ccie理论鸿鹄rampamps逐个击破

/ IProute0.0.0.0 概 RIPver1路由更 RIPver1主机路 RIP路由更新 RIP触发更 RIP单播更 RIP手工汇 RIPver2认 概 EIGRP EIGRPStuckInActive 概 ICMP重定向（ICMPRedirect）来告诉对方，让对方不要再将数据包发向自己，而应该发到其它★1．当路由器从某个接口收到数据包后，还要将数据包从同一个接口发往目交给R1。r1(config-if)#noshr2(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.2255.255.255.0r2(config-if)#noshr2(config-if)#ipadd20.1.1.2255.255.255.0r2(config-if)#noshr3(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.3255.255.255.0r3(config-if)#noshr4(config-if)#ipadd20.1.1.4255.255.255.0r4(config-if)#noshR320.1.1.0ICMPr3#debugipICMPpacketdebuggingisonSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto20.1.1.4,timeoutis2*Mar100:15:39.075:ICMP:redirectrcvdfrom10.1.1.1-for20.1.1.4use*Mar100:15:39.175:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst*Mar100:15:39.291:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst*Mar100:15:39.323:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst*Mar100:15:39.383:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst*Mar100:15:39.403:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst10.1.1.3的数据包发给网关R1R1F0/0收到数据包后，检查路由表得知需要再接口进出，也满足第二条源和下一跳同网段，所以R1ICMP重定向，数可以看出，让R1来转发数据包确实是无谓举动。r3#debugipICMPpacketdebuggingisonSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto20.1.1.4,timeoutis2*Mar100:33:41.511:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst*Mar100:33:41.607:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst*Mar100:33:41.663:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst*Mar100:33:41.719:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst*Mar100:33:41.779:ICMP:echoreplyrcvd,src20.1.1.4,dst10.1.1.3r1(config)#intf0/0r1(config-if)#noipredirects以后的版本可以手工开启ICMP重定向功能。OSI七层模型中的第二层数据链路层地址和第IP地址，主机之间要通信，必须封装效。在这里需要讨论的是代理ARP，故介质默认为以太网。（以MCMC自己的二层链路地址就是目标的二层链路地址，这就是路由器的代理ARP功能。主ARP的路由16R110.1.0.0/16F0/0的直连网段，其中包含r1(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.1255.255.0.0r1(config-if)#noshr2(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.2255.255.255.0r2(config-if)#noshR2直连网段10.1.1.0/24，并且通过配置静态路由将去往远程网段r3(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.3255.255.255.0r3(config-if)#noshr3(config-if)#ipadd10.1.2.3255.255.255.0r3(config-if)#noshr4(config-if)#ipadd10.1.2.4255.255.255.0r4(config-if)#noshr1#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-userstaticrouteo-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticrouteGatewayoflastresortisnot 网段，所以我们不用写到10.1.2.0/24的静态路由。Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.2.4,timeoutis2时，直接在本网段广播请求目标二层链路地址，这个广播被R3R3能10.1.2.0/24ARPR3将自己接口的二层链路地址数据包交给R3处理，最后网络通信成功。HardwareisGt96kFE,addressisc000.1370.0001(biac000.1370.0001)Internetaddressis10.1.2.4/24r3#shintHardwareisGt96kFE,addressisc000.1124.0000(biac000.1124.0000)Internetaddressis10.1.1.3/24r1#shProtocolAddress Age(min)HardwareAddrType Internet10.1.1.3 c000.1124.0000ARPAFastEthernet0/0Internet10.1.1.1 -c000.141c.0000ARPAFastEthernet0/0Internet10.1.2.4 c000.1124.0000ARPAFastEthernet0/0会代替目标R4回复源主机的二层链路地址请求。r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-userstaticrouteo-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticrouteGatewayoflastresortisnot 10.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/0r2#r2#ping10.1.2.4Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.2.4,timeoutis2说明：因为R210.1.2.0/24为直连网段，所以同上原因，因为R3ARP的功能，最后与10.1.2.0/24的网络通信正常。Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.2.4,timeoutis2Successrateis0percent(0/5)r1#shProtocolAddress Age(min)HardwareAddrType Internet10.1.1.3 c000.1124.0000ARPAFastEthernet0/0Internet10.1.1.1 -c000.141c.0000ARPAFastEthernet0/0Internet10.1.2.4 说明：R3ARP功能后，R110.1.2.0/24通信，R1认为目标与自己直连，所以会在直连网段直接请求目标的二层链路地址，录为plete，最终与10.1.2.0/24的通信以失败告结。Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.2.4,timeoutis2Successrateis0percent(0/5)r2#shProtocolAddress Age(min)HardwareAddrType Internet10.1.1.2 -c000.13e8.0000ARPAFastEthernet0/0Internet10.1.1.3 c000.1124.0000ARPAFastEthernet0/0Internet10.1.2.4 说明：虽然R210.1.2.0/24的静态路由，但因为静态路由指定去往目标为R2与R1一样，不能与10.1.2.0/24通信。r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-userstaticrouteo-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticrouteGatewayoflastresortisnot10.0.0.0/24issubnetted,2subnets 10.1.2.0[1/0]via10.1.1.3 10.1.1.3（R3R210.1.2.0/2410.1.2.0/24通信Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.2.4,timeoutis2说明：更改静态路由到达目标网络为下一跳地址后，R210.1.2.4的二层链路地址，而是改为请求下一跳地址的二层链路地址，因为请求的地址10.1.1.3，所以R3作出了回应，最后R2与目标通信成功。则可能因为下一跳路由器关闭了代理ARP而造成通信失败，但静态路由指定为下一IProute0.0.0.0IProute0.0.0.0IPDefault-Network器也需要像PC一样配置网关，将所有未知目标地址的数据包全部交给网关。routing说明：必须先关闭路由功能（命令noip10.1.1.1（R1R3上查看默认网关r3#ship LastUse TotalUsesInterfaceICMPredirectcacheisempty测试网络连通性r3#pingSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto172.16.1.1,timeoutis2r3#pingSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto192.168.1.1,timeoutis2IProute0.0.0.0为路由器配置默认网关时，IPDefault-Gateway只能在关闭路由功能后起作用，在路由功能开启的情况下，通过命令IProute0.0.0.00.0.0.0同样可以为路由器配置两者的区别在于，IPDefault-Gateway只能在路由功能关闭时工作，并且一台路IProute0.0.0.00.0.0.0可以在路由功能开启时工作，一条路由器可以配置多条IProute0.0.0.00.0.0.0。r3(config)#iproute0.0.0.00.0.0.010.1.1.1（R1r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/110.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets S*0.0.0.0/0[1/0]via测试网络连通性r3#pingSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto192.168.1.1,timeoutis2r3#pingSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto172.16.1.1,timeoutis2r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-userstaticrouteo-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticroute 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/110.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets S*0.0.0.0/0[1/0]via[1/0]via网络将成为路由器的默认网关，所有未知目标的数据包全部发往该网络，IP和IS-IS不会传递。指出IOS版本号。r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/110.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets r3#pingSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto192.168.1.1,timeoutis2r3#pingSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto172.16.1.1,timeoutis2Successrateis0percent(0/5)因为路由表中只有去往192.168.1.0/24的静态路由，所以R3r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/110.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets S*192.168.1.0/24[1/0]via10.1.1.1r3#pingSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto192.168.1.1,timeoutis2r3#pingSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto172.16.1.1,timeoutis2172.16.1.0/24通信。r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/1172.16.0.0/16isvariablysubnetted,2subnets,2masks 172.16.1.0/24[1/0]via10.1.1.1 S*192.168.1.0/24[1/0]via10.1.1.1从结果中看出，172.16.1.0/24并没有成为默认网关，原因是，ip修改172.16.0.0/16为默认网关：r3(config)#noipdefault-network172.16.1.0说明：增加静态路由172.16.0.0/16，并指定为默认网关，需要说明的是，ipdefault-network所指定的网段必须在路由表中真实存在，所以当前必须手工指定到172.16.0.0/16的静态路由。r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic *172.16.0.0/16isvariablysubnetted,2subnets,2 S*192.168.1.0/24[1/0]via10.1.1.1ipdefault-networkAD值的被使用，但也就是使用命令showiproute时，所显示在最上面的条目被优先使用，正因为172.16.0.0/16在192.168.1.0/24上面，所以被优先使用。r3#shiprouteCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot *10.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1 r4#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic R*0.0.0.0/0[120/1]via20.1.1.3,00:00:14,r3(config-router)#noauto-summaryr4(config-router)#noauto-summaryr3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/110.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets S*192.168.1.0/24[1/0]via10.1.1.1r4#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/1通过命令network，但network的网段必须为直连。r4#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic r3(config)#routereigrp1说明：R1通过RIP向R3通告192.168.1.0/24，R2通过EIGRP向R3r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/110.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets R*192.168.1.0/24[120/1]via10.1.1.1,00:00:14, r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/110.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets R*192.168.1.0/24[120/1]via10.1.1.1,00:00:23,D*192.168.2.0/24[90/156160]via10.1.1.2,00:01:17,r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic S*0.0.0.0/0[1/0]via20.1.1.4r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/1 172.16.0.0/16[1/0]via10.1.1.1 S*0.0.0.0/0[1/0]via20.1.1.4说明：ipdefault-network172.16.0.0是通过静态路由指定的，有当ipdefault-network后面的网段是通过静态路由指定时，才优先于iproute0.0.0.0R3ipdefault-networkRIPr3(config)#ipdefault-network192.168.1.0Codes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 20.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/1 172.16.0.0/16[1/0]via10.1.1.1 R*192.168.1.0/24[120/1]via10.1.1.1,00:00:13, S*0.0.0.0/0[1/0]via说明：ipdefault-network后面的网段是通过静态路由指定时，才优时iproute0.0.0.00.0.0.0优先。IP网段划分成多个子网，子网的掩码可以是任意A8位才是主类网络，B16位才是主类网络，C类地址掩码必须为24位才是主类网络。ClasslessClassless可以与子网很好的协作，如果RIPEIGRP，并且这些功能ClasslessClassfulIOSClassless还是10.1.2.0/24Classless时，对于已经知道的子网，路由器会将数据包精确地发送到相应出口，而对于并不知道的子网和其它所有未知目标网络，如10.1.3.0/2430.1.1.0/24，如果存在默认路由的话，路由器便将他们全部发送到默认路由所指示的出口；但是当路由器工作在Classful时，路由器知道了子网的数据包会被发送到默认路由指示的出口，而去往10.0.0.0/8中的未知子网10.1.3.0/24的数据包则被全部丢弃而不走默认路由。ipclasslessnoipclassless开启或关闭。r1(config-if)#ipadd12.1.1.1255.255.255.0r1(config-if)#noshr1(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.1255.255.255.0r2(config-if)#ipadd12.1.1.2255.255.255.0r2(config-if)#noshr2(config-if)#noshr3(config-if)#noshr1(config-router)#network12.0.0.0r2(config-router)#network12.0.0.0r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.1.1,timeoutis2Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.3.1,timeoutis2Successrateis0percentSending5,100-byteICMPEchosto30.1.1.1,timeoutis2Successrateis0percent(0/5)Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.3.1,timeoutis2Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto30.1.1.1,timeoutis2所以通信成功。因为IOS默认工作在Classless。r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstatic 23.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/110.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets S*0.0.0.0/0[1/0]via23.1.1.3Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.3.1,timeoutis2Successrateis0percent(0/5)Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto30.1.1.1,timeoutis2通信失败，而到30.1.1.0/24通信正常。Sending5,100-byteICMPEchosto10.1.3.1,timeoutis2R210.1.3.0/24通信成功。★ipdefault-networkiproute0.0.0.00.0.0.0配置了多条默认网iproute0.0.0.00.0.0.0被优先选用。AS内传递路由信息。RP表，以供数据转发。正因为如此，对于路由是否正确，对于目标是否可达，P全不可达，由此可见，RIP并不适合大型网络。1使用广播地址255.255.255.255ver2使用组播地址224.0.0.9发出。ver1ver230秒定期向网络中发送，RIP没有邻RIPmetric1后发出去，虽然RIP采用定期更新，但是当路由发生变化时，也会立即发送更新，如果检测到某路RIPver1ver2，如果在配置RIPver1ver2的更新，但默认只发送ver1，可以通过手工配置接口接收或发送更新版本的能力。ver2才可以启用认证，而ver1是不可以的，认证同时支持明文和RIPver1会将收到的路由自动汇总为主类网络，并且无法关闭该功能，为什么RIPver1RIPver1更新中，路由条目只ver1有一套奇怪的规则，在后面的实验中，将会详细解释。RIPver2RIPver1的某些缺点，就是在发送路由更新时，将路由的掩码一起发送，于是成就了RIPver2ClasslessInterdomainRouting(CIDR)和Variable-LengthSubnetMasksVLSMs)RIPver2默认也会自动汇总，只不过该功能可以手工关闭，同时，RIP还支持手工汇总路由信息，但手工汇总也是有RIPver1RIPver2，都可以在接口上关闭发送路由的功能，该功能接口收到路由更新，不会再从这个接口将收到的路由发回去。默认情况下，Frame-FelayFrame-Felay点到点子接口还是多点子接口HDLC封装的串口，以太网接口也都是默认开启RIPver1RIPver1255.255.255.255发送路由更新，所以同网段任何节点都RIPver1会将收到的路由自动汇总为主类网络，并且无法关闭该功能，结果为RIPver18位，16位，24位其中的RIPver1IPIP地址相同的掩码长度，比如248位掩码。由此可以看出，RIP给路由的址的掩码长度赋予接收路由，例如收到的路由为10.1.2.0，而接口主IP地址为位，所以RIP采用SecondaryIP的掩码长度优先。RIPIP地址和自己是同子网的，认为双方RIP路由器自己认为而已，它并没有办法知道对方是否真的与自己在同一子网。有时，RIP希望避免造成不必要的错误，比如自己有条10.1.3.0/25，当要将该路由从某个接口发出去之前，都会做一次检测，10.1.1.0/24的IP地址，如果对方收到10.1.3.0，必定会将掩码定义为24位（10.1.3.024测试RIPver1r1(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.1255.255.255.0r1(config-if)#noshr2(config-if)#noshr3(config-if)#noshRIPver1r1#debugipRIPprotocoldebuggingison*Mar100:14:12.939:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255*Mar100:14:12.939:RIP:buildupdate*Mar1 *Mar100:14:14.959:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255*Mar100:14:14.959:RIP:buildupdate*Mar1 *Mar100:14:16.287:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255*Mar100:14:16.287:RIP:buildupdateentries-suppressingnullupdate说明：RIP255.255.255.255ve1是不会加metric的，收到时是多少，放进路由表还是多少。还可以看出RIPve1的r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 10.1.2.0的掩码长度也是24主类，但是路由的掩码长度与接口掩码长度不同，所以R1就已经放弃了发送r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 很显然，这是错误的，所以可以看出，当RIPIP地址在同一主类，但掩r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 10.1.0.0/23isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/0r3#r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 10.1.1.0/24isdirectlyconnected,FastEthernet0/0r2#说明：R2给接口配置Secondary地址为10.1.1.22/25后，由于优先采用了Secondary地址的掩码长度赋予接收到的路由，所以原本的10.1.2.0/24变成了r1#debugipRIPprotocoldebuggingisonr1#conftEnterconfigurationcommands,oneperline.EndwithCNTL/Z.r1(config)#intloopback10*Mar100:24:41.895:RIP:sendingv1flashupdateto255.255.255.255*Mar100:24:41.895:RIP:buildflashupdate*Mar1 *Mar100:24:41.899:RIP:sendingv1flashupdateto255.255.255.255*Mar100:24:41.899:RIP:buildflashupdateentries-suppressing*Mar100:24:42.887:%LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN:Lineprotocolon*Mar100:24:44.079:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom10.1.1.3*Mar1 10.1.2.0in16hops*Mar100:24:44.087:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom10.1.1.2*Mar100:24:44.087: 10.1.2.0in16hops(inaccessible)说明：RIP1516RIP认为目标不可达，RIPmetric值设R110.1.2.0shutdown后，R110.1.2.0metric16后发出RIPver1000000010000000032位的掩码存放在路由表中。测试RIPver1说明：RIPver1主机路由，网络基础配置同r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 说明：R32310.1.17.0与2310.1.17.0是否属于0001000 00000009100000000010.1.17.0R3认32位长度的掩码放在路由表中，由此可见，RIP路由器双方r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot R10.1.31.0/32[120/1]via10.1.1.1,00:00:16,FastEthernet0/0R10.1.17.0/32[120/1]via10.1.1.1,00:00:17,FastEthernet0/0R10.1.41.0/32[120/1]via10.1.1.1,00:00:11,FastEthernet0/00，所以被当作主机路由，要产生主机路由，可以手工配置对于接收者来说主机位并不是全为0的网段即要。r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltypeE1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltypei-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot RIPRIPIP地址或子网掩码长度不匹配时，都会造成路由不精确或者路由表错误，因此，RIP收到的路由更新源地址必须和接收接口处于相同子网，即使是源地址和接收接口的Secondary地址处于相同子网也可以，否则忽略收到的路由更新，该功能称为RIP的更新源有效性，可以手动去时，会同时使用主IP地址与Secondary地址分别发送一次。段不会被RIP更新出去。测试RIPr1(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.1255.255.255.0r1(config-if)#noshr2(config-if)#ipadd10.1.1.2255.255.255.0r2(config-if)#noshr3(config-if)#ipadd30.1.1.3255.255.255.0r3(config-if)#noshr2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 以下是R3上的debug信息：r3#debugipRIPprotocoldebuggingison*Mar100:08:32.219:RIP:sendingv1updateto255.255.255.255*Mar100:08:32.219:RIP:buildupdateentries-suppressingnull*Mar100:08:35.003:RIP:ignoredv1updatefrombadsource10.1.1.1r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot Secondary地址处于相同子网，最后将接收到的路由更新放r3(config)#routerrip说明：R3Secondary地址，再次查看路由r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot r3#debugipRIPprotocoldebuggingis*Mar100:17:20.971:RIP:ignoredv1updatefrombadsource10.1.1.1on*Mar100:17:20.971:RIP:receivedv1updatefrom30.1.1.1*Mar1 11.0.0.0in1r3#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot R2接收所有路由r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-2ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-usero-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticGatewayoflastresortisnot 11.0.0.0/8[120/1]via30.1.1.1,00:00:06RIPRIPver1ver230秒定期向网络中发送，用和节省广域网上的带宽，RIP可以调整为在广域网链路上抑制路由更新的发送，而只仅仅在路由有变化时，将有变化的路由发出去，这就是RIPRIP是网络早期开发的，在早期时候，广域网都是串行链路，或者说是点RIPFrame-Relay点到点子接口被RIP认为是点到点链路，可以开启触发更新。RIP路由器开启触发更新后，在路由没有变动的情况下，便不再RIP触发的更新机制需要在两端路由器都开启，否则不生效。在双方都开启后，注：RIPver1ver2测试RIP说明：以上图为例，测试测试RIPr1(config-if)#encapsulationframe-relayr1(config-if)#noframe-relayinverse-arpr1(config-if)#noarpframe-relayr1(config-if)#noipaddress接，而Frame-Felay只有点到点子接口才被认为是点到点链路。r2(config)#intserial1/0r2(config-if)#noframe-relayinverse-arpr2(config-if)#noarpframe-relayr2(config-if)#noipaddressr1#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexternal,O-OSPF,IA-OSPFinterN1-OSPFNSSAexternaltype1,N2-OSPFNSSAexternaltype2E1-OSPFexternaltype1,E2-OSPFexternaltype2i-IS-IS,su-IS-ISsummary,L1-IS-ISlevel-1,L2-IS-ISlevel-ia-IS-ISinterarea,*-candidatedefault,U-per-userstaticrouteo-ODR,P-periodicdownloadedstaticrouteGatewayoflastresortisnot 10.1.1.0isdirectlyconnected,Loopback1012.0.0.0/24issubnetted,1subnets r2#shipCodes:C-connected,S-static,R-RIP,M-mobile,B-D-EIGRP,EX-EIGRPexter