蓝牙中英文翻译

BluetoothIntroductionBluetoothisaforever,limitedradioconnectthatresidesonamicrochip.ItwasoriginallyexpandedthroughSwedishmobilephonecreatorEricssonin1994asamethodtoletlaptopcomputersmakecallsaboveamobilephone.Asthen,numerousorganizationshavesignedontocreateBluetooththelow-powerthoughtlesswirelessaverageforabroadvarietyofdevices(LeVitus,216-220).IndustryspectatorsanticipateBluetoothtobefittedinbillionsofdevicesthrough2005.DiscussionDevelopedbyengineersatEricssoninthelate1990s,Bluetoothismoreandmorespecialtechnologythatfacilitatesthoughtlesswirelesscommunicationamongadiversityofelectronicdevices.Itsmainlyimportantaspectisthatitpermitsdevicesto"talk”(relocateandorchestratedata)wirelesslywitheachother,terminatingtherequirementfortheoutwardlycontinuoustangleofcables,cords,andadaptersimportantfornumeroustoday’sexpertise.TheBluetoothSpecialInterestGroup(SIG)wasformedin1998tomanagetheexpansionandprologueofBluetoothknowledge(LeVitus,216-220).IBM,Intel,ToshibaandNokiaconnectedwithEricssonasthebeginningassociatesoftheSIG,andinexcessof8,000organizationshavecontractedsince.SoastotradeproductswiththeBluetoothrequirementandlogo,manufacturersshouldbeassociatesoftheSIGandthedevicesshouldmeetwell-outlinedcredentials.TheseproceduresmakesurethatBluetoothwirelessdevicesinternationalmayconversewitheachother,apartfromcompanyornationofderivation.SpeedandRangeRangeisapplicationspecificandalthoughaminimumrangeismandatedbytheCoreSpecification,thereisnotalimitandmanufacturerscantunetheirimplementationtosupporttheusecasetheyareenabling.Rangemayvarydependingonclassofradiousedinanimplementation:Class3radios-havearangeofupto1meteror3feetClass2radios-mostcommonlyfoundinmobiledevices,havearangeof10metersor33feet.Class1radios-usedprimarilyinindustrialusecases,havearangeof100metersor300feet.ThatcreatesBluetoothtechnologyappropriatefortransportinglesserfilesforexamplecellphonecontractsandtextdocuments,alsoaslower-qualitypicturesandaudio(Kumkum,160-162).Attheserelocatespeeds;Bluetoothmaynotactuallydealstreamingvideoorhigh-qualitypicturesandaudioatthisend,exceptthispossiblywillalterinthefuturewhenfreshBluetoothstandardsareinitiated.SimpleandCompetenttoUtilizeCreatingandconfiguringBluetoothalloweddevicesismoderatelyuncomplicated,withlittleextracommotionthanacquirethetwodevicesclosetooneanotherandtwistthemon.Thereisnorequirementtomountdriversorfurthersoftwaretocomplexanad-hoc,personalwirelessnetwork(Kumkum,160-162).Ithasauniformorganization,meaningthatsometwowirelessproductsattributingBluetoothtechnology,despiteofproductornationoforigin,havetheabilitytoconversefaultlesslywitheachother.CommonApplicationsOneofthemainlyordinaryapplicationsofBluetoothishands-freecellphoneprocedure.AbouteachcellphonefashionedinourdayhasconstructedBluetooth(Meier,15-20).OnlypairphonewithaBluetoothheadset,andhemaytalkwhereashisphoneisinhispurseorpocket.Severaloftoday’scarstereosaswellhavefittedBluetoothforhands-freecallinginhisvehicle.Andifhisvehiclehasaplantstereoorgrown-upaftermarketonethathemerelydoesn’twishtorestore,hemayyetlikehands-freeidentifyingwithaBluetoothcarkit.Bluetooth3.0Bluetooth3.0isthefreshBluetoothwirelesstypicaladoptedthroughtheBluetoothSIGonApril21,2009.Thefreshstandardsupportselevateddataremovespeedsandconstructsaheadtheprecedingstandards(Meier,15-20).Withitssuperiorspeed,thetechnologyhastheprobabletotransfiguretheconsumerelectronicsindustry.PROTOCOLTheBluetoothtechnologystandardissettomakedifferentapplicationscan“communicate”witheachother.Remotedevicesincommunicationusethesameprotocolstacks,whiledifferentapplicationsneeddifferentprotocolstacks.But,everyapplicationneedsthedatalinklayerandphysicallayeroftheBluetoothtechnology.ThewholeBluetoothprotocolstacksisshownasblow.Notanyapplicationshouldusealloftheprotocols,butoneorsomelistsofthese.Thechartbelowshowstherelationshipbetweenprotocols,buttherelationshipmaychangeinsomeapplications.ThecompletelyprotocolstacksincludeBluetoothspecialprotoTOC\o"1-5"\h\zcols(likeLMPandL2CAP)andnotspecialones(suchasOBEXandUDP).Thebasicprinciplefordesigningprotocolandprotocolstacksisthatuseexistinghighlevelprotocolaspossible,ensurethecombinationofprotocolsandBluetoothtechnology,andtakethebestadvantageofthesoftwareandhardwarewhichadapttotheBluetoothtechnologystandards.TheopenBluetoothtechnologymakesdevicemanufacturerscanchooseprotocolsfreelyastheylikeorusedto.TheprotocolsinBluetoothprotocolsystem.TherearefourlayersinBluetoothprotocolsystemaccordingtotheSIG:CoreprotocolsCablereplacementprotocolsTelephonycontrolprotocolsAdoptedprotocolsExcepttheprotocollayersabove,thestandardalsodefinesHost/ControllerInterface(HCI),whichprovidescommandinterfaceforbasebandcontroller,connectionmanager,hardwarestateandcontrolregister.BluetoothcoreprotocolsconsistofthespecialprotocolsmadebySIG.MostBluetoothdevicesneedcoreprotocols,whileotherprotocolsareuseddependonneedsoftheapplication.Afterall,cablereplacementprotocols,technologycontrolprotocolsandadoptedprotocolsbasedonthecoreprotocolsconstitutetheobject-orientedprotocols.CoreprotocolsLMP(LinkManagementProtocol)Usedforcontroloftheradiolinkbetweentwodevices.Implementedonthecontrollers.Itidentifiesandencryptsthroughlaunching,exchangingandcheckingtheconnection,anddecidesthesizeofbasebanddatapacketsthroughconference.Italsocontrolsthepowermodeandworkcycleofwirelessequipment,andconnectionstatusofunitequipmentinpiconet.L2CAP(LogicalLinkControl&AdaptationProtocol)Thisprotocolisusedtomultiplexmultiplelogicalconnectionsbetweentwodevicesusingdifferenthigherlevelprotocols,andprovidessegmentationandreassemblyofon-airpackets.InBasicmode,L2CAPprovidespacketswithapayloadconfigurableupto64kB,with672bytesasthedefaultMTU,and48bytesastheminimummandatorysupportedMTU.InRetransmission&FlowControlmodes,L2CAPcanbeconfiguredforreliableorisochronousdataperchannelbyperformingretransmissionsandCRCchecks.BluetoothCoreSpecificationAddendum1addstwoadditionalL2CAPmodestothecorespecification.ThesemodeseffectivelydeprecateoriginalRetransmissionandFlowControlmodes:EnhancedRetransmissionMode(ERTM):Thismodeisanimprovedversionoftheoriginalretransmissionmode.ThismodeprovidesareliableL2CAPchannel.StreamingMode(SM):Thisisaverysimplemode,withnoretransmissionorflowcontrol.ThismodeprovidesanunreliableL2CAPchannel.Reliabilityinanyofthesemodesisoptionallyand/oradditionallyguaranteedbythelowerlayerBluetoothBDR/EDRairinterfacebyconfiguringthenumberofretransmissionsandflushtimeout(timeafterwhichtheradiowillflushpackets).In-ordersequencingisguaranteedbythelowerlayer.OnlyL2CAPchannelsconfiguredinERTMorSMmaybeoperatedoverAMPlogicallinks.SDP(ServiceDiscoveryProtocol)ServiceDiscoveryProtocol(SDP)allowsadevicetodiscoverservicessupportedbyotherdevices,andtheirassociatedparameters.Forexample,whenconnectingamobilephonetoaBluetoothheadset,SDPwillbeusedfordeterminingwhichBluetoothprofilesaresupportedbytheheadset(HeadsetProfile,HandsFreeProfile,AdvancedAudioDistributionProfile(A2DP)etc.)andtheprotocolmultiplexersettingsneededtoconnecttoeachofthem.EachserviceisidentifiedbyaUniversallyUniqueIdentifier(UUID),withofficialservices(Bluetoothprofiles)assignedashortformUUID(16bitsratherthanthefull128)/vichitraCablereplacementprotocols(RFCOMM)Radiofrequencycommunications(RFCOMM)isacablereplacementprotocolusedtocreateavirtualserialdatastream.RFCOMMprovidesforbinarydatatransportandemulatesEIA-232(formerlyRS-232)controlsignalsovertheBluetoothbasebandlayer.RFCOMMprovidesasimplereliabledatastreamtotheuser,similartoTCP.ItisuseddirectlybymanytelephonyrelatedprofilesasacarrierforATcommands,aswellasbeingatransportlayerforOBEXoverBluetooth.Telephonycontrolprotocols(TCP).Telephonycontrolprotocol-binary(TCSBIN)isthebit-orientedprotocolthatdefinesthecallcontrolsignalingfortheestablishmentofvoiceanddatacallsbetweenBluetoothdevices.Additionally,“TCSBINdefinesmobilitymanagementproceduresforhandlinggroupsofBluetoothTCSdevices.”TCS-BINisonlyusedbythecordlesstelephonyprofile,whichfailedtoattractimplementers.Assuchitisonlyofhistoricalinterest.AdoptedprotocolsAdoptedprotocolsaredefinedbyotherstandards-makingorganizationsandincorporatedintoBluetooth’sprotocolstack,allowingBluetoothtocreateprotocolsonlywhennecessary.Theadoptedprotocolsinclude:Point-to-PointProtocol(PPP):InternetstandardprotocolfortransportingIPdatagramsoverapoint-to-pointlink.TCP/IP/UDP:ForcommunicatingwiththedeviceconnectedtoInternet.ObjectExchangeProtocol(OBEX):Session-layerprotocolfortheexchangeofobjects,providingamodelforobjectandoperationrepresentation.Itusestheclient-servermode.WirelessApplicationEnvironment/WirelessApplicationProtocol(WAE/WAP):WAEspecifiesanapplicationframeworkforwirelessdevicesandWAPisanopenstandardtoprovidemobileusersaccesstotelephonyandinformationservices.TechnologySPECTRUMANDINTERFERENCEBluetoothtechnologyoperatesintheunlicensedindustrial,scientificandmedical(ISM)bandat2.4to2.485GHz,usingaspreadspectrum,frequencyhopping,full-duplexsignalatanominalrateof1600hops/sec.The2.4GHzISMbandisavailableandunlicensedinmostcountries.SIMfrequencybandisopentoallradiosystem,Sotheuseofacertainfrequencybandwillmeetunpredictableinterferencesources.Therefore,Bluetoothdesignsspecialfastacknowledgeandfrequencyhoppingtechniquetoensurethestabilityoflink.Frequencyhoppingtechniquetodividethebandintomanyfrequencyhoppingchannels,inaconnection,radiotransceiver"jump”fromachanneltoanotherconstantlyaccordingtocertaincodesequence.Onlysenderandreceivercommunicateaccordingtothislaw,andtherestofinterferencemaynotpressthesamerule.TheinstantaneousbandwidthofFrequencyhoppingisverynarrow,butthroughthespreadspectrumtechnologyitcanmakethenarrowbandwidthonehundredtimesexpandedintowideband,makingtheinfluenceofinterferencemaybecomeverysmall.Comparingtoothersystemsthatworkinthesamefrequencyband,frequencyhoppingofBluetoothworksfaster,datapacketofBluetoothisshorter,whichmakeitmorestablethantheother.ERRORCORRECTIONBluetoothsupportscircuitswitchingandpacketswitchingtwotechniques,anddefinestwotypesoflinkconnection,namelyconnection-orientedsynchronouslink(SCO)andconnectionless-orientedasynchronouslink(ACL).Bluetoothusethreeerrorcorrectionmodels:1/3ForwardErrorCorrection(FEC),2/3forwardForwardErrorCorrectionandAutomaticRepeatRequest(ARQ).Purposetotheerrorcorrectionistoreducethepossibilityofretransmission,whileatthesametimeincreasetheextraexpenses,butinareasonableerrorlessenvironment,redundantbidswillreduceoutput.Sothepacketdefinitionitselfalsokeepsflexibleways.HencethesoftwarecanbedefinedwhethertoadoptFEC.IngTOC\o"1-5"\h\zeneral,whenthechannelnoiseislarge,BluetoothsystemwillusesFEC,inordertoensurethequalityofcommunication:astoSCOlink,1/3FECisused;2/3FECisusedinACLlink.InUnnumberedARQ,thedatasendinatimeslotmustreceiveaconfirmationofreceiptinthenexttimeslot.OnlywhenthedataischeckedtobewithoutmistakeafterheadererrordetectionandCRCatreceiverwilltheconfirmationsenttosender,oranerrormessagewillbesentback.RANGERangeisapplicationspecificandalthoughaminimumrangeismandatedbytheCoreSpecification,thereisnotalimitandmanufacturerscantunetheirimplementationtosupporttheusecasetheyareenabling.Rangemayvarydependingonclassofradiousedinanimplementation:Class3radios-havearangeofupto1meteror3feet.Class2radios-mostcommonlyfoundinmobiledevices,havearangeof10metersor33feet.Class1radios-usedprimarilyinindustrialusecases,havearangeof100metersor300feet.POWERInordertomakeaBluetoothequipmentcanalsobeinconnectioneveninaverylowpowerstate,Bluetoothstipulatesthreeenergysavingstate:Parkstate,HoldstateandSniffstate.Theenergysavingefficiencyofthesestatesdeclinesonebyone.ThemostcommonlyusedradioisClass2andusers2.5mWofpower.Bluetoothtechnologyisdesignedtohaveverylowpowerconsumption.Thisisreinforcedinthespecificationbyallowingradiostobepowereddownwheninactive.TheGenericAlternateMAC/PHYinVersion3.0HSenablesthediscoveryofremoteAMPsforhighspeeddevicesandtumsontheradioonlywhenneededfordatatransfergivingapoweroptimizationbenefitaswellasaidinginthesecurityoftheradios.Bluetoothlowenergytechnology,optimizedfordevicesrequiringmaximumbatterylifeinsteadofahighdatatransferrate,consumersbetween1/2and1/100thepowerofclassicBluetoothtechnology.SECURITYMobilityandopenofBluetoothsystemmakessafetyproblemsextremelyimportant.AlthoughthefrequencymodulationtechniqueusedbyBluetoothsystemhasalreadyprovidedacertainsecurity,butBluetoothsystemstillneedsafetymanagementtolinklayerandapplicationlayer.Inlinklayer,Bluetoothsystemprovidesauthentication,encryptionandkeymanagement,andotherfunctions.EachuserhasaPersonalIdentificationNumber(PIN),whichwillbetranslatedinto128bitlinkkeyforone-wayorboth-waycertification.Oncetheauthenticationfinished,linkwilluseencryphonkeytoencrypt.Thelinklayersecuritymechanismprovidesagreatdealofcertificationschemesandaflexibleencryptionscheme(meansallowtheconsultationofthelengthofpassword).Thismechanismisveryimportantwhentheequipmentsincommunicationarefromdifferentcountries,becausesomecountrieswillspecifymaximumpasswordlength.Bluetoothsystemwillselectthesmallestmaximumallowablepasswordlengthofallequipmentsinthepiconet.Bluetoothsystemalsosupportsthehighlevelofprotocolstackindifferentapplicationsofspecialsecuritymechanisms.Bluetoothsecuritymechanismbuildstrustrelationshipbetweendevicesrelyingonpins.Oncethisrelationshipestablished,thesepinscanbestoredintheequipment,inordertoconnectionmorequicklythenexttime.Source:BaiduLibrary蓝牙介绍蓝牙是一种永久、有限的无线连接，驻留在微芯片上。1994年，它最初是通过瑞典手机制造商爱立信（Ericsson）扩展的，作为一种让笔记本电脑在手机上方拨打电话的方法。当时，许多组织已经签署了创建蓝牙的协议，这是一种低功耗、轻率的无线设备，适用于各种设备（LeVitus，216-220）。业内人士预计，到2005年，蓝牙将安装在数十亿台设备上。讨论蓝牙是爱立信公司的工程师在20世纪90年代末开发的一种越来越特殊的技术，它可以促进各种电子设备之间的无意识无线通信。其主要的重要方面是，它允许设备之间以无线方式“对话”（重新定位和编排数据），从而终止了对电缆、跳线和适配器的外部连续缠绕的要求，这对当今众多专业技术来说都很重要。蓝牙特别利益小组（SIG）成立于1998年，负责管理蓝牙的扩展和开场白（LeVitus，216-220）。IBM、英特尔、东芝和诺基亚与爱立信建立了联系，成为SIG的最初合作伙伴，自那时以来，已有超过8000家公司签约。为了交易具有蓝牙要求和标志的产品，制造商应是SIG的合作伙伴，设备应符合良好的认证要求。这些程序可确保蓝牙无线设备国际公司可以与其他公司或国家进行对话。速度和范围范围是特定于应用程序的，尽管核心规范规定了最小范围，但没有限制，制造商可以调整其实现以支持他们正在启用的用例。范围可能因实施中使用的无线电类别而异：-3类无线电的射程可达1米或3英尺・2类无线电最常见于移动设备中，其射程为10米或33英尺。•主要用于工业用途的1类无线电的射程为100米或300英尺。这创造了蓝牙技术，适用于传输较小的文件，例如手机合同和文本文档，以及较低质量的图片和音频（Kumkum，160-162）。以这些重新定位的速度；蓝牙在这方面可能不会真正处理流式视频或高质量的图片和音频，除非将来新的蓝牙标准启动后，这种情况可能会改变。简单且能使用创建和配置允许使用蓝牙的设备相当简单，只需将两台设备靠近并缠绕在一起，就不会有什么额外的麻烦。不需要安装驱动程序或其他软件来复杂一个特殊的个人无线网络（Kumkum，160-162）。它有一个统一的组织，这意味着，某些属于蓝牙技术的两种无线产品，无论其产品或原产国如何，都能够完美地相互对话。常见应用蓝牙的一个主要普通应用是免提手机程序。在我们这个时代，几乎每一部手机都构建了蓝牙（Meier，15-20）。只需将手机与蓝牙耳机配对，他就可以在手机放在钱包或口袋里时通话。今天的几款车载立体声系统也在他的车上安装了蓝牙免提通话功能。如果他的车有一个他不想恢复的立体声或成熟的售后服务，他可能会喜欢用蓝牙车载套件进行免提识别。蓝牙3.0蓝牙3.0是典型的通过蓝牙SIG于2009年4月21日，通过新鲜的蓝牙无线。新鲜的标准支持提升数据删除速度和结构，前面的标准迈尔（15-20）。凭借其出众的速度，有可能transfigure消费电子行业的技术。技术协议蓝牙技术标准的设置，使不同的应用程序可以相互“沟通”。在远程通信设备使用相同的协议栈，而不同的应用需要不同的协议栈。但是，每一个应用程序需要的数据链路层和物理层的蓝牙技术。整个蓝牙协议栈所示的打击。任何应用程序不应该使用的所有协议，但其中一个或一些名单。下面的图表显示了协议之间的关系，但在某些应用中的关系可能会改变。完全的协议栈包括蓝牙特殊协议（LMP和L2CAP），而不是特殊的（如OBEX和UDP）。设计协议和协议栈的基本原则是，尽可能利用现有的高层协议，确保协议和蓝牙技术相结合，采取适应的蓝牙技术标准的软件和硬件的最佳优势。开放的蓝牙技术，使得设备制造商可以自由选择的协议，因为他们喜欢或使用。蓝牙协议体系中的协议据SIG的有4层蓝牙协议体系核心协议电缆替代协议电话控制协议通过协议除上述协议层，该标准还定义了主机/控制器接口（HCI），它提供基带控制器，连接管理器，硬件状态和控制寄存器的命令接口。蓝牙核心协议包括由SIG提出的特殊协议。大多数蓝牙设备需要核心协议，而其他协议取决于应用的需要。毕竟，电缆替代协议，技术控制协议，通过协议和基于核心协议，构成了面向对象的协议。核心协议LMP（链路管理协议）用于两个设备之间的无线链路控制。控制器上实现。通过开展交流和检查连接的识别和加密，并决定基带数据包通过会议的规模。它还控制无线设备的电源模式和工作周期，并在微微网单元设备的连接状态。的L2CAP（逻辑链路控制与适配协议）该协议用于复用多个逻辑连接两个使用不同的高层协议的设备之间，提供分割和重组的空气包。L2CAP的基本模式，提供与有效载荷配置多达64KB的数据包，为672个字节的默认MTU，48个字节的最低强制性支持的MTU。L2CAP的转播及流量控制模式，可以被配置为每个通道的可靠或同步数据进行转播和CRC检查。蓝牙核心规范附录1增加了两个额外的L2CAP模式的核心规范。这些模式有效地贬低原重发和流量控制模式：增强重传模式（ERTM）：这种模式是一种原始的转播模式的改进版本。这种模式提供了可靠的L2CAP信道。流模式（SM）：这是一个非常简单的模式，没有转播或流量控制。这种模式提供了一个可靠的L2CAP信道。在这些模式中的任何可靠性，选择性和/或另外下层BDR的/EDR的蓝牙空气通过配置重传和的冲洗超时（时间之后，无线电将刷新包）接口保证。保证下层顺序排序。ERTM或SM只有配置的L2CAP通道可运行超过AMP的逻辑联系。SDP（服务发现协议）服务发现协议（SDP）允许设备发现其他设备，其相关参数的支持服务。例如，当手机连接到蓝牙耳机，社民党将用于确定哪些支持蓝牙配置文件耳机（耳机模式，免提配置文件，高级音频分配模式（A2DP）等）和协议复用器设置需要连接到他们每个人。每个服务标识通用唯一标识符（UUID）分配一个短形式的UUID（16位），而不是完整的128/vichitra官方服务（蓝牙模式），电缆替代协议（RFCOMM协议）无线电频率通信（RFCOMM协议）是一种电缆替代协议，用于创建一个虚拟的串行数据流。RFCOMM协议提供二进制数据传输和模拟的EIA-232（RS-232）在蓝牙基带层的控制信号。RFCOMM协议提供给用户一个简单可靠的数据流，类似于TCP。它被用于许多与电话相关的配置文件直接作为AT命令的载体，以及通过蓝牙OBEX传输层。电话控制协议（TCP）。电话控制协议二进制（塔塔咨询服务公司的BIN）是面向比特的协议，它定义了呼叫控制蓝牙设备之间的语音和数据呼叫建立信令。此外，“塔塔咨询服务公司的BIN定义用于处理蓝牙T