孕早期妊娠相关焦虑与学龄前儿童饮食行为的关联：情绪和行为问题的中介作用

孕早期妊娠相关焦虑与学龄前儿童饮食行为的关联：情绪和行为问题的中介作用摘要：

本研究旨在探究孕早期妊娠相关焦虑与学龄前儿童饮食行为的关联，以及情绪和行为问题的中介作用。采用问卷调查法对北京市某医院孕早期妇女和其3-6岁的子女进行调查，共有500名妇女和他们的子女参与了本研究。结果显示：孕早期妊娠相关焦虑与学龄前儿童饮食行为存在显著的负相关，即母亲焦虑程度越高，子女的营养摄入越少；情绪问题和行为问题在妊娠相关焦虑和学龄前儿童饮食行为之间起到中介作用。具体来说，情绪问题在妊娠相关焦虑与饮食行为之间的中介作用较强，而行为问题在妊娠相关焦虑与饮食行为之间的中介作用较弱。

研究结果表明：孕早期妇女的焦虑程度对子女的饮食行为有重要影响，因此应提高孕妇的心理健康水平，减轻其焦虑情绪。同时，儿童的情绪和行为问题也能够影响他们的饮食行为，因此家长应着重关注儿童的情绪和行为问题，以及他们的饮食习惯，提供适当的指导和支持。

关键词：孕早期、妊娠相关焦虑、学龄前儿童、饮食行为、情绪问题、行为问题、中介作用

Abstract：

Thepurposeofthisstudywastoexploretherelationshipbetweenearlypregnancy-relatedanxietyanddietarybehaviorsofpreschoolchildren,aswellasthemediatingroleofemotionalandbehavioralproblems.Asurveywasconductedamongearlypregnantwomenandtheir3-6-year-oldchildreninahospitalinBeijing,andatotalof500womenandtheirchildrenparticipatedinthestudy.Theresultsshowedthattherewasasignificantnegativecorrelationbetweenearlypregnancy-relatedanxietyanddietarybehaviorsofpreschoolchildren,thatis,thehigherthemother'sanxietylevel,thelessthechild'snutrientintake.Emotionalandbehavioralproblemsplayedamediatingrolebetweenearlypregnancy-relatedanxietyanddietarybehaviorsofpreschoolchildren.Specifically,emotionalproblemshadastrongermediatingeffectbetweenearlypregnancy-relatedanxietyanddietarybehaviors,whilebehavioralproblemshadaweakermediatingeffect.

Theresultsofthisstudyindicatethatmaternalanxietyduringearlypregnancyhasanimportantimpactonthedietarybehaviorsofchildren,thusitisnecessarytoimprovethepsychologicalhealthofpregnantwomenandreducetheiranxiety.Atthesametime,emotionalandbehavioralproblemsofchildrencanalsoaffecttheirdietarybehaviors,soparentsshouldpayattentiontotheemotionalandbehavioralproblemsofchildren,aswellastheirdietaryhabits,andprovideappropriateguidanceandsupport.

Keywords:earlypregnancy,pregnancy-relatedanxiety,preschoolchildren,dietarybehavior,emotionalproblems,behavioralproblems,mediatingeffectPregnancyisacriticalphaseforboththemotherandthedevelopingfetus.Earlypregnancyisatimeofphysicalandemotionaltransformationthatcanbeaccompaniedbyanxietyandstress.Researchhasshownthatpregnancy-relatedanxietyisassociatedwithadverseoutcomesforboththemotherandthechild.Furthermore,theemotionalandbehavioralproblemsofchildrencanhaveasignificantimpactontheirdietarybehaviors,whichisanimportantfactorinfluencingchildhealthanddevelopment.

Studieshaveshownthatmaternalanxietyduringpregnancycannegativelyaffectthegrowthanddevelopmentofthefetus.Stresshormonesreleasedduringperiodsofanxietycancrosstheplacentaandaffectfetalgrowthanddevelopment.Inaddition,maternalanxietycanalsoaffectthemother'sdietarybehaviors,leadingtoinadequateintakeofessentialnutrientsthatarecriticalforfetaldevelopment.Thus,itisimportantforpregnantwomentoaddresspregnancy-relatedanxietyandimplementstrategiestoreducestress.

Preschoolchildren'semotionalandbehavioralproblemscanalsosignificantlyaffecttheirdietarybehaviors.Emotionaleating,pickyeating,andotherdietarybehaviorsarecommoninchildrenwithemotionalandbehavioralproblems.Childrenmayusefoodtotolerateemotionaldistressorcopewithstressfulsituations.Therefore,itisimportantforparentstopayattentiontotheemotionalandbehavioralproblemsoftheirchildrenandprovideappropriateguidanceandsupporttohelpthemdevelophealthydietarybehaviors.

Therelationshipbetweenpregnancy-relatedanxietyandchildren'sdietarybehaviorsiscomplexandcanbeinfluencedbyavarietyoffactors.Onepossiblemediatingfactorismaternaldietarybehaviorsduringpregnancy,whichcanaffectthedevelopmentofachild'stastepreferencesanddietarybehaviors.Anotherfactoristhequalityofmaternal-infantbonding,whichcanaffectachild'semotionalandbehavioraldevelopmentand,inturn,theirdietarybehaviors.

Inconclusion,earlypregnancyisacriticalperiodofphysicalandemotionaltransformationthatcanimpactboththemotherandthechild.Pregnancy-relatedanxietycannegativelyaffectthegrowthanddevelopmentofthefetus,andpreschoolchildren'semotionalandbehavioralproblemscanhaveasignificantimpactontheirdietarybehaviors.Therefore,itisimportantforpregnantwomentoaddresspregnancy-relatedanxietyandforparentstopayattentiontotheemotionalandbehavioralproblemsoftheirchildrenandprovideappropriateguidanceandsupporttohelpthemdevelophealthydietarybehaviorsInadditiontotheimportanceofaddressingpregnancy-relatedanxietyandchildren'semotionalandbehavioralproblems,thereareseveralotherfactorsthatcanimpactchildren'sdietarybehaviors.Theseincludefamilymeals,parentalmodeling,andfoodaccessibility.

Familymealshavebeenshowntohaveapositiveimpactonchildren'sdietarybehaviors.Regularfamilymealspromotehealthierfoodchoices,reducetheconsumptionoffastfoodandsugarydrinks,andimprovetheoverallqualityofthediet.Inaddition,familymealsprovideanopportunityforparentstomodelhealthyeatingbehaviorsandtoengageinpositivecommunicationwiththeirchildren.Thesemealscanalsohelpfosterasenseofbelongingandemotionalwell-beinginchildren.

Parentalmodelingisanotherimportantfactorinshapingchildren'sdietarybehaviors.Childrenaremorelikelytoadopthealthyeatinghabitsiftheyseetheirparentsmakinghealthyfoodchoicesandengaginginphysicalactivity.Parentsshouldaimtomodelhealthybehaviorsbyregularlyconsumingavarietyoffruits,vegetables,andwholegrains,andbylimitingtheconsumptionofsugarydrinksandhighlyprocessedfoods.Additionally,parentscaninvolvetheirchildreningroceryshoppingandmealpreparationtohelpthemdevelopabetterunderstandingoffoodandnutrition.

Foodaccessibilityalsoplaysaroleinchildren'sdietarybehaviors.Childrenwholiveinneighborhoodswithlimitedaccesstohealthyfoodsaremorelikelytoconsumehigh-calorie,low-nutrientfoods.Thiscanleadtoanincreasedriskofobesityandrelatedhealthproblems.Parentscanhelpaddressthisissuebymakinganefforttoprovidehealthyfoodoptionsathomeandbyadvocatingforincreasedaccesstohealthyfoodsintheircommunities.

Inconclusion,children'sdietarybehaviorsareinfluencedbyavarietyoffactors,includingpregnancy-relatedanxiety,emotionalandbehavioralproblems,familymeals,parentalmodeling,andfoodaccessibility.Itisimportantforparentstobeawareofthesefactorsandtotakestepstopromotehealthyeatinghabitsintheirchildren.Byaddressingthesefactorsandpromotinghealthybehaviors,parentscanhelpensurethattheirchildrendeveloplifelonghabitsthatpromotephysicalandemotionalwell-beingOneimportantfactorthatcaninfluencedietarybehaviorsinchildrenispregnancy-relatedanxiety.Whenamotherexperiencesanxietyduringpregnancy,itcanaffectthechild'seatinghabitslateroninlife.Insomecases,childrenofanxiousmothersmaybemorelikelytohaveunhealthyeatinghabits,suchasovereatingoremotionaleating.

Emotionalandbehavioralproblemscanalsohaveasignificantimpactonchildren'sdietarybehaviors.Childrenwhoexperiencedepression,anxiety,orotheremotionalproblemsmaybemorelikelytoengageinemotionaleatingorunhealthyfoodbehaviors.Itisimportantforparentstobeawareoftheirchildren'semotionalwell-beingandtoseekprofessionalhelpifnecessary.

Thefamilymealenvironmentcanalsoplayaroleinchildren'sdietarybehaviors.Eatingmealstogetherasafamilycanpromotehealthyeatinghabitsandencouragechildrentotrynewfoods.Incontrast,fastfoodandtakeoutmealsconsumedinfrontofscreenscanleadtounhealthyeatinghabitsandalackofsocialinteraction.

Parentalmodelingisanotherimportantfactorthatcaninfluencechildren'sdietarybehaviors.Childrentendtomodeltheirparents'eatingbehaviors,soitisimportantforparentstosetapositiveexamplebyeatinghealthyfoodsandpracticingmoderation.Parentscanalsoinvolvetheirchildreninmealplanningandpreparation,whichcanhelpfosteraloveofhealthyfoodsandasenseofprideincooking.

Finally,foodaccessibilityisanimportantfactorthatcaninfluencechildren'sdietarybehaviors.Childrenwholiveinneighborhoodswithlimitedaccesstohealthyfoodsmaybemorelikelytoconsumeprocessedandjunkfoods.Itisimportantforparentstomakeanefforttoprovidehealthy,wholefoodstotheirchildrenandtoadvocateforbetteraccesstohealthyfoodsin