英文专业词汇学考试复习资料全

Chapter1TheBasicConceptsofWordsandVocabulary1、TheDefinitionofaWordLexicologyfocusesonthestudyofmeaningsandoriginsofwords.Accordingtosemanticists（语义学家）,awordisaunitofmeaning.Awordisaminimal（最小的）freeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction（句法功能）.2、

VocabularyAllthewordsinalanguagemakeupwhatisgenerallyknownasitsvocabulary.3、

SoundandMeaningTherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisnologic4、

SoundandFormTherewasmoreagreementbetweensoundandforminOldEnglishthaninModernEnglish.Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesarosebetweensoundandform.5、

ClassificationofWordsNo.ClassificationExampleNotes1ByusefrequencyBasicWordStock（基本词汇）Thebasicwordstockformsthecommoncore（共合）ofthelanguage.Pronouns（代词）andnumeralsaresemanticallymonosemous（单一的）andfairlylimitedintherespectofproductivity（多产性）andcollocability（搭配性）.Themostimportantfeatureofthebasicwordstockisallnationalcharacter.NonbasicVocabularyArchaisms（古词语）：thouNeologisms（新词）：AIDSArgot（黑话）：persuader(meansdagger)TechnicalTerms2Bynotion（有无实义）ContentWords（实义词）FunctionalWords3ByOriginNativeWords

BorrowedWordsDenizens（同代词）：port、shirtAliens（非同代词）：décorTranslationLoans（译借词）:lama（喇嘛）4ByMorphology

（形态）SimpleWordsCompoundsandDerivedWords6、简答（1）、Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?Giveexamplestoillustrateit.Therelationshipbetweensoundandmeaningisarbitraryandconventional.Indifferentlanguages,thesameconceptcanbeshownbydifferentsounds.“Woman”,forexample,becomes“Frau”inGerman,“Femme”inFrenchand“funv”inChinese.Ontheotherhand,thesamesound[mi:t]isusedtomean“meet,meat,mete”,denotingdifferentthings.（2）、Whatarethefourmajorreasonsforthedifferencesbetweensoundandform?Thefirstreason(heinternalreason)isthattherearemorephonemes（音素）thanlettersinEnglish.Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears.Thethirdreasonsthatsomeofthedifferencesmorecreatedbytheearlyscribes.Thefourthreasonistheborrowing.（3）、Howarewordsclassifiedinthecoursebook?Wordscanbeclassifiedbydifferentcriteriaandfordifferentpurposes.Wordsmayfallinto:thebasicwordstockandnonbasicvocabularybyusefrequency;contentwordsandfunctionalwordsbynotion;nativewordsandborrowedwordsbyorigin;simplewords,compoundsandderivedwordsbymorphology. （4）、Whatisthedifferencebetweendenizensandaliens?Denizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilated（完全同化）intotheEnglishlanguage.Butaliensareborrowedwordswhichhaveretainedtheiroriginalpronunciationandspelling.Thesewordsareimmediatelyrecognizableasforeigninorigin.

Chapter2TheDevelopmentoftheEnglishVocabulary1、TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamilyTheprehistoricIndo-Europeanparentlanguage,thoughttobeahighlyinflected（内部曲折语）language.GroupClassificationIncludingEasterSet(东支)Balto-SlavicPrussian、Lithuanina（立陶宛语）、Czech（捷克语）Indo-IranianPersian、Bengali（孟加拉）、Hindi、RomanyWesternSet（西支）CelticScottish、Irish、WelshHellenicGreekItalicFiveRomancelanguages:Portuguese、Spanish、French、Italian、RomanianGermanicFourNorthernEuropeanLanguages(Scandinavianlanguages):Norwegian（挪威语）、Icelandic（冰岛语）、Danish、SwedishGerman、Dutch（荷兰语）、Flemish（佛兰芒语）、English2、

ThreePhasesoftheHistoricalDevelopmentThefirstpeopleswhoinhabitedthelandwereCelts.ThesecondlanguageknowninEnglishwasLatinoftheRomanLegions.（1）、OldEnglish（450-1150）

Inthe9thcenturyEnglandwasinvadedbyNorwegianandDanishVikings.（2）、MiddleEnglish（1150-1500）

TheFrenchinfluenceonEnglishvocabularywasoneofthesignificantpointsoftheMiddleEnglishperiod.ThemostimportantfactoftheMiddleEnglishperiodwasthesteadyerosionoftheinflectionalsystemsofOldEnglish.（3）、ModernEnglish（1500-present）

IntheearlyperiodofModernEnglish,EuropesawanewupsurgeoflearningancientGreekandRomanclassics.

ItisestimatedthataboutonefourthofmodernEnglishvocabularyhascomefromFrench.3、

ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabularyInearlierstagesofEnglish,Latin,Greek,FrenchandScandinavianwerethefourmajorcontributors.ThesimultaneousexistenceofFrench,LatinandEnglishlastedforacentury.4、

ModesofVocabularyDevelopmentModernEnglishvocabularydevelopsthroughthreechannels:creation,semanticchange（旧词新义）andborrowing.Creationisthemostimportantwayofvocabularyexpansion.5、简答WhatarethecharacteristicsofOldEnglish?OldEnglishalsoknownastheAnglo-Saxon,hasavocabularyofabout50000to60000words,whicharealmostmonogeneousandentirelyGermanicwithonlyafewborrowingsfromLatinandScandinavian.OldEnglishwasahighlyinflectedlanguage.Itwasasyntheticlanguage（综合性语言）.（ModernEnglishisananalyticlanguage）

Chapter3MorphologicalStructureofEnglishWords1、

MorphemesTheminimalmeaningfulunitsinEnglishareknownasmorphemes（词素）.2、

ClassifyingMorphemesNo.ClassificationNotes1Freemorpheme

Boundmorpheme（粘着词素）includetwotypes:boundrootandaffixarechieflyfoundinderivedwords2DerivationalmorphemeconfinedtosuffixesfunctionasgrammaticalmarkersInflectionalmorpheme（曲折词素）3Contentmorpheme（实义词素）Onasemanticandsyntacticbasis,morphemescanfallintocontent/lexicalandgrammaticalmorphemes.

Grammaticalmorpheme3、

Morphs（形素）Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.4、

Allomorphs（词素变体）Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.5、

AffixNo.Classification

Notes1Inflectionalaffixesaccordingtothefunction

Derivationalaffixes2prefixinviewoftheirdistribution（位置）inthewordsSuffixesembracebothderivationalsuffixesandinflectionalsuffixes.suffix6、Arootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.7、

简答（1）、Whatisthedifferencebetweenfreemorphemesandboundmorphemes?Freemorphemeswhichhavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentencesareindependentofothermorphemes,butboundmorphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparate.Wordsareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.（2）、Whatisthedifferencebetweenderivationalmorphemesandinflectionalmorphemes?Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwords,butinflectionalmorphemesareemployedusedtoindicatethesyntactic（句法）relationshipbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.

Chapter4WordFormatioThemostproductivewaysofcreatingnewwordsareaffixation,compounding,andconversion.1、AffixationAccordingtotheposition:ClassificationIncludingExampleNotesPrefixationNegativePrefixes（表示否定）undemocratic,disloyalGenerallyspeaking,prefixesdonotchangetheword-classofthebasebutmodifyitsmeaningReversative/PrivativePrefixes（表示逆反）unlockSuffixaion(NounSuffixes)aDeverbalNounSuffix（动词变名词）dismissal,assistantaDenominalNounSuffix（名词变名词）booklet,hostessThewordscreatedbyaddingwordformingorderivationalaffixestobasesarecalledderivatives.2、Compounding（复合法）Example:workfare(work+welfare)Inadjective-plus-nouncompounds,theadjectiveelementcannottakeinflectionalsuffixes.Verbcompoundsarecreatedeitherthoughconversionorthroughback-formation.3、Conversion（转类法）Theconversionthattakesplacebetweennounsandverbsisthemostproductive.Theconversionoftwosyllablenounsintoverbsinvolvesachangeofstress.Nounsfullyconvertedfromadjectiveshaveallthecharacteristicsofnouns.4、

Blending（拼缀法）Theoverwhelmingmajorityofblendsarenouns5、Back-formation（逆身法）Back-formationisconsideredtobetheoppositeprocessofsuffixation.6、简答（1）、Whatisthemaindifferencebetweenprefixesandsuffixes?Unlikeprefixeswhichprimarilyeffectasemanticmodificationofthebase,suffixeshaveonlyasmallsemanticrole,theirprimaryfunctionbeingtochangesthegrammaticalfunctionofabase,i.e.thechangeofthewordclasswithaslightmodificationofmeaning.（2）、Whatarethethreemainfeaturesofcompounds?Thethreemainfeaturesofcompoundsarephonologicalfeatures,semanticfeaturesandgrammaticalfeatures.Thewordstressofacompoundusuallyoccursonthefirstelement.Eachcompoundshouldexpressasingleideajustasoneword.Acompoundtendstoplayasinglegrammaticalroleinasentence. （3）、Whatisback-formation?Whatarethecharacteristicsofback-formation?Back-formationisthemethodofcreatingwordsbyremovingthesupposedsuffixes.Wordscreatedthroughback-formationareverbs.Stylistically,back-formedwordsarelargelyinformalandsomeofthemhavenotsuccessfullygainedcurrency.（4）、Whatisacronymy?Whatisthedifferencebetweeninitialismsandacrnyms?Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnicalterms.Wordsformedinthiswayarecalledinitialismsoracronyms.Initialismsarepronouncedletterbyletter,butacronymsarepronouncedasnormalwords7、论述题Pointouttheformationofthefollowingwords?No.ClassificationIncludingExample1Blendinghead+tailautocide(automobile+suicide)、broasted(broiled+roasted)、chunnel(channel+tunnel)head+headcomsat(communication+satellite)、telex(teleprinter+exchange)、Amerind(American+Indian)、sitcom(situation+comedy)head+wordmedicare(medical+care)、Eurasia(Europe+Asia)、autocamp(automobile+camp)word+tailBookmobile(book+automobile)、workfare(work+welfare),tourmobile(tour+automobile)2

Clipping（截短法）FrontClippingquake(earthquake)、copter(helicopter)、chute(parachute),phone(telephone)、scope(telescope)BackClippingmemo(memorandum)、gent(gentleman)、fan(fanatic)、disco(discotheque)FrontandBackClippingflu(influenza)、fridge(refrigerator)PhraseClippingpub(publichouse)、zoo(zoologicalgarden)、pop(popularmusic)3Acronymy（首字母拼音法）(Dependingonthepronunciation)Initialisms（首字母缩略词）VOA、BBC(BritishBroadcastingCorporation)、UFO(unidentifiedflyingobject)、TB(tuberculosis)AcronymsNATO(theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)、AIDS(acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome)、CORE(CongressofRacialEquality)、TEFL(teachingEnglishasaforeignlanguage)、1、“Medicare”and“sitcom”areblends.“Medicare”isformedbycombiningtheheadof“medical’andtheword“care”,and“sitcom”isformedbycombiningtheheadof“situation”andthatof“comdey’.2、”Memo”and“flu”areclippedwords.“Memo”isformedbyclippingthelackof“memorandum”and“flu”isformedclippingthefrontandlackof“influenza”.3、”TB”and“NATO”arenewwordscreatedthroughacronymy.“TB”from“tuberculosis”isaninitialism,while“NATO”from“theNorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization”isanacronym.

Chapter5WordMeaningandComponentialAnalysis（成份分析法）1、ReferenceWordsarebutsymbols,manyofwhichhavemeaningonlywhentheyhaveacquiredreference.2、Concept（概念）Meaningandconceptarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Concept,whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognition,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.3、SenseUnlikereference,sensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage.4、Motivation（理据）Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.No.ClassificationExample1OnomatopoeicMotivation

（拟声理据）crowbycocks、quackbyducks、trumpetbyelephants、buzzbybeesorflies、croakbyfrogs、squeakbymice、neighbyhorses、bleatbygoats、hissbysnakes、roarbylionsandtigers2MorphologicalMotivation（形态理据）hopeful、useless、careful3SemanticMotivation（语音理据）Mouth(themouthofariver)4EtymologicalMotivation（词源理据）pen5、TypesofMeaningNo.ClassificationNotes1GrammaticalMeaningLexicalmeaningandgrammaticalmeaningformthewordmeaning.Lexicalmeaningitselfembracestwocomponents:conceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning.Functionalwords,thoughthavinglittlelexicalmeaning,possessstronggrammaticalmeaningwhereascontentwordshavebothmeanings,andtheirlexicalmeaningsareprominent.LexicalMeaning（词汇意义）2ConceptualMeaningTherearefewwordswiththesameconceptualmeaningandthesamestylisticmeaning.AssociativeMeaning（1）、ConceptualMeaningandAssociativeMeaningNo.ClassificationExampleNotes1ConnotativeMeaning

（内涵意义）mother、home1、Oppositetothedenotativemeaning,connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning.2、Connotativemeaningvariesconsiderablyaccordingtoculture,historicalperiod,andtheexperienceoftheindividual.2StylisticMeaning（文体意义）Theychuckedastoneatthecops,andthendidabunkwiththeloot.Aftercastingastoneatthepolice,theyabscondedwiththemoney.3AffectiveMeaning（感情意义）Positive、Negative、Bothappreciative（褒义的）orpejorative（贬义的):1、Wordsthathaveemotivevaluesmayfallintotwocategories:appreciativeorpejorative.2、Affectivemeaning,whichisunstable,differsfromtheconceptualmeaning.4CollocativeMeaning（搭配意义）prettywomanandhandsomewoman

6、简答（1）、Whatisreference?Whatarethecharacteristicsofreference?Referenceistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Bymeansofreference,aspeakerindicateswhichthingsintheworldarebeingtalkedabout.Thereferenceofawordtoathingoutsidethelanguageisarbitraryandconventional.Althoughreferenceisakindofabstraction,yetwiththehelpofcontext,itcanrefertosomethingdefinite.（2）、Whatisconceptualmeaning?Whatarethecharacteristicsofconceptualmeaning?Conceptualmeaningknownascognitive,denotative,ordesignativeisthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.Beingconstantandrelativelystable,conceptualmeaningformsthebasisforcommunicationasThesamewordgenerallyhasthesameconceptualmeaningtoallthespeakersofthesamespeechcommunity.(language).（3）、Whatisthedifferencebetweenconceptualmeaningandassociativemeaning?Conceptualmeaningknownascognitive,denotative,ordesignativeisthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofwordmeaning.ButAssociativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Itdiffersfromtheconceptualmeaningbecauseitisopen-endedandindeterminate,liabletotheinfluenceofsuchfactorsasculture,experience,religion,geographicalregion,classbackground,education,etc..（4）、Whatiscollocativemeaning?Whatarethecharacteristicsofcollocativemeaning?Collocativemeaningisthatpartofthewordmeaningsuggestedbythewordswithwhichitco-occurs.Itisagainnoticeablethatcollocativemeaningoverlapswithconnotativeandaffectivemeaningbecauseinasensebothconnotativeandaffectivemeaningsarerevealedbyvirtueofcollocationsorcontextuality.

Chapter6SenseRelations（语义关系）No.RelationsClassificationExampleNotes1Polysemy（多义关系）1、Theinterrelationofthevariousmeaningsofthesamewordcanbeapproachedfromtwodifferentangles:diachronic（历时）approachandsynchronic（共时）approach.2、Synchronically,polysemyisviewasthecoexistenceofvariousmeaningsofthesamewordinahistoricalperiod.Radiation（辐射型）isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecentreandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.2Homonymy（同音同形异义）PerfectHomonyms（完全同音同形异义）date(akindoffruit)&date(aboyorgirlfriend)1、Homophonesarewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentintwootheraspects.2、Ofthethreetypesofhomonyms,homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommonHomophones（同音异义）dear&deerBorrowingfair(amarket,borrowedfromLatin)&fair(prettyfromOldEnglish)Shorteningrock(shortenedfromrockandroll)&rock(alargemassofstone)3Synonymy（同义关系）RelativeSynonyms（相对同义词）

small&tiny1、Synonymsmaydifferintherangeandintensityofmeaning2、Absolutesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.3、Relativesynonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotativemeaning（外延意义）4、Ofthevarioussourcesofsynonyms,themostimportantisborrowing.5、Relativesynonyms,alsocalledbysomepeoplenear-synonyms,aresimilarornearlythesameindenotation.4Antonymy

（反义关系）Complementaries（互补反义词）true&false1、Antonymshavevariouspracticalusesandhavelongprovedhelpfulandvaluableindefiningthemeaningsofagivenword.2、Antonymsareclassifiedonthebasisofsemanticopposition.Contraries（相对反义词）Converses（逆反反义词）husband&wife（relationalopposites关系反义词）5Hyponymy（上下义关系）

Superordinateterms（上义词）Therelationshipofinclusion（内包）iscalledhyponymy.Subordinateterms（下义词）“tulip”（郁金香）&“rose”aretheSubordinateterms“flower”Thefirstmeaningofawordiscalledprimarymeaning.LatermeaningsarecalledderivedmeaningsThemeaningofamorespecificwordisincludeinthatofanothermoregeneralword.简答Whatisthedifferencebetweenradiationandconcatenation（连锁型）?Unlikeradiationwhereeachofthederivedmeaningsisdirectlyconnectedtotheprimarymeaning,concatenationdescribesaprocesswhereeachofthelatermeaningsisrelatedonlytotheprecedingonelikechains.

Chapter7ChangesinWordMeaningThevocabularyisthemostunstableelementofalanguageasitisundergoingconstantchangesbothinthesign-shapesandsigncontents.1、TypesofChangeNo.TypesClassificationExampleNotes1ExtensionofMeaning（词义扩大）Ofallthetypesofchangeofmeaning,extensionandnarrowingarebyfarthemostcommon.2NarrowingofMeaning（词义缩小）3ElevationofMeaning（词义升格）1、“minister”whichoriginallymeant“servant”2、”fond”whichformerlymeant“foolish”4DegradationofMeaning（词义降格）“silly”whichoriginallymeant“happy”5TransferenceofMeaning（词义转移）AssociatedTransfer“lip”in“thelipofawound”

Synesthesia（通感）

Synesthesiatakesplacebetweenwordsofsensation.2、CausesofChangeNo.FactorsReasonsExampleNotes1Extra-linguisticFactors（非语言因素）PsychologicalReason

“copperhead”usedtorefertothosenortherninformersExtensionofmeaningisalsoknownasgeneralization,isthenamegiventothewideningofmeaningwhichsomewordsundergo.Theassociatedtransferofmeaning,theeuphemisticuseofwordsandsoonareoftenduetopsychologicalfactors.2LinguisticFactors3、简答（1）、Whatissemantictransfer?Whatarethefourmaintypesoftransfer?

Somewordswhichwereusedtodesignate/indicateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelsehaveexperiencedtheprocessofsemantictransfer.Thefourmaintypesoftransferaretheassociatedtransfer,thetransferbetweenabstractandconcretemeanings,thetransferbetweensubjectiveandobjectivemeaningsandthesynesthesim.

（2）、Whatarethetwofactorscausingchangesinmeanings?Howaretheyclassified?Thetwomajorfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaningaretheextra-linguisticfactorsandthelinguisticfactors.Theextra-linguisticfactorsincludethehistoricreason,theclassreasonandthepsychologicalreason.Thelinguisticfactorsincludeshortening,borrowingandanalogy.（类比）

Chapter8

MeaningandContext（语境）1、

TypesofContextWithoutcontext,thereisnowaytodeterminethemeaningthatthespeakerintendstoconvey.Whenwetalkaboutcontext,weusuallythinkoflinguisticcontext,hardlyawareofthenon-linguisticcontext.No.ContextClassifyIncludingNotes1Extra-linguisticContext2LinguisticContextLexicalContextThemeaningofawordmaybeinfluencedbythestructureinwhichitoccurs.Thisisknownasgrammaticalcontext.GrammaticalContext2、

TheRoleofContextAmbiguityoftenarisesduetopolysemy,homonymyandgrammaticalstructure.Whenawordwithmultiplemeaningsisemployedininadequatecontext,itcreatesambiguity.3、简答（1）、whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticcontextandextra-linguisticcontext?Linguisticreferstothewords,clauses,sentencesinwhichawordappearsanditisknownaslinguisticcontextorco-textmayextendtoembraceaparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebook.Butextra-linguisticornon-linguisticcontextreferstotheparticipants,time,place,andeventhewholeculturalbackground（2）、Whatisthedifferencebetweenlexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext?Lexicalcontextreferstothewordsthatco-occurwiththewordinquestion.Themeaningofthewordisoftenaffectedanddefinedbytheneighbouringwords.Butgrammaticalcontextreferstothestructurewhichmayinfluencethemeaningofapolysemant.4、论述题Readthesentencecarefully.Ifyoufindanythinginappropriate,explainthereasonsandthenimprovethesentence.Heisahardbusinessman.Johnrantheeggandspoonrace.Thesentenceisambiguous.Theambiguityiscausedbypolysemy.Theword“hard”inthissentencecanbeunderstoodas“hardworking”or“difficult”.Thecontextfailstonarrowdownthemeaningsothatitisdifficultforthereadertodecidewhatexactlythespeakermeans.Theambiguitycanbeeliminatedbyalteringthecontextalittle.Therewouldbenomisunderstandingoftheoriginalsentenceifitisexpandedas“Heisahardbusinessmantodealwith”,or“Heisahardbusinessmanandheisoftenpraisedbyhisemployer”.（participatedororganizedJohnrantheeggandspoonraceandgotsecondplace.orJohnrantheeggandspoonraceandgainalargernumberofmoney.）Theysawherduck.Theballwasattractive.Thesentenceisambiguous.Theambiguityiscausedbyhomonymy.Theword“ball”inthissentencecanbeunderstoodasanoun,whichreferto“roundobjecttoplayinagame”ora“dancingparty”.Thecontextfailstonarrowdownthemeaningsothatitisdifficultforthereadertodecidewhatexactlythespeakermeans.Theambiguitycanbeeliminatedbyalteringthecontextalittle.Itisclearifitisexpandedas“Theballwasattractivewithnicemusicandalotofpeoples”,or“Theballmadeofleatherofdifferentcolorswasattractive”.（kindofpoultryorverbmeaning”lowerone’sheadorbodyquickly,dodge”TheysawherduckorswimmingintheriverorTheysawherduckherbody.）c、Thefishisreadytoeat.IlikeMarybetterthanJean.Thesentenceisambiguous.Theambiguityiscausedbyinadequategrammaticalstructure..Thesentencehastwodifferentinterpretations.Itmaymean“thefishiscookedorserved,soreadyforpeopletoeatora“thefishisreadytoeatthings”.Thecontextfailstonarrowdownthemeaningsothatitisdifficultforthereadertodecidewhatexactlythespeakermeans.Thesentencecanbeimprovedas“Hownicethefishsmell!Thefishisreadytoeat.”or“Thefishisreadytoeatthings.（IlikeMarybetterthanIlikeJeanorIlikeMarybetterthanJeanlikesMaryIlikeMarybetterthanJeandoes.orIlikeMarybetterthanIdoJean.）

Chapter9

EnglishIdioms1、

CharacteristicsofIdiomsNo.CharacteristicsNotes1SemanticUnity（语义的整体性）2StructuralStabilityTheidiomaticityofidiomsisgradableandmaybestbethoughtintermsofascale.Thefixityofidiomsdependsontheidiomaticity.Themoreidiomatictheidioms,thefixedthestructure.

2、ClassificationofIdiomsNo.ClassificationExampleNotes1IdiomsNominalInNature（名词性质的）braintrust

2IdiomsAdverbialInNatureheartandsoulIdiomsadverbialinnaturecontainnumerousprepositionalphrases.3、StylisticFeatures（文体特征）Stylistically,idiomsaregenerallyfe