纳斯卡线与文化

Nazcalinesandculture----纳斯卡线与文化资料来自网络致谢纳斯卡线条(NazcaLines)纳斯卡线条(NazcaLines)位于秘鲁南部的纳斯卡地区，是存在了2000年的谜局：一片绵延几公里的线条，构成各种生动的图案，镶刻在大地之上，至今仍无人能破解——究竟是谁创造了纳斯卡线条、它们又是怎样创造出来的、神秘线条背后意味着什么，因此纳斯卡线条被列入十大迷团。TheNazcaLines【’næzkə】areaseriesofancientgeoglyphslocatedintheNazcaDesertinsouthernPeru.TheyweredesignatedasaUNESCOWorldHeritageSitein1994.Thehigh,aridplateaustretchesmorethan80kilometres(50

mi)betweenthetownsofNazcaandPalpaonthePampasdeJumanaabout400

kmsouthofLima.AlthoughsomelocalgeoglyphsresembleParacasmotifs，scholarsbelievetheNazcaLineswerecreatedbytheNazcaculturebetween400and650AD.Thehundredsofindividualfiguresrangeincomplexityfromsimplelinestostylizedhummingbirds,spiders,monkeys,fish,sharks,orcas,llamas,andlizards."Thegeometriconescouldindicatetheflowofwaterorbeconnectedtoritualstosummonwater.Thespiders,birds,andplantscouldbefertilitysymbols.Otherpossibleexplanationsinclude:irrigationschemesorgiantastronomicalcalendars.“

TheHummingbird

TheCondor

TheHeron

The"Giant"

TheSpider

ThePelican

TheDog

TheHands

Duetothedry,windless,andstableclimateoftheplateauanditsisolation,forthemostpartthelineshavebeenpreserved.Extremelyrarechangesinweathermaytemporarilyalterthegeneraldesigns.DiscoveryandconstructionContrarytothepopularbeliefthatthelinesandfigurescanonlybeseenwiththeaidofflight,theyarevisiblefromatopthesurroundingfoothills.TheywerefirstdiscoveredbythePeruvianarchaeologistToribioMejiaXesspe,whospottedthemwhenhikingthroughthefoothillsin1927.HediscussedthemataconferenceinLimain1939.PaulKosok,ahistorianfromLongIslandUniversity,iscreditedasthefirstscholartoseriouslystudytheNazcaLines.Inthecountryin1940-41tostudyancientirrigationsystems,heflewoverthelinesandrealizedthatonewasintheshapeofabird.AnotherchancehelpedhimseehowlinesconvergedatthewintersolsticeintheSouthernHemisphere.Hebegantostudyhowthelinesmighthavebeencreated,aswellastotrytodeterminetheirpurpose.HewasjoinedbyMariaReiche,aGermanmathematicianandarchaeologisttohelpfigureoutthepurposeoftheNazcaLines.Theyproposedoneoftheearliestreasonsfortheexistenceofthefigures;tobemarkersonthehorizontoshowwherethesunandothercelestialbodiesrose.Archeologists,historiansandmathematicianshaveallstruggledwithdeterminingthepurposeofthelines.一架飞机从“蜘蛛”上飞过顺着这位考古学家阿尔贝托·厄尔巴诺手指的方向看过去，一条蜿蜒的小路标出一副神秘图形的轮廓，显然这就是神奇的纳斯卡线条。在远处，厄尔巴诺步测着巨大图形中不规则四边形的宽度，这个四边形切断了这些连续的涡流状线条。自十九世纪二十年代末，纳斯卡线条变得广为人知，一波又一波的科学家和业余爱好者强加给纳斯卡线条不同的阐释，仿佛它们是世界上最大的“罗下墨图”一般。AncientAstronaut

？？GridsandLeyLinesTrapezoidWing(AscensionofConsciousness)

HummingbirdorPhoenix(Creation)

CondorSpider

Flower自山坡上向外凝望，一个一百英尺（约30米）高、有猫头鹰眼的图形赫然在目，它可能是由纳斯科时期一直占据此地的古代帕拉斯卡人所制作的。之后，随着季风雨所形成的洪水冲刷掉了周围的地形和图形中的铁锈色的岩石，显露出下层的黄砂。据说这只金刚鹦鹉出土于卡瑞兹勒斯地区的纳斯卡墓地。由于这片地区气候又热又干燥的缘故，这只金刚鹦鹉被自然风干，从而很好的保护了它鲜艳的颜色。这种金刚鹦鹉来自于遥远的亚马逊雨林，它很可能是被作为宠物来豢养，最终与它的主人一同埋葬。这条出自卡华奇在庆典仪式上使用的镶边围巾，其上好似好似长发头颅的编织物在与真实生活中献祭的头颅十分相似。这种神圣的纳斯卡符号反衬出他们当时的物质文化。这是一只陶土做的猴子，手里似乎抓着一碗花生，这只陶猴发现在卡华奇庆典仪式现场，它也许代表了一种由纳斯卡上流人士所养的宠物。沿着南美洲大西洋沿岸的贸易，可能会将现在属于厄尔瓜多赤道森林中的白额卷尾猴、蜘蛛猴和棕色绒毛猴带入纳斯卡区域。还有一只灵长类动物呈现了神话般的尺寸，身长三百多英尺（约90多米），在沙漠地表栩栩如生。塞罗布兰科是世界上最高的沙丘之一，它矗立在沙漠中央，海拔约6800英尺（约2040米）。纳斯卡当地人说，在沙丘中央有个湖泊，并认为它是水的源头。时至今日，此种观念仍在当地人中间延续。而且，常有一些人携带着献祭用的陶土器皿行至沙丘顶部朝圣，正如一千三百多年前的古代纳斯卡人那么做的一样。自从这一宗教中心衰落之后（专家们仍旧对它衰落的真正原因争论不休），纳斯卡开始建造深井蓄水池来承接山间的雨水。

一位工作者正在道路上洒水以解决cantayoc沟渠的浮尘。这是观光者最喜欢探索的通往普基奥的古代通道之一。一座由井构成的网络，石头铸成的通道将其连接起来。纳斯卡建造开发的蓄水池现在仍能为当地的社区提供水源。靠近塞罗布兰科的地方，一棵枯死的“huarango”树仍矗立着，昭示着这里曾经是一片提供阴凉的葱郁树林。一些科学家认为，由于清理地面搞农业耕作，纳斯卡现在已变得比以前更加干燥了。Determininghowtheyweremadehasbeeneasierthanfiguringwhytheyweremade.ScholarshavetheorizedtheNazcapeoplecouldhaveusedsimpletoolsandsurveyingequipmenttoconstructthelines.Archaeologicalsurveyshavefoundwoodenstakesinthegroundattheendofsomelines,whichsupportthistheory.Onesuchstakewascarbon-datedandwasthebasisforestablishingtheageofthedesigncomplex.ThescholarJoeNickelloftheUniversityofKentuckyhasreproducedthefiguresbyusingtoolsandtechnologyavailabletotheNazcapeople.TheNationalGeographiccalledhiswork"remarkableinitsexactness"whencomparedtotheactuallines.Withcarefulplanningandsimpletechnologies,asmallteamofpeoplecouldrecreateeventhelargestfigureswithindays,withoutanyaerialassistance.Ontheground,mostofthelinesareformedbyashallowtrenchwithadepthofbetween10

cm(3.9

in)and15

cm(5.9

in).Suchtrenchesweremadebyremovingthereddish-brownironoxide-coatedpebblesthatcoverthesurfaceoftheNazcadesert.Whenthisgravelisremovedthelight-coloredearthwhichisexposedinthebottomofthetrenchproduceslineswhichcontrastsharplyincolorandtonewiththesurroundinglandsurface.Thissublayercontainshighamountsoflimewhich,withthemorningmist,hardenstoformaprotectivelayerthatshieldsthelinesfromwinds,therebypreventingerosion.TheNazca"drew"severalhundredsimplebuthugecurvilinearanimalandhumanfiguresbythistechnique.Intotal,theearthworkprojectishugeandcomplex:theareaencompassingthelinesisnearly500squarekilometres(190

sq

mi),andthelargestfigurescanspannearly270metres(890

ft).SomeofthemeasurementsforthefiguresincludethattheHummingbirdis93meters(310

ft)long,theCondoris134meters(440

ft),theMonkeyis93meters(310

ft)by58meters(190

ft),andtheSpideris47meters(150

ft).Theextremelydry,windless,andconstantclimateoftheNazcaregionhaspreservedthelineswell.TheNazcadesertisoneofthedriestonEarthandmaintainsatemperaturearound25°C(77

°F)allyearround.Thelackofwindhashelpedkeepthelinesuncoveredandvisibletothepresentday.Thediscoveryoftwonewsmallfigureswasannouncedinearly2011byaJapaneseteamfromYamagataUniversity.OneoftheseresemblesahumanheadandisdatedtotheearlyperiodofNazcacultureorearlierandtheother,undated,ananimal.InMarch2012theuniversityannouncedthatanewresearchcenterwouldbeopenedatthesiteinSeptember2012tostudytheareaforthenext15years.Theteamhasbeendoingfieldworktheresince2006whenitfoundabout100newgeoglyphs.PurposeArcheologists,ethnologists,andanthropologistshavestudiedtheancientNazcacultureandthecomplextotrytodeterminethepurposeofthelinesandfigures.OnehypothesisisthattheNazcapeoplecreatedthemtobeseenbytheirgodsinthesky.KosokandReicheadvancedapurposerelatedtoastronomyandcosmology:thelineswereintendedtoactasakindofobservatory,topointtotheplacesonthedistanthorizonwherethesunandothercelestialbodiesroseorsetinthesolstices.ManyprehistoricindigenousculturesintheAmericasandelsewhereconstructedearthworksthatcombinedsuchastronomicalsightingwiththeirreligiouscosmology,asdidthelaterMississippiancultureatCahokiainpresent-dayUnitedStates.AnotherexampleisStonehengeinEngland.But,GeraldHawkinsandAnthonyAveni,expertsinarchaeoastronomy,concludedin1990thattherewasinsufficientevidencetosupportsuchanastronomicalexplanation.Reicheassertedthatsomeorallofthefiguresrepresentedconstellations.By1998,PhyllisB.Pitluga,aprotégéofReicheandseniorastronomerattheAdlerPlanetariuminChicago,hadconcludedthattheanimalfigureswere"representationsofheavenlyshapes.Butshecontendsthattheyarenotshapesofconstellationsbutofwhatmightbecalledcounterconstellations,theirregular-shapeddarkpatcheswithinthetwinklingexpanseoftheMilkyWay."Avenicriticizedherworkforfailingtoaccountforallthedetails.In1985,thearchaeologistJohanReinhardpublishedarchaeological,ethnographic,andhistoricaldatademonstratingthatworshipofmountainsandotherwatersourcespredominatedinNazcareligionandeconomyfromancienttorecenttimes.Hetheorizedthatthelinesandfigureswerepartofreligiouspracticesinvolvingtheworshipofdeitiesassociatedwiththeavailabilityofwater,whichdirectlyrelatedtothesuccessandproductivityofcrops.Heinterpretedthelinesassacredpathsleadingtoplaceswherethesedeitiescouldbeworshiped.Thefiguresweresymbolsrepresentinganimalsandobjectsmeanttoinvokethegods'aidinsupplyingwater.But,theprecisemeaningsofmanyoftheindividualgeoglyphsremainunsolvedasof2012.HenriStierlin,aSwissarthistorianspecializinginEgyptandtheMiddleEast,publishedabookin1983linkingtheNazcaLinestotheproductionofancienttextilesthatarcheologistshavefoundwrappingmummiesoftheParacasculture.Hecontendedthatthepeoplemayhaveusedthelinesandtrapezesasgiant,primitiveloomstofabricatetheextremelylongstringsandwidepiecesoftextilethataretypicalofthearea.Byhistheory,thefigurativepatterns(smallerandlesscommon)weremeantonlyforritualisticpurposes.Thistheoryisnotwidelyaccepted,althoughscholarshavenotedsimilaritiesinpatternsbetweenthetextilesandtheNazcaLines,whichtheytakeassharinginacommonculture.Alternativeexplanations

Satellitepictureofanareacontaininglines.Northistotheright.(Coordinates:14°43′S75°08′W14.717°S75.133°W)PhillisPitluga,seniorastronomerattheAdlerPlanetarium&AstronomyMuseumandaprotégéofReiche,didcomputer-aidedstudiesofstaralignments.SheassertedthatthegiantspiderfigureisananamorphicdiagramoftheconstellationOrion.ShefurthersuggestedthatthreeofthestraightlinesleadingtothefigurewereusedtotrackthechangingdeclinationsofthethreestarsofOrion'sBelt.Inacritiqueofheranalysis,Dr.AnthonyF.Aveninotedthatshedidnotaccountfortheothertwelvelinesofthefigure;hecommentedgenerallyonherconclusions,saying:Ireallyhadtroublefindinggoodevidencetobackupwhatshecontended.Pitluganeverlaidoutthecriteriaforselectingthelinesshechosetomeasure,nordidshepaymuchattentiontothearchaeologicaldataClarksonandSilvermanhadunearthed.Hercasedidlittlejusticetootherinformationaboutthecoastalcultures,saveapplying,withsubtlecontortions,Urton'srepresentationsofconstellationsfromthehighlands.AshistorianJacquettaHawkesmightask:wasshegettingthepampashedesired?Someindividualsproposealternativehypotheses.TheSwissauthorErichvonDänikensuggeststheNazcalinesandothercomplexconstructionsrepresenthighertechnologicalknowledgethancommonlybelievedtobeexistingwhentheglyphswerecreated.VonDänikenmaintainsthattheNazcalinesinPeruarerunwaysofanancientairfieldthatwasusedbyextraterrestrialsmistakenbythenativestobetheirgods.Histheoryhasnotbeenacceptedbyscholars.JimWoodmannbelievesthattheNazcaLinescouldnothavebeenmadewithoutsomeformofmannedflighttoseethefiguresproperly.Basedonhisstudyofavailabletechnology,hesuggeststhatahotairballoonwastheonlypossiblemeansofflight.Totestthishypothesis,Woodmannmadeahot-airballoonusingmaterialsandtechniquesthatheunderstoodtobeavailabletotheNazcapeople.Theballoonflew,afterafashion.MostscholarshaverejectedWoodmann‘sthesisasadhoc，becauseofthelackofanyevidenceofsuchballoons.NazcaPlainTheNazcaplainisvirtuallyuniqueforitsabilitytopreservethemarkingsuponit,duetothecombinationoftheclimate(oneofthedriestonEarth,withonlytwentyminutesofrainfallperyear)andtheflat,stonygroundwhichminimisestheeffectofthewindatgroundlevel.Withnodustorsandtocovertheplain,andlittlerainorwindtoerodeit,linesdrawnheretendtostaydrawn.Thesefactors,combinedwiththeexistenceofalighter-coloredsubsoilbeneaththedesertcrust,provideavastwritingpadthatisideallysuitedtotheartistwhowantstoleavehismarkforeternity.Thepebbleswhichcoverthesurfaceofthedesertcontainferrousoxide.Theexposureofcenturieshasgiventhemadarkpatina.Whenthegravelisremoved,theycontrastwiththecol