptkbtdFricativesfvedszJ3hAffricatestjd3LiquidslrNasalsmnjglideswjFrontvowels:/i://1//e//s//壬//a/Theheightofthetongue Centralvowels:/3：//g//a/Backvowels:/u://u//o://o//a:/{Roundedvowels:/u://u//o://o/TheshapeofthelipUnroundedvowels:/i:////e//s//壬//a//3：////a//a:/斗Openvowels:/壬//a//o//a:/Thewidthofthemouth Closevowels:/i://1//u://u/Semi-openvowels:/o:Thephrase“anegg”isoftenpronounced/s'neg/.Elision:thelossofasoundorsoundsinspeechiscalledelision.Theword“suppose”isoftenpronouncedas/spsoz/,“factory”as/'f壬ktri/.Assimilation:thewaythatsoundsbelongingtoonewordoronesyllablecancausechangesinsoundsbelongingtoneighboringwordsorsyllablesiscalledassimilation.InEnglishthenegativeprefixoccursas“im-”beforewordssuchas“possible”---”impossible”.Phonology:isthedescriptionofthesystemsandpatternsofspeechsoundsinalanguage.Phonemeisthephonologicalunitsoflanguage,anditisanabstractcollectionofphoneticfeatureswhichanddistinguishmeaning.Forexample,sipandzipissignaledbythefactthattheinitialsoundofthefirstwordiss/s/andtheinitialsoundofthesecondwordisz/z/./s/and/z/canthereforedistinguishorcontrastwords.Suchdistinctivesoundsarecalledphonemes.pairsandsets最小对立体MinimalpairsaretwowordswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentthatoccursinthesameplaceinthestringMinimalpairsarepairsofwordswhichdifferfromeachotheronlybyonesound.Whenagroupofwordscanbedifferentiatedeachonefromtheothers,bychangingonephoneme(alwaysinthesameposition),thenwehaveaminimalset.freevariationwhentwoormoresoundsoccurinthesamepositonwithoutanyapparentchangeof

meaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.Forexample,therearetwopronunciationofthewordeither,wecansay/i:6r/and/'ai6sr/.featuresWhenafeaturedistinguishesonephonemefromanotheritisadistinctivefeature(oraphonemicfeature).Forexample,sealandzealdistinguishesby/s/ad/z/,/s/isvoicelessand/z/isvoiced,so/s/and/z/isavoicingdifference.syllablesandconsonantcluster音节和辅音丛Syllablestructureconsonantcluster:syllablesyllableonsetrime(rhyme)onsetrime(rhyme)nucleus(peak)codaconsonant(s) vowelconsonant(s)nucleus(peak)codaconsonant(s) vowelconsonant(s)InEnglishsomewordsmaycontainasequenceoftwoormoreconsonantsinonesyllable,forexample,/spl/in/'splendid/.Sequencesofconsonantslikethisarecalledconsonantclusters.Initialcluster:/spl/in/'spl壬J/splashFinalcluster:/st/in/test/testMedialcluster:/str/in/'peistri/pastryAwordwhichbeginswiththree-consonantclustersalwaysobservesthreestrictrules:Thefirstconsonantmustbe/s/Thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/Thethirdconsonantmustbe/l/or/r/or/w/or/j/

amorphemeisaminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunctionmorphemesawordmustcontainanelementthatcanstandbyitself,thatis,amorpheme.ThefreemorphemescanbegenerallyconsideredasthesetofseparateEnglishword-forms.Freemorphemescanbedividedintotwocategories:1lexicalmorphemes,thesetofordinarynouns,verbsandadjectiveswhichcarrythecontentofmessageweconvey.2functionalmorphemes,consistsofthefunctionalwordsinthelanguagesuchasconjunctions,articles,prepositionsandpronouns.morphemesSomemorphemescannotnormallystandalone,butfunctiononlyaspartofwordsarecalledboundmorphemes.Boundmorphemesareactuallyaffixes.Prefixes:affixesatthebeginningoftherootorstemSuffixes:affixedattheendoftherootorstem2categories:①derivationalmorphemes:usedtomakenewwordinthelanguageandareoftenusedtomakewordsofadifferentgrammaticalcategoryfromthestem.②inflectionalmorphemes:arenotusedtoproducenewwords,butrathe