高级英语第一册修辞总结文档

高级英语第一册修辞总结文档高级英语第一册修辞总结文档高级英语第一册修辞总结文档Unit1MiddleEasternBazaar1.Onomatopoeia:istheformationofwordsinimitationothesoundsassociatedwiththethingconcerned.e.g.1)tinklingbells(Para.1)thesqueakingandrumbling(Para.9)Metaphor:istheuseofawordorphrasewhichdescribesonethingbystatinganothercomparablethingwithoutusing“as”or“like”.e.g.1)theheatandglareofabigopensquare(Para.1)inthemazeofvaultedstreetswhichhoneycombthisbazaar(Para.7)alliteration:istheuseofseveralwordsincloseproximitybeginningwiththesameletterorletters.e.g.1)threadtheirwayamongthethrongsofpeople(Para.1)2)makeapointofprotestingHyperbole:istheuseofaformofwordstomakesthsoundbig,small,loudandsoonbysayingthatitislikesomethingevenbigger,smaller,louder,etc.e.g.atinyrestaurant(Para.7)afloodofglisteninglinseedoil(Para.9)5Antithesis:isthesetting,ofteninparallelstructure,ofcontrastingwordsorphrasesoppositeeachotherforemphasis.e.g.1)atinyapprenticeblowsabigcharcoalfirewithahugeleatherbellows(Para.5)whichtowerstothevaultedceilinganddwarfsthecamelsandtheirstonewheels.(Para.5)Personification:afigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsareendowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanform.e.g.astheburnishedcoppercatchesthelightof(Para.5)Unit2FiguresofspeechMetaphor:Afigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison.暗喻是一种修辞，平常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，进而表示二者之间的相像之处。1).Andsecondly,becauseIhadalumpinmythroatandalotofsadthoughtsonmymindthathadlittletodowithanythinginNipponrailwaysofficialmightsay.2).Iwasagaincrushedbythethought(Page13,Para.4,Line1)13).Atlasttheintermezzocametoanendand(Page13,Para.4,Line1)4).whenthemeaningoftheselastwordssankin,joltingme(Page15,Para.7,Lines1~3)Synecdoche:提喻Afigureofspeechinwhichapartisusedforthewhole(ahandforsailor),thewholeforapart(asthelawforpoliceofficer),thespecificforthegeneral(ascutthroatforassassin),thegeneralforthespecific(asthiefforpickpocket),orthematerialforthethingfromwhichitismade(assteelforsword).举隅法，提喻法：一种修辞方法，以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特别代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人者），以一般代表特别（如用贼代表小偷），或用原资料代表用该资料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）e.g.TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.(Para.7)littleoldJapan:traditionalJapanesehousesMetonymy:换喻Afigureofspeechinwhichonewordorphraseissubstitutedforanotherwithwhichitiscloselyassociated,asintheuseof“Washington”for“theUnitedStatesgovernment”orof“thesword”for“militarypower”.换喻，转喻：一种一个词或词组被另一个与之有亲密联系的词或词组代替的修辞方法，如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”TheratherarrestingspectacleoflittleoldJapanadriftamidbeigeconcreteskyscrapersistheverysymboloftheincessantstrugglebetweenthekimonoandtheminiskirt.(Para.7)thekimonoandtheminiskirt:theJapanesecultureandthewesterncultureIrony：反语Theuseofwordstoexpresssomethingdifferentfromandoftenoppositetotheirliteralmeaningtoachievethehumorousandironiceffect.反语：用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法,以达到风趣和嘲讽的收效。e.g.ThiswayIlookatthemandcongratulatemyselfonthegoodfortunethatmyillnesshasbroughtme.(P.17)Climax:层进法Aseriesofstatementsorideasinanascendingorderofrhetoricalforceorintensity.层进法：在不断增强的修辞力度或强度中使用的一系列陈述和方法Noonetalksaboutitanymore,andnoonewantsto,especiallythepeoplewhowerebornhereorwholivedthroughit.(page15~16,Para.12,Lines1~3)Anti-climax:渐降Anti-climax,asusedinthetext,statesone’sthoughtsinadescendingorderofsignificanceorintensityfromstrongtoweak,fromweightytolight.Ithasachieveda2humorousorsurprisedorevenasarcasticeffectwhenthemayorwasintroducinghiscitytothevisitors,whowereexpectinghisanswertohavesomethingtodowiththeatombomb,butwhoironicallyheard“oysters”intheend.渐降表述见解的方式是使意义强烈的语言依照步步降低的语气次序排列，语势由强而弱，语气由重到轻，有此达到耻笑、嘲讽或是喜剧的收效。e.g.“seldomhasacitygainedsuchworldrenown,andIamproudandhappytowelcomeyoutoHiroshima,atownknownthroughouttheworldforits—oysters.”(p.15)Sarcasm嘲讽isanexpressionorcuttingremarkclearlymeaningtheoppositetowhatisfelt.Hiroshima—the“liveliest”CityinJapan(hyperbole)Ifyouwanttowritethiscity,donotforgettosaythatthiscityisthegayestcityinJapan,evenif(hyperbole)Simile明喻isanexpressionmakingacomparisonintheimaginationbetweentwothingsusingthewordsasorlikee.g.SeriouslookingmenspoketooneanotherasiftheywereobliviousofthecrowdsaboutthemUnit3ShipsintheDesertPersonificatione.g.1)Wherethereshouldhavebeengentleblue-greenwaveslappingagainstthesideoftheship,therewasnothingbuthotdrysand.(Para.1)Hyperbolee.g.thepopulationexplosion(Para.5)Metaphoranotherghostlyimage(Para.6)theseghostsinthesky(Para.8)Metonymy1)therelationshipbetweenthetwosuperpowers(Para.23)Unit5SpeechonHitler’sInvasionoftheU.S.S.R.IV:RhetoricaldevicesPeriodicsentences:Periodicsentencesachieveforcefulnessbysuspense悬(念).Theessentialelementsinthesentencearewithhelduntiltheend.Asentenceinwhichthemainclauseoritspredicateiswithhelduntiltheend;周期3句（掉尾句）：主句或谓语在句末的句子，有两种句型：一：修饰语（特别是状语）在句首的简单句；二：从句在前主句在后的复合句Thepast,withitscrimes,itsfollies,anditstragedies,flashesaway.(p.79)AnymanorstatewhofightsonagainstNazidomwillhaveouraid.(p.80)IfHitlerimaginesthathisattackonSovietRussiaheiswoefullymistaken.(p80,L22)WhenIawokenonthemorningofSunday,the22nd,thenewsinvasionofRussia.(p.77)2.Rhetoricalquestion(interrogation)Interrogationasksaquestionnotinordertoobtainananswer,butforthepurposeofmakinganassertioninastrikingandlivelyway.E.g.butcanyoudoubtwhatourpolicywillbe?parallelstructurea)WewillneverparleyWewillnevernegotiatewithHitleroranyofhisgang(p.80)weshallfighthimbylandweshallfighthimbyseaweshallfighthimintheair.(p.80)behindallthisglarebehindallthisstormIsee(p.80)IseetheRussiansoldiersstandingIseethemguardingIseethetenthousandvillagesIseeadvancingupon(p.79)InversionAchangeinnormalwordorder,suchastheplacementofaverbbeforeitssubjectFromthisnothingwillturnus—nothingP.80RepetitionTherepeateduseofthesamesynonymouswords,toaddforce,clearnessorbalancetoasentenceWehavebutoneaimandonesingle,irrevocablepurpose.(p.78)Hehassolongthrivedandprospered.(p.81)Wewillneverparley,wewillnevernegotiate(p.80)6.simileAfigureofspeechinwhichtwoessentiallyunlikethingsarecompared,ofteninaphraseintroducedbylikeoras,asin“Howlikethewinterhathmyabsencebeen”or“Soareyoutomythoughtsasfoodtolife(Shakespeare)”.明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较，平常在由like或as引导的短4语中，如“我的走开好象是冬天到临”或“你对我的思想就象食品关于生命同样重要”（莎士比亚）IseealsothedullGermansoldierscrawlinglocusts.(p79-80)7.metaphorAfigureofspeechinwhichawordorphrasethatordinarilydesignatesonethingisusedtodesignateanother,thusmakinganimplicitcomparison.暗喻是一种修辞，平常用指某物的词或词组来指代他物，进而表示二者之间的相像之处。a)IseetheRussiansoldiersstandingonthethresholdoftheirnativelandthresholdreferstothethresholdoftheirnation.(p.79)Behindallthisglare,behindallthisstorm,Iseethatsmallgroupof(p.80)Glare:afierceorangrystare;Hereitreferstowarfire.Storm:strongwindandrain;HereitreferstowarorHitler’sassaultontheothercountries.delightedtofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey(theRussiansoldiers).(p.80)Isupposetheywillberoundedupinhordes.(Page77,Para.1,thelastsentence)WeareresolvedtodestroyHitlerandeveryvestigeoftheNaziregime.(Page80,Para.3,Lines6~8)f)wehaveridtheearthofhisshadow(influence)andliberateditspeoplesfromhisyoke(control).(p.80)8.alliterationTherepetitionofthesameconsonantsoundsorofdifferentvowelsoundsatthebeginningofwordsorinstressedsyllables,asin头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对同样辅音或不同样元音的重复。如：“onscrollsofsilversnowysentences”(HartCrane)“写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”(哈特·克兰)Hearthandhome(p.82)Ialsoseethedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.(p.79)Letuslearnthelessonsalreadytaughtbysuchcruelexperience.(p.82)9.PersonificationAfigureofspeechinwhichinanimateobjectsorabstractionsareendowedwithhumanqualitiesorarerepresentedaspossessinghumanformIseetheGermanbombersandfightersinthesky,stillsmartingfrommanyaBritishwhipping,delightedtofindwhattheybelieveisaneasierandasaferprey.(p.79-80)10.hyperboleAfigureofspeechinwhichexaggerationisusedforemphasisoreffect,asinIcouldsleepforayearorThisbookweighsaton.夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来重申或产生某种收效，比方在我能睡一年或这书有一吨重中5IfHitlerinvadedHellIwouldmakeatleastafavourablereferencetotheDevilintheHouseofCommons.(Hitlerismuchevilerthanthedevil.)(p.78)e.g.Iwillloveyoutilltheseasgoesdry,therocksmeltwiththesun.Unit9MarkTwain—MirrorofAmericaV.RhetoricaldevicesSimile:PleaserefertoLesson2.e.g.1)Indeed,thisnation’sbest-lovedauthorwaseverybitasadventurous,patriotic,romantic,andhumorousasanyonehaseverimagined.(Para.1)Tom’smischievousdaring,ingenuity,andthesweetinnocenceofhisaffectionforBeckyThatcherarealmostassuretobestudiedinAmericanschoolstodayasistheDeclarationofIndependence.(Para.15)Metaphore.g.1)whosawclearlyaheadablackwallofnight.(Para.1)2)mainarteryoftransportationintheyoungnation’sheart.(Para.3)Sarcasm:itisafigureofspeechwhichattacksinatauntingandbittermanner,anditsaimistodisparage,ridiculeandwoundthefeelingsofthesubjectattacked.Itismostoftenrestrictedtothemakingofbrief,unpleasantremarksthataremotivatedbyhostilityandcontempt.e.g.1)Iknewmoreaboutretreatingthanthemanthatinventedretreating.(Para.6)onecouldsetatrapanywhereandcatchadozenablermaninanight.(Para.13)Alliteration:pleaserefertoLesson1.e.g.Itwasasplendidpopulation–foralltheslow,sleepy,sluggish-brainedslothsstayedathome.Itwasthatpopulationandrushingthemthroughwithamagnificentdashanddaringandarecklessnessofcostorconsequences”Antithesis:pleaserefertoLesson1.e.g.1)ofthedifferencebetweenwhatpeopleclaimtobeandwhattheyreallyare.(Para.5)2)aworldwhichwilllamentthemadayandforgetthemforever.6.euphemisme.g.1)HetriedsoldieringfortwoweekswithamotleybandofConfiderateguerrillaswhodiligentlyavoidedcontactwiththeenemy.hecommentedwithacrushingsenseofdespaironman’sfinalreleasefromearthlystrugglesmetonymy6e.g.butformakingmoney,hispenwouldprovemightierthanhispickax.Unit10TheTrialthatRockedtheWorldVII:Rhetoricaldevices1.Metaphor:Noone,...thatmaycasewouldsnowballintoourtown...hadtakenonacircusatmosphere.Thestreet...sproutedwith...Hethunderedinhissonorousorgantoneschampionhadnotscorchedtheinfidels...afterthepreliminarysparringoverlegalities2.Simile:...sweptthearenalikeaprairiefire...apalmfanlikeasword...3.Metonymy...tomorrowthemagazines,thebooks,thenewspapers...TheChristianbelievesthatmancamefromabovebelow.4.Hyperbole:ThetrialthatrockedtheworldHisreputationasanauthorityonScriptureisrecognizedthroughouttheworld.5.Ridicule:Bryan,ageingandpaunchy,wasassisted...Bryanmoppedhisbalddomeinsilence.6.Sarcasm:Thereissomedoubtaboutthat.Anditisamightystrongcombination.7.TransferredepithetDarrowhadwhisperthrowingareassuringarmroundmyshoulder.8.AntithesisTheChristianbelievesthatmancamefromabove.Theevolutionistbelievesthathemusthavecomefrombelow.9.Assonance:whenbigotslightedfaggotstoburn...710.Repetition:Thetruthalwayswins...thetruth...thetruth...synecdochethecasehaderuptedroundmyheadoxymoron(矛盾修饰法)DudleyFieldMalenecalledmyconvictiona,“victoriousdefeat”Unit11What’saDictionaryFor?IV.Rhetoricaldevices1.Personification:Thestorm...thatgreeted...AnarticleintheAtlanticvieweditasadisappointment...TheYewYorkTimes,...feltitTheJournal...saw...2.Alliteration:...verylittlelightonLincoln...onLife3.Sarcasm:aconceptofhowthingsgetwrittenthatthrowsverylittlelightonLincolnbutagreatdealonLife"sosimple"athingthatthewritertakesplain,downright,man-in-the-streetattitudethatadoorisadoorandanydamnfoolknowsthat.4.Assonance:Thedifferencebetweenthemuch-touted...andthemuchclouted...5.Synecdoche:Butneitherhisvanitynorhispurseis...(metonymy)Whatofthosesheetsandjetsofairthatarenowbeingused,inplaceofold-fashionedoakandhinges...6.MetonymyTheWashingtonPost,..."keepYourOldWebster's"inshort,...writteninthelanguagethatthe3rdInternationaldescribesverylittlelightonLincoln...onLife7.Zeugma:afigureofspeechinwhichawordappliestotwoothersindifferentsenses(e.g.Johnandhisdrivinglicenceexpiredlastweek)ortotwoothersofwhichitsemanticallysuitsonlyone(e.g.8withweepingeyesandhearts).Comparewithsyllepsis.(语)轭式搭配法（一种修辞手段，指将一个动词与两个不同样的名词或代词等搭配使同一个动词拥有不同样意义，如在Johnandhisdrivinglicenceexpiredlastweek中的动词expired；或指将一个形容词与两个不同样的名词搭配，在词义上该形容词虽仅适合于其中之一，但另一搭配可产生不同样的联想意义，如在withweepingeyesandhearts中）。TheissueofNewYorkTimeshailtheSecondtheauthorityasandtheThirdasascandalTowagewarandpeaceWithweepingeyesandhearts8.metaphorLifecalledita“non-worddeluge”ModernlinguisticsgetsitscharterfromLeonardBloomfield’slanguage(1933)Butifso,hehaswalkedintooneoflexicography’sbiggestboobytrapsAnd,sureenough,inthedefinitionwhichraisedthePost’sbloodpressureUnit15NosignpostsintheSea