高考必考语法精讲精练专题八动词的时态和语态含解析

高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题八：动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态是高考必考考点。时态（tense）是一种动词形式，同一动词的不一样变化形式表达不一样的时态，英语中有16种时态。《2017年一般高等学校招生全国一致考试大纲》附录语法项目表中对于时态列了十项：（1）一般此刻时（2）一般过去时（3）一般未来时（4）此刻进行时（5）过去进行时（6）过去未来时（7）未来进行时（8）此刻完成时（9）过去完成时（10）此刻完成进行时；其余还列了被动语态，并将其作为单独一项。2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第61题（语法填空）观察了动词arrive的一般过去时arrived；第71题（短文改错）观察了think变为过去时thought；第75题（短文改错）观察了被动语态，删掉been；第79题（短文改错）观察了将动词过去时的found变为此刻时的find。2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第62题（语法填空）观察了allow的一般过去时的被动语态wasallowed；第74题（短文改错）观察了将过去时had变为此刻时的have；77题（短文改错）观察了将using变为被动used。2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）观察了remove的一般此刻时的被动语态areremoved；第74题（短文改错）观察了将动词goes变为一般过去时went。各种时态构成表：（以do为例）一般时态进行时态完成时态完成进行时态现在do/doesis/am/aredoinghas/havedonehas/havebeendoing过去didwas/weredoinghaddonehadbeendoing将来shall/willdoshall/willbeshall/willhaveshall/willhavebeendoingdoingdone一、一过去未来woulddowouldbedoingwouldhavedonewouldhavebeendoing动词三人称单数

般此刻时：原形或第1．构成：使用动词原形，第三人称单数须有变化。1）直接加“s：”work→works，take→takes2）以辅音加“y结”尾，变“y为”“i，”再加“es：”carry→carries（3）以“o,s,x,ch,sh结尾的动”词加“es：”go→goes，dress→dresses，watch→watches，finish→finishes2．功能：1）表此刻的事实、状态或动作。比方：Ihaveadream.Shelovesmusic.Mary'sparentsgetupveryearly.（2）表习惯性动作或职业，常与often，sometimes，usually，always，everyweek，occasionally，frequently，seldom等时间副词连用。比方：Ialwaystakeawalkaftersupper.Shewritestomeveryoften.SheisanEnglishteacher.3）表客观真谛，格言警句或事实。比方：Theearthmovesaroundthesun.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.Twoandtwomakesfour.Nomanbuterrs.（4）表示未来发生的动作：A．在由when，after,before，as，assoonas，although，because，if，evenif，incase，till，until，unless，aslongas，where，whatever，wherever等指引的状语从句顶用一般此刻时表未来发生的动作。比方：I'lltellherwhenshecomestomorrow.Evenifitrainsthisafternoon,I'llmeetyou.Whateverhappens,youshouldkeepcool-headed.I'llberightherewaitingforyouwhereveryougo.B．准时间表将要发生的动作或事件，用一般此刻时表达未来时看法。比方：Theplaybeginsat6:30thisevening.Whendoestheplanetakeoff?Heleavesforthatcitynextweek.④Accordingtothetimetable,thetrainstartsat9o’clock.二．一般过去时：动词的过去式1．表示过去某个特准时间或某一段时间发生的动作或状况。比方：Wevisitedtheschoollastspring.IwenttoschoolbybikewhenIwasinmiddleschool.Chinawasfoundedin1949.2．在表示时间或条件等的状语从句中取代过去未来时。比方：Shetoldmeshewould’tgowithusifraineditthenextday.Theywouldnotleaveuntilshecameback.Hisgirlfriendpromisedtomarryhimonceheboughtherabighouse.三．一般未来时：shall/will+动词原形1．表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。比方：Hewillgraduatefromthecollegenextyear.Weshallfinishourworkasquicklyaspossible.2．未来时的其余结构。比方：I.is/am/aregoingtodosth.（美国口语中常读作begonna）I'mgoingtobuyanewcarthisfall.Heisgoingtosellhishouse.注意：begoingto与will的比较：以下状况须用willIwillbesixteenyearsoldnextyear.Itwillbethe20thofAugusttomorrow.Whenhecomes,Iwillgivehimyourmessage.is/am/are+todosth.表示计划安排做某事或征采建议。比方：①AmItotakeoverhiswork?Wearetomeetatthegate.is/am/areabouttodosth.马上做某事。比方：①Thetalkisabouttobegin.四．一般过去未来时：would+动词原形1.表示过去某时以后将出现的状况，平时用于宾语从句中。比方：Hesaidthattheywouldmeetmeatthestation.Shetoldmethatshewouldcometoseeme.2.表示过去习惯性动作（无论什么人称都用would）。比方：Wheneverhehadtime,Tomwouldgotoseehisgrandma.Theoldcouplewouldgoforawalkaftersupper.注意句型：was/wereabouttodosth.when正要做某事,这时=was/wereonthepointofdoingsth.when（when指引的从句要用一般过去时）比方：Hewasabouttogooutwhenthetelephonerang.Iwasabouttogoshoppingwhenitrained.Shewasonthepointofhavingsupperwhenthelightwentoff.五．此刻进行时：is/am/are+此刻分词1．表示此刻正在进行的动作。比方：Thewaterisboiling.ShallImaketea?Theworkersarebuildinganewbridgeacrosstheriver.2．表现阶段正进行的动作。比方：Heistakingphysicsthissemester.Wearepreparingforourfinalexaminationthisweek.Don'tyouthinkyoueattoomuch?You'reputtingonweight.3．go,come,leave,arrive,land,meet,die,start,return,join,etc.用于进行时态时表示马上开始的动作。比方：Look!Thebusiscoming.Theoldmanisseriouslyill,andheisdying.AliceisleavingforShanghaiwithhermother.4．与always,forever,continually,constantly等副词连用，表示说话人带有感情色彩：欣赏或厌恶。比方：Heisalwaysthinkingofothers.Theboyiscontinuallymakingnoises.Theteacherisconstantlycriticizingherforbeinglate.六．过去进行时：was/were+此刻分词1．表示过去某一时刻或阶段正在发生的动作。比方：Iwasplayingchessat8yesterdayevening.WhenIarrived,theywerewatchingTV.Theyweredoinghouseworkthistimelastweek.2．用于条件状语从句中表示过去未来进行的动作。比方：Shetoldmetowakehimupifshewassleeping.IaskedmyfriendtowarnmeaboutitaslongasIwasdrivingtoofast.3．过去某时将发生的事。比方：TheytoldmethattheywereleavingforNewYork.HewasgoingoutwhenIarrived.七．未来进行时：shall/willbe+此刻分词1．表示未来某个时刻正在进行的动作。比方：Whatwillyoubedoingthistimetomorrow?Iwillbehavingdinnerthistimetomorrow.2．用未来进行时咨询他人的计划、打算比用一般未来时更显礼貌。比方：Willyoubehavingsupperwithusthisevening?Willyoubecomingtoseeustomorrow?3．未来进行时表示对马上发生的动作的推测。比方：ShewillbearrivingatShanghaitomorrowmorning.Thecarwillbegoingatthespeedof100milesanhour.八．此刻完成时：have/has+过去分词1．表示过去所发生的动作对此刻的影响或产生的结果。常与yet，just，before，recently，lately，ever，never等表时间的副词搭配使用。比方：Hehasn'tseenherlately.Ihaven'tfinishedthebookyet.2．表示一个从过去某个时间开始，连续到此刻并可能连续下去的动作，常与表示一段时间的时间状语连用。如：sofar（迄今为止），uptillnow（直到此刻），foralongtime（很长时间），，inthepast/inthelastfewyears（在过去的几年里），thesedays（这些日子）。比方：Hehasworkedherefor15years.IhavestudiedEnglishsinceIcamehere.TheforeignerhasbeenawayfromChinaforalongtime.Sofar,Ihaven'treceivedasingleletterfrommybrother.3．某些非连续性动词（即：动作开始便停止的动词），在此刻完成时中不可以与表示一段时间状语搭配。I．常有的非连续动词：die,arrive，join，leave，go,refuse，fail，finish，buy，marry，divorce，awake，buy，borrow，lend

等。II．这种动词并不是不可以用此刻完成时，而是不可以接常由for指引的时间状语。．但若是用在否定句中，非连续动词的此刻完成时可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。比方：Shehasgoneawayforamonth.（误）Shehasbeenawayforamonth（正）①Themanhasdiedfortwoyears.（误）Themanhasbeendeadfortwoyears.（正）①Howlonghaveyouboughtthebook?（误）Howlonghaveyouhadthebook.（正）4．几组比较：HehasgonetoShanghai.他去上海了。②HehasbeentoShanghai.他去过上海。Shehasgone.她已走了。Sheisgone.她缺席了。（or她死了。）Thedoorhasbeenclosed.门关上了。（动作）②Thedoorisclosed.门是关着的。（状态）九．过去完成时：had+过去分词1．表示过去某个动作或某个详尽时间从前已经发生或完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。比方：TheyhadgoteverythingreadybeforeIcame.TheplayhadbegunbeforeIgottothetheaterwithmyboyfriend.2．过去完成常常用于hardly/scarcely...when,nosooner...than（“一就”）等固定句型结构中。比方：Shehadhardly/scarcelygonetobedwhenthebellrang.=Hardly/Scarcelyhadshegonetobedwhenthebellrang.Hehadnosoonerarrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.=Nosoonerhadhearrivedattherailwaystationthanhemetherparents.注意：hardly/scarcely/nosooner在句首时要用部分倒装。3．intend（打算），mean（打算），plan（计划）hope（希望），want（想要）等动词的过去完成时用来表示“本打算/本计划/本希望/本想要做而没有”做的事。比方：Ihadintendedtocallonyouyesterday,butsomeonecametoseemejustwhenIwasabouttoleave.Theyhadplannedtoholdafootballmatchlastweek,buttheyhadtocancelitbecauseofthebadweather.十．未来完成时：shall/willhave+过去分词。表示未来某时从前已经完成的动作。比方：Theywillhavebeenherefor5yearsnextFriday.Bytheendofthismonth,hewillhavefinishedthebook.十一．此刻完成进行时：have/has+been+此刻分词1．表示从过去某时开始向来连续到此刻的动作，并且还将连续下去。比方：Ihavebeenwaitingforanhourbutshehasn'tcome.Hehasbeenrunningafterherfor8years.IhavebeenlearningEnglishsincesixyearsago.2．表示一个从过去开始连续到此刻，可以包含此刻在内的一个阶段内，重复发生的行动，比方：Shehasbeenplayingtennissinceshewaseight.3.表某种感情色彩。比方：①I'vebeenwantingtoseeyouforsomanyyears.②Who'sbeentellingyousuchnonsense.此刻完成时与此刻完成进行时比较：此刻完成时重申“结果”，而此刻完成进行时重申

“动作的连续”。比方：①Ihavethoughtofit.（我已想到了这一点。）Ihavebeenthinkingofit.（我向来在想这一点。）Jimhaspaintedthedoor.（杰姆已将门油漆过了。）②Jimhasbeenpaintingthedoor.（杰姆向来在油漆门。）注意：表示状态的动词不可以用于此刻完成进行时。比方，我们可以说：beenknowinghimforyears.这种不可以用于此刻完成进行时的动词还有：十二．过去完成进行时：hadbeen+此刻分词表示过去某个时间从前向来在进行的动作。比方：

Ihaveknownhimforyears.love，like，hate等等。

但是不可以说：

IhaveShesaidthatshehadbeentypingapaperbeforeIcamein.Ihadbeenwaitingforhimbeforehearrived.十三．过去未来进行时：wouldbe+此刻分词表示从过去某时看未来某个时侯正在进行的动作。比方：HeaskedmewhatIwouldbedoingwhenhecamethenextday.Hesaidthathewouldbereadingthebookallmorningtomorrow.十四．过去未来完成时：wouldhave+过去分词表示从过去某个时间看未来某时从前动作已经完成。比方：Hesaidthattheywouldhavearrivedbyseveno'clock.Ithoughtshewouldhavetoldyousomethingbythen.十五．未来完成进行时：shall/willhavebeen+此刻分词表示某一动作从某时间开始向来连续到未来某一时间，能否连续下去由上下文决定。比方：Bytheendofnextyear，wewillhavebeendoingbusinesswitheachotherfor20years.WeshallhavebeenstayinghereforfourweekswhenTomarrives.Itwillhavebeenrainingforaweekifitdoesnotstoptomorrow.十六.过去未来完成进行时：wouldhavebeen+此刻分词表示从过去的某一时间开始向来连续到过去未来的某一时间。动作能否连续进行，由上下文决定。比方：HesaidthatbytheendofthespringtermhewouldhavebeenstudyingEnglishforthreeyears.Shetoldmethatshewouldhavebeenteachinginthatuniversityfor10yearsbythatsummer.被动语态.被动语态的构成：被动语态由“be动词+及物动词的过去分词”构成，此中be动词自己没有意义，但有人称、单复数以及时态的变化。(不及物动词没有被动语态)常有各种时态一般时态完成时态进行时态完成进行时态对应的此刻is/am/aredonehas/havebeendoneis/am/arebeingdone无被动语态：（以do为例）过去was/weredonehadbeendonewas/werebeingdone无将来shall/willbeshall/willhavebeen无无donedone过去未来wouldbedonewouldhavebeen无无done二.含有神态动词的被动语态：由神态动词must/can/could/may/might/should/would+bedone构成。比方：Thetaskmustbefinishedbeforethisweekend.Heshouldbepunishedbecausehetoldlies.Thebookmaybetakenawaybysomeone.三.被动语态的用法：1.不知道谁是动作的执行者，或没有必需指明谁是动作的执行者,被动语态中的介词短语bysb.平时省略。比方：Thestreetsareswepteveryday.Hiscarhasbeenstolen.Riceisgrowninmanycountries.Thiskindofadvertisementcanbeseeneverywhere.2.带双宾语的及物动词变为被动语态有两种变法，指人的间接宾语用作被动语态的主语更常见。比方：Hegaveherabeautifulgiftyesterday.Abeautifulgiftwasgiventoher(byhim).也许Shewasgivenabeautifulgift(byhim).3.get+过去分词表被动，表示一种结果或状态。常有结构有：getkilled/cheated/burnt/wounded/paid/hurt/lost/married/caught.比方：Hegotkilledinthetrafficaccidentlastweek.Don’tgetcheatedbyherbeauty.Hegotcaughtbythepolicebecauseheexceededthespeedlimit.4.havesthdone以及getsthdone（主要用于口语中）常常表示安排他人把事情做好或议论不测的、不好的事情。比方：Ineedtohavemyhaircut.②Yourwatchisbroken,you’dbettergetitrepaired.Ifyoudon’tgettouofmyhouse,Iwillhaveyouarrested.④Wehadourmoneystolenwhenwewereonholiday.Joehadhislegbrokeninafight.5.havesthtobedone表示主动提出央求帮助他人做某事。比方：Iamgoingshopping,doyouhaveanythingtobebought?Iintendtospendmyholidayinourhometown,doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyourparents?Doyouhaveanythingtobetyped,sir?四．主动形式表被动意义：1.look，feel，taste，sound，smell，appear，seem，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，keep，grow等系动词+形容词或名词构成系表结构。比方：Theicefeelscold.Hisplanprovedpractical.2.表示开始、结果、运动的动词，如begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run，move等。比方：Workbeganat7'clockthismorning.Theshopclosesat6p.meveryday.3.形容词easy，hard，fit，nice，dangerous，difficult等后边接动词不定式，且不定式和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，常用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。比方：Thiskindofwaterisfittodrink.Thetextiseasytounderstand.4.某些动词如read,write,sell,wash,clean,lock,open,dry等在表示主语的某种性质时，常用主动表被动。比方：Theclotheswasheswell.Yourpenwritessmoothly.5.其余的主动表被动的状况。比方：Thebookisworthreading.Mybikeneeds/wants/requiresrepairing.=Mybikeneeds/wants/requirestoberepaired.③Whoistoblame?高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·时态与语态考点规律分析:动词时态考点主要涉及一般此刻时与一般过去的差别，其命题方式平时是在一个一般此刻时的背景下误用某个一般过去时；也许反过来，在一个一般过去时的背景下误用某个一般此刻时。从所涉及的动词来看，主要涉及be和have两个常用动词。有时也涉及其余时态，如一般未来时，此刻完成时等，但极少见。语法填空主要涉及动词的时态及语态的变化。时态语态单句改错之真题训练：1.Weweredrivingalonganarrowroadwhenthecarstop2.andhadreturnedtothecar!Billisstandingatthesideofthecar.3.TwomonthsagotheywerebackinAmerica.LastSunday,policecarshurrytotheToday,itismucheasiertobehealthythanitisinthepast.Also,scientistsanddoctorshadlearnedhowtodealwithmanydiseases.Anyonemayborrowbooks,anditcostnothingtoborrowthem.Ifthebookyouwillwantisout,youmayaskforittobecalledbackforyou.8.Ihadalwayswantedtoreturntothevillageaftermovingawayanditisreallygreattoseemostofmyoldfriendsagain.Theyofferedmecoffeeandotherdrinks.Wehaveagoodtimetalkingandlaughingtogether.IlearnaboutyoufrommyEnglishteacher,MissFang.Myfavouritesportisfootball.Iwasamemberofourschoolfootballteam.Iamhappywithanyprogrammebuttheothersspentalotoftimearguingandtherewasnowayofsettlingthematterexceptbysellingtheset.I’dlikeverymuchtocomebutIhadanexaminationonMondaymorning.Itisavery14.Irememberedherwordsandcalmdown.15.Theydidnotwantmetodoanyworkathome;theywantmetodevoteallmytimeto16.Hesaidheisbusy.OnthewayupIwasbusytakingpicturessincethescenerywassobeautiful.Thetimepassesquickly.18.Buthisparentsthinkgoingtocollegeismoreimportantthanplayingsportsandcollegewastheonlyplaceforasmartboylikehisson.19.AtonceIapologizeandcontrolledmyselfatmybesttillthedinnerstarted.20.Sometimes,wetalkedtoeachotherverywellinclass,butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.21.Shestoppedtolookoutofthewindowandfindacloudofsmokecomingoutofherneighbor’house.Wewerelivinginabigfamily.Wetreateachotherasbrothersandsisters.IamalwaysyoungwhenIwasstayingwiththem.24.Everydayhemakessurethatfreshvegetablesandhighqualityoilareusingforcooking.25（2017·全国Ⅰ，73）....butonceIstartedthecar,mymindgoesblank.时态语态单句改错之模拟训练：JustnowJimtellsmehismotherwasill.Iphonetheotherstudentsamomentago.Weoftenplayedtogetherwhenwearechildren.4.WhatareyoudoingwhenIcalledyou?Iseeyouinthepark.Youweretalkingtoaprettygirl.Shedoesn’thearthedoorbell,forshewaswatching.TV7.We’llstayathomeplayingcardsifitwillraintomorrow.Pleaseletmeknowifyouwillhaveanytrouble.Hehurthisbackwhenheisplayingfootballwithhisclassmates.I’llwritetohimwhenIfinishedthebook.Charlesworkedhardsinceleavingschool.12.Infact,IamverythinwhenIwasyoung.He’skindtome.Thoughheisverybusy,hestillcametoseeme.Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?Howdidyoulikeourcity?15.Asisknowntousall,theearthturnedaroundthesun.16.I’minterestedinEnglish,soIspokeitbetterthantheothersdo.17.Don’tworryaboutit.IpromiseyouIcometohelpyou.Noweverythingisdear.Evenasmallpieceofbreadcostoneyuan.19.Remembertoturnoffthelightsbeforeyouwillleave.20.Iforgettotellhimthenews.Shallwetelephonehimnow?时态语态单句改错之提高训练：Hesaidthathewillseeyouoffattheairportthenextday.Whenhewillcomeback，I’llletyouknow.Hesaidthathehashadthebikefortwoyears.IworkonafarminNorthChinainthe1970s.Anewbridgewasbeingbuiltinourcityatpresent.IfinishedmyhomeworkbeforeIleftschool.7.IfeelregretfulnowthatIdon’tstudyhardwhenIwasinmyhighschool.IfIamyou,Iwoulddoit.Shebuysabikeyesterday.Icomehereintwodays.Idon’tthinkwemetforebe.Hetaughtheresincehecametothistown.13.ShesaidshewouldcallmebutIdidn’theardfromhersofar.IamtiredbecauseIhadbeenworkingallday.Look!Herethebuscoming.Imeethiminothertime.Bythistimetomorrowwehavefinishedthework.SometimesIwillgetupateightinthemorning.Wehavetocancelthematchifitwillraintomorrow.Ididn’tseenmybestfriendfornearlytwoyears.时态语态单句语法填空之真题训练：1.(2016全·国Ⅰ，62)I______________(allow)togetupclosetothesecuteanimalsatthe600-acrecentre.2.(2016全·国Ⅱ，43)Leavingthelessimportantthingsuntiltomorrow___________(be)oftenacceptable.3.(2016全·国Ⅲ，42)Sometimeschopsticksarequiteartistic.Trulyelegantchopsticksmight___________(make)ofgoldandsilverwithChinesecharacters.4.(2016全·国Ⅲ，49)Confuciusbelievedkniveswouldremindpeopleofkillingsand____________(be)tooviolentforuseatthetable.5.(2016北·京，21)Jack___________(work)inthelabwhenthepowercutoccurred.6.(2016北·京，25)I_____________(read)halfoftheEnglishnovel,andI’lltrytofinishitattheweekend.7.(2016北·京，30)Thestudentshavebeenworkinghardontheirlessonsandtheireffortswill_________(reward)successintheend.8.(2016四·川，阅读D)Nightmilkquickenedthestartofsleepand___________(cause)themicetosleeplonger.9.(2016四·川，61)Thegiantpanda____________(love)bypeoplethroughouttheworld.10.(2016浙·江，14)Whenthetimecametomakethefinaldecisionforacourse,Idecidedtoapplyfortheonethat___________(reflect)myinterest.11.(2017全·国Ⅰ，64)Whenfatandsalt________________(remove)fromfood,thefoodtastesasifismissingsomething.学习札记：参照答案及分析时态语态单句改错之真题训练：1.stop改为stopped2.is改为was3.hurry改为hurried4.第二个is改为was5.had改为have6.cost改为costs去掉will8.is改为washave改为had10.learn改为learnedwas改为isam改为washad改为have14.calm改为calmeddid改为do16.is改为was17.passes改为passed18.was改为is19.apologize改为apologized20.talked改为talkfind改为found22.treat改为treated23.am改为was24.using改为used[beusedfor被用“来做”，为固定短语。]25.goes改为went时态语态单句改错之模拟训练：1.tell改为told，因句中有表过去的时间状语justnow(方才)。2.phone改为phoned，因句中有表过去的时间状语amomentago。are改为were，因主句谓语为一般过去时。are改为were，因从句谓语为一般过去时。5.see改为saw，因下文用了weretalking。6.doesn’改为tdidn’t，因下文用了waswatching。去掉if从句中的will，因条件状语从句要用一般此刻时表示未来意义。去掉will，因条件状语从句要用一般此刻时表示未来意义。is改为was，因主句中的hurt为一般过去时。finished改为finish，或在finished前加have。即在时间状语从句中要用一般此刻时表示未来意义，但这里也可用此刻完成时表示完成。worked前加has，句中的since表示“自从以来向来”，即表示从过去连续到此刻的一段时间，故用此刻完成时。12.am改为was，依据从句中的一般过去时可知am应改为was。came改为comes，依据前面的两处一般此刻时可知。did改为do，依据前面的此刻完成时可知“你”此刻还在我们城市，故后边一句问的是“你”此刻对我们城市的看