英语二作文模板付款后考研基础语法讲义

[ ]网络课堂系 also…eg:LastyearImetKateandwebecamefriends.Eithermyunclecandoit,ormyauntcandoeg:Ithasnomouth,butitcaneg:Helikedsports,whileIwouldrathercollect练习：20096Cerlingsteamcollectedtapwatersamplesfrom600citiesandconstructedamopoftheregionaldifferences.（简单句）Mosthydrogenandoxygenatomsinwaterarestable,buttracesofbothelementsarealsopresentasheavierisotopes.（并列句）I,you,he,she, me,you,him,her,it,my,your,his,her,②名词性物主代词：mine,yours,hishersourstheirs，后面不能加名词。eg:MayIborrowyourpen?Mineiseg：ImyselftookMarytotheIcookedit指示代词：thisthat,theseall,each,allevery可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物；all可以表示所有东西的总和，是一个不可分割的整体；each只能表示两个或两个以上的人，侧重；②all和every侧重整体，each侧重eg：EverystaffoftheuniversitycontributedtotheTwogirlscame,andI anappletoeg：Everyonethinkstheyhavetherighttobeeveryone既可以指人，也可以指物，强调一个，通常用everyoneofeg：Everyoneofushasfaults Everyoneofthefiwehaveshownthisyearhasbeenanonoone只能指人，none既可以指人，也可以指物，none后面还可以接eg：NoonefailedtheNoneofthestudentsfailedtheititeg：It'sthreeyearssinceIsawiteg：I'velostmybook.WhereisThereisnodoubtaboutitthathewasafineiteg：Isitpossibletolearntypewritingveryit做形式宾语，通常放在谓语动词和宾语补足语（形容词）之间，真正的宾语放常见动词有：feel,consider,find,believe,make,take,imagine,thinksuppose,regardeg：Shethinksitnouselingme.Hehasmadeitclearthathewouldn'tagreetothe如何区分强调句中的it和形式主语中的it？eg：It'sclearthattheyhaveIt'sthat去掉后，剩下的部分依然能构成完整的句子，就是强调句；否则，即为可以加上the，或者直接用复数名词，或者加上数词来进行限定。s/esyyi，再加es,eg：SeveralhundredswereondutyatthedemonstrationCattleareallowedtograzeonthevillage加the.①apieceof②abitof、anitemof、anarticlesad＆sans（，od＆ods（林，goods（商品，ash和ashes（废墟）eg：GermanyisaEuropeaneg：Isthisthebookthatyouarelooking

eg：Doyouknowwhoinventedthe表示大约的词汇：about，approxima y，around，roughly，some，moreorless,orso;eg：About200peoplewerekilledinthecrash.Thetownis orsofrom表示多于的词汇：above，morethaneg：It's2:57,andit'salmost3o'clockeg：Therearemillionsofkindsofmatterintheeg：Shehasmanypencils,blueandeg：Ithinkheisamansuitableforthe AcertainMr.Wangjustcameheretolookforeg:theold,thepoor,theblind,therich,theyoung,them形容词和副词的supreme，inferior，junior，senior，prioratto如absolute，entire，excellent，favorite，final. 常见的修饰的词有：much、still，even，byfar，abit，alittle,agoodeg：ThephotographyofMarstakenbysalitearemuchclearerthanthosetakeneg：Heismorecleverthanhonest.eg：Theharderyouwork,themoreyouwilleg：Igetupat7o'clockintheIleaveschoolforhomeat6everyeg：Theteachertoldus:theearthmovesaroundtheShanghailiesintheeastof常用时间状语有：yesterdaylastweek,anhouragotheotherdayin1982eg：DidyougotoShanghailast补充：usedto/beusedeg：Mikeusedtotakeawalk.eg：MikeisusedtotakingaHeisusedtotakingashowerwithcoldbeusedtodoeg：LeavesareusedtofightenemiesinKongfumoviesasthe quitecatch A. B. C. D..eg：BeforeIcametoBeijing,Ihadstayedineg：Whenthearrived,thethieveshadruneg：Wehadhopedthatyouwouldcome,butyouWehadthoughtthathewouldtakepartinthecompetition，butheeg：Ifyouhadcometomybirthdayparty,youwouldhaveseen eg：WhichparagraphshallIreadfirst？begoingto不定式，表示将来；表示要发生的事情有了预先的计划、准备或有迹eg：Whatareyougoingtodotomorrow?Whatwillyoudothisafternoon?eg：Weareto/willdiscussthereportnextSaturday.eg：HeisabouttoleaveforBeijing.eg：Thetrainleavesatsixtomorrowcome,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时表将来，主要用eg：Whendoesthebusstar?Itstarsinteneg：I'llwritetoyouassoonasIarriveineg：Ihavejustfinished Ithasrainedfor3eg：IcametoBeijinginIhavestayedinBeijingsince,,间eg：Hehaddinnerwithmeyesterday.Ihaveyedbasketballfor3work,study,know；过去时常用的非持续性动词有come,go,leave,start,die,finish, getmarried等；eg：HegotmarriedtwoyearsIhavelivedinBeijingfor10Itisthefirstsecondtime…that…结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。ItisthefirsttimethatIhavevisitedthecity.ItwasthethirdtimethattheboyhadbeenThisisthethat…结构，that从句要用现在完成时ThisisthebestfilmthatI've(ever)这是我看过的最好的Thisisthefirsttime(that)I'veheardhimsing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。HaveyoubeentoourtownNo,it'sthefirsttimeIA.even,comeB.even,havecomeC.ever,comeD.ever,havelargestfishIhaveeverseen.Itiswasthefirsttime+that-clause的句型中，从句要用完成时。since和for的用法：since用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度;eg：Ihavelivedhereformorethantwentyyears.IhavelivedheresinceIwas在时间段后加egIhavelivedheresincetwentyyearsago.错句：Ihaveworkedheresincemanyyears.since句型：eg：ItistwoyearssinceIbecameapostgraduateItisthreeyearssinceIjoinedtheeg：Ithasrainedfor3days.Ithasbeenrainingfor3eg：IhavebeenlearningEnglishfor5IhavebeenlearnedEnglishfor5

havebeenTheyweregivenawarmsendTheirweddingwillbeheldinthechurch.不强调施动者，而只强调受动者；eg：Thebookwaswritten20yearsago. 1.2009年12月Despitethehardshipheencountered,Mark放弃：giveup,giveup/abandon/quitthepursuitofknowledgegaveup/abandoned/quit 2.2009年6月Thestudyshowsthatthepoorfunctioningofthehumanbodyiscloselyrelatedtothelackof3.2008年12月

decidedto：决定；创业：launchtheirownenterprisedecidedtolaunchtheirownenterprise4.2008年6月Ican’tbootmycomputernow.Somethingmust（一定出了毛病）withits出了毛病：outofSomethingmustbeoutofcontrol/wrongeg：IknowtheThegirlcomesfromIknowthegirlwhocomesfromwhowhicheg：IlikereadingThebookswerewrittenbyOIlikereadingbookswhichwerewrittenbyOHenry.eg：Intedatree.ThetreeistallerthantheThetreewhichIntedistallerthantheeg：TheteacherprizedtheTheboyismyTheboywhotheteacherprizedismyneighbor.eg：Thisisthebook.YouarelookingfortheThisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.eg：Thisisthebook.YouareinterestedintheThisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedeg：lookfor,beinterestedin,lookafter,look任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到which/who/that的前面；eg:ThisisthebookwhichyouarelookingThisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedThisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.Thisisthebookwhichyouaskedfor.eg：BeijingistheIwasbornintheBeijingisthecewhichIwasbornin.BeijingistheceinwhichIwasBeijingisthecewhereIwasborn.eg:Ican'tforgettheday.IjointhearmyontheIcan'tforgetthedaywhichIjointhearmyon.Ican'tforgetthedayonwhichIjointhearmy.Ican'tforgetthedaywhenIjointhearmy.判断：ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastThisisthemountainvillageinwhichIvisitedlastyear.ThisisthemountainvillagewhichIvisitedinlastyear.正确：Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlasteg：IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithIwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.IwillneverforgetthedayswhichIspentintheeg：Isthisthemuseum（that）youvisitedafewdaysago?themuseum：充当visit的宾语Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwas5句Inourschool，therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.（eg：Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlasteg:Hewonthefirstceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourWewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as则只能放在句eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.Smokingisharmfultoourheath,asweknow.Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.eg：Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss（）cameasasurpriseA. B.thatC.asD.that，只能用which：非限定性定语从句中，即逗号之后；eg：Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.不能用that，只能用which；eg：Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamousWedependontheland,hat：因为；eg：HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehastheonlytheveryeg：Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkeg：ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveevereg：Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisited例：Medical Theyhaven’tfoundsolutions/answerstotheseTherearemanyproblemswhichtheyhaven’tfoundsolutions/answers，thisComparedwiththeceinwhich/whereIgrew（听到他告诉我的消息）Icouldn’thelplaughingHearingthenewswhich/thathetold例：CareerexpertssaythatoneofthewaysjobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.eg：Iknowtheman,theoftheNewOrientaleg：HeisaWhoisaeg：IknowtheHeisaIknowthefactthatheisastudent.eg：Ihaveaquestion.AreyouaIhaveaquestionwhetheryouareastudent.Ihaveaquestionwhoisastudent.hope,message,news,promise,prove,question,thought等，后面可以接同位语从句；如果是陈述句，直接加that引导；eg：ThenewssoonspreadthewholeTheyhadwontheThenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadthewholeschool.Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamecame.Newscamethattheyhadwonthegame.eg：Informationhasbeenissued.MoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtoInformationthatmoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtouniversitieshasInformationhasbeenissuedthatmoremiddleschoolstudentwillbeadmittedtouniversities. ThequestionwasansweredbythefamilydoctorWhetherweshouldsendforanThequestionwhetherweshouldsendforanspecialistwasansweredbythefamily如果关系词为weather，howwhat,如果名词前的关系词为when,where,whywhen前面的名词是地点，where前面的名词如果关系词为whichwhich如果关系词为thatthat在句子中充当成分，则eg：Thesuggestionthatsheshouldstayintheroomisgood.Thesuggestionthatshehasgiveninthemeetingisgood.例：Thefactthatordinarycitizensarenowstartingtothinkseriouslyaboutthenation'smoralclimate,saysthisethicsprofessorattheUniversityofChicago,isreasontohopethatnewideaswillcomeforwardtoimproveit.eg：WemustfindoutwhodidallIwanttoknowwhetherhewillcome.Ihopethathewillcome.eg：Theteachertoldusthattheearthiseg：ToddPark,alocaldetective,saidthemethodhashelpedhimlearnmoreaboutanunidentifiedwomanwhoseskeletonwasfoundnearGreatSaltLake.eg：Ithinkthatyouare面的谓语动词是don'tdoubt，则后面从句的连接词一定是that；eg：Idoubtwhetherheislingthetruth.Idon'tthatheislingthetruth. think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到eg：Idon'tthinkIknowIdon'tbelievehewill seemappearItdoesn'tseemthattheyknowwheretoItdoesn'tappearthatwe'llhaveasunnydayeg：isnolongerwhatsheusedtoThequestioniswhoisresponsibleforwhathas或者eg：Thatthecollegewilltakeinmorestudentsistrue.Whetherhewillcomeornothasn'tbeendecided.Whyheisn'thereisnotcleartoeveryone.iteg：Itisapitythatyoushouldhavetoeg：ItisclearthatthewholeprojectisduetoItisnecessary/important/strange/natural+that引导的主语从句，从句中的谓语动词一定要用should+动词；eg：ItisnecessarythatoneshouldmastertheskillsofoperatingItis+过去分词+主语从句；Itissaid/nted/expected…eg：Itissaidthat Bushwillvisitourschoolnextweek.eg：Itseemedcertainthathewillwintheprize.eg：Weathershewillcomeornotisunknown.（主语从句）Itisunknownwhetherhewillcomeornot.（主语从句）Idon'tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.（宾语从句）Thequestioniswhetherhewillcomeornot.（表语从句）Thequestionwhetherhewillcomeornotisnotsettled.（同位语从句）例：09年6月(很多人没有的)isthatSimonisaloverofsports,andfootballparticularwhatmanypeople 例：0812月Itwasverydark,butMaryseemedto knowwhichwaytotakebyinstinct例：0712月Inmysixties,onechangeInoticeis Ifeel/gettiredmoreeasilythan例：08年6Globalwarmingmayormaynotbethegreatenvironmentalcrisisofthe21stcentury,but-regardlessofwhetheritisorisn't-wewon'tdomuchaboutit.例： Becausetheyusuallyreceivethesamescoreonstandardexaminations.Thereisoftendisagreementatwhoisthebetterstudent,Boboren？例：08年12Yourresumeshouldattractawould-beboss'sattentionbydemonstrating whyyouwouldbethebestcandidateforacertain例：SincemychildhoodIhavefound Nothingismoreattractive/appealingtomethaneg：IgotupIwaslateforBecauseIgotuplate,Iwaslateforschool.（原因状语从句Igotuplate，soIwaslateforschool.（结果状语从句地点状语从句通常由where,wherever，everywhereeg：WhereIlivethereareplentyofWhereveryouwork,youwillgainmuchvaluableexperienceaslongasyouaretoWherever=nomatterEverywheretheywent,theywerewarmlyreceived.Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.eg:Whereyouareconfident，youwilleg：Wherepreviouslythebankhadconcentratedonthebiginfrastructureprojects,suchasdams,roadsandbridges，itbegintoswitchtoprojectswhichdirectlyimprovedthebasicservicesofacountry.concentratedonas,asifasthough，thewaywhateg：AlwaysdototheothersasyouwouldbedoneWhenenterRomedoastheRomanseg：Theycompleyignorethesefactsasif(asthough)theyneverHelooksasif(asthough)hehadbeenhitbyItlooksasiftheweathermaypickupveryeg：Ishoulddothejobthewaymyfatherdid.ManyEuropeansnowapparentlyviewtheUS.thewaymanyAmericansMexicanasacheapcetovacation,shopandeg：Airistomanwhat/aswateristo句型：AistoBwhatCistoeg：A1Gorecallsglobalwarmingan"inconvenienttruth,"asifmerelyrecognizingitcouldputusonapathtoasolution.putsbonapathtoasolutionthat,sothat,inorderthat,lest,forfearthat,incaseeg:Hewrotethenamedownforfearthat(lest)heshouldforgetHetooktheumbrellawithhimlestitshouldeg：Taketheumbrellawithyouincaseitrains.forfeatthat：和lest保持一致；eg：Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganizedsothatparticipantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.结果状语从句so…that或such…that引导；so保留，that可以省略；如此……以至eg：Hedidn'tabidebythecontractsothathewasfined.Hewassoexcitedthathecouldn'tfallasleep.Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygot比较：so（1）so：so+形容词、副词+that；so+形容词+a/an+名词+that；eg：Thewindwassostrongthatwecouldhardlymoveforward.HerunssofastthatIcouldn'tcatchupwithhim.Itwassohotadaythatcropswilted.HeissolovelyaboythateveryonelovesItwassuchahotdaythatcropswilted.Heissuchalovelyboythateveryonelovesthan,as…as…，notsoas…，（not)thesameas,the+eg：Lighttravelsfastthansound.eg：Thesooner，theegGirlsarethusseenaslessvaluablethanboysandartkeptathometodohouseworkwhiletheirbrothersaresenttoschool-theprophecy（) esself-fulfilling,trapwomeninaviciouscircle(恶性循环)ofneglect.6当……的时候：while,whenasWhenIwaswatchingTV,mymothercameback.while：强调两个动作同时进行，一边……一边……；eg：Myfatheriscookingwhilemymotherisreadingnewspaper.as：eg：Astimewentby,thedaysbecamelongerand一……就……：assoonas,主将从现；用directly，immedia y,instantly连接两个句子；一些名词如theminute，themoment,theinstant也可表示；nosooner…than,hardly…eg：Iwillwritetoyouthemoment/minuteIarrivedineg:Isleptuntil WaittillIcallShedidn'tarriveuntil6eg:Untilyoutoldme,Ihadheardnothingofwhateg：Asyousleepyoupassthroughasequenceofsleepstates—lightsleep,deepsleepandREM(rapideyemovement)sleep—thatrepeatsapproximayevery90minutes.连接词：ifonce,aslongasonconditioneg：IfwintercomescanspringbefarAslongasitdoesn'train,wecanYoucangooutonconditionthatyouwearanModerncarsarefartoughertostealastheirenginemanagementcomputerwon'tallowthemtostartunlesstheyreceiveauniqueIDcodebeamedoutbytheignition(点火)key.连接词：becausesince,as,for，nowthat,inthat,owingto,dueto,thanksto,becauseofasaresultof;比较：because,since,asbecause语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或since。Ididn'tgo,becauseIwasSince/Astheweatherissobad,wehavetodelayourbecausefor来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。Heisabsenttoday,because/forheisill.Hemustbeill,forheisabsenttoday.nowthat:eg：Nowthatthissemesterisfinished,Iamgoingtorestafewdaysandtakeatrip.Humanbeingsaredifferentfromanimalsinthathumancanspeakandthink.区分eg：Although/thoughheisachild,hecanlivebyhimself.as表示虽然的时候，要进行倒装；Childas/thoughheis,hecanlivebyhimself.eg：Although/thoughsheworksveryhard,shemakesverylittleprogress.Hardassheworks,shemakesverylittleAlthough/thoughsheisyoung;shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.Youngassheis,shehastravelledtomanycountriestoputshows.eg：Heisexperiencedwhileheisyoung.Theanti-agentwasnotknown untiladoctorfinditbychance.Iwouldprefershoponlinetoshopinadepartmentstorebecause itismoreconvenientandButsincewaterismuchcheaperthanwine,andmanyofthefancierbrandsaren’tavailableinstores,mostdinersdon’tnoticeorcare.Whilethere’snoquestionthatcontinuousstressisharmful,severalstudiessuggestthatchallengingsituationsinwhichyou’reabletorisetotheoccasioncanbegoodforyou.替换，如果是人，用who；如果是物，用which；that既可以指人又可以指物。which/who/thatwhich正好表示时间，可以表达成whenwherewhy；eg:Hewonthefirstceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourwhich引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句；形式：名词+从句；连接词thateg.Yuminhong,theofNewOrientalweather或者if如何区分定语从句和同谓语从句：whether，what，how接在名词后面一定是同谓语从句；when，where，why如果前面不是时间、地点、人物，那么是同谓语从句；如果Whetherthenisfeasibleremainstobeproved. Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的期。Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanis Attimewhenhiringqualified peopleis ingmoredifficult（定语从句，employerswhocaneliminate biasfromtheprocesshaveadistinctadvantage.（定语从句）Eg.While（让步状语从句）eventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhen（时间状语从句）theyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,e