对称固体氧化物燃料电池电极材料结构及性能研究

对称固体氧化物燃料电池电极材料结构及性能研究对称固体氧化物燃料电池电极材料结构及性能研究

摘要：固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFCs）已被广泛研究，其中电极材料具有关键性能。本文综述了近年来对称结构的氧化物电极材料的研究进展，包括LaAlO3-SrTiO3、La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2、La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2和La0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2等复合材料。同时，本文还对氧化物燃料电池的性能进行了分析，包括电化学性能、导电性能和稳定性。结果表明，对称结构的复合材料具有良好的传输性能、化学稳定性和力学性能。此外，本文还探讨了堆叠序列的优化，以进一步提高电池的性能。本文的研究成果将有助于未来固体氧化物燃料电池的设计与开发，为实现清洁能源的可持续发展做出贡献。

关键词：固体氧化物燃料电池；对称固体；氧化物电极材料；性能；堆叠序列

Abstract:Solidoxidefuelcells(SOFCs)havebeenwidelystudied,amongwhichelectrodematerialshavecriticalproperties.Inthispaper,wereviewtheresearchprogressofsymmetricaloxideelectrodematerialsinrecentyears,includingLaAlO3-SrTiO3,La0.8Sr0.2MnO3-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2,La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2andLa0.6Sr0.4Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ-Ce0.9Gd0.1O2compositematerials.Meanwhile,wealsoanalyzetheperformanceofoxidefuelcells,includingelectrochemicalproperties,conductivity,andstability.Theresultsshowthatsymmetricalcompositematerialshavegoodtransportproperties,chemicalstability,andmechanicalperformance.Inaddition,thispaperalsodiscussestheoptimizationofstacksequencestofurtherimprovetheperformanceofthecell.Theresearchresultsofthispaperwillcontributetothedesignanddevelopmentoffuturesolidoxidefuelcellsandmakeacontributiontothesustainabledevelopmentofcleanenergy.

Keywords:Solidoxidefuelcell;Symmetricalsolid;Oxideelectrodematerials;Performance;StacksequenceIntroduction

Solidoxidefuelcells(SOFCs)areapromisingcleanenergytechnologythathasattractedincreasingattentioninrecentyearsduetotheirhighenergyconversionefficiency,lowenvironmentalimpact,anddiverserangeofpotentialapplications.SOFCsconsistofasolidelectrolyte,aporouscathode,andaporousanodethatallowoxygenandfuelmoleculestoreactinacatalyticmanner,producingelectricity,heat,andwater.Oneofthekeychallengesindevelopinghigh-performanceSOFCsistheselectionandoptimizationofelectrodematerialsandstacksequences.

Symmetricalsolidoxidecellscomposedofoxideelectrodematerialshavereceivedsignificantattentionduetotheirexcellentelectrochemicalandmechanicalproperties.Inaddition,symmetricalSOFCsareidealforevaluatingelectrodematerialsandtestingcellperformance,astheyenableadirectcomparisonoftheelectrochemicalresponseofdifferentelectrodematerialsunderidenticalexperimentalconditions.Despitetheiradvantages,thereremainopportunitiesforimprovingtheperformanceofsymmetricalsolidoxidecellsthroughfurtheroptimization.

Thispaperpresentsareviewoftherecentadvancementsinthedevelopmentandoptimizationofsymmetricalsolidoxidecellscomposedofoxideelectrodematerials.Thepaperbeginswithanexaminationofthepropertiesofoxideelectrodematerials,highlightingtheirelectricalconductivity,stability,andmechanicalperformance.Thepaperthendiscussestheinfluenceofvariousfactors,includingstacksequenceandoperatingconditions,ontheperformanceofsymmetricalsolidoxidecells.Thepaperconcludeswithadiscussionofthepotentialforfutureresearchtofurtherenhancetheperformanceofthesecells.

Propertiesofoxideelectrodematerials

Theperformanceofsymmetricalsolidoxidecellsishighlydependentonthepropertiesoftheoxideelectrodematerialsused.Themostcommonlyusedoxideelectrodematerialsincludelanthanumstrontiummanganite(LSM),lanthanumstrontiumcobaltferrite(LSCF),andsamariumdopedceria(SDC).

LSMisawidelyusedcathodematerialduetoitshighelectricalconductivity,goodchemicalstability,andexcellentcatalyticproperties.LSMshowsimprovedcatalyticactivityforoxygenreductionreactionsduetotheformationofsurfaceoxygenvacancies.However,LSMhasarelativelyhighthermalexpansioncoefficient,whichcanleadtomechanicalstressandcrackingofthecell.

LSCFisanothercommonlyusedcathodematerialwithhighelectricalconductivityandgoodcatalyticproperties.LSCFexhibitsamorestablethermalexpansioncoefficientthanLSM,makingithighlydesirableforhigh-temperatureapplications.However,LSCFismoresusceptibletophaseseparationandreductionathightemperatures,whichcancompromiseitsstabilityandperformance.

SDCisapopularelectrolyteandanodematerialduetoitshighoxideionconductivityandgoodchemicalstability.SDCshowsexcellentchemicalcompatibilitywithvariouselectrodematerialsandishighlyresistanttocarbonbuild-up,makingitidealforuseasananodematerial.However,SDChaspoorelectronicconductivityandrelativelylowmechanicalstrength,whichcanlimititsperformanceinsomeapplications.

Influenceofstacksequenceandoperatingconditions

Theperformanceofsymmetricalsolidoxidecellsisalsoinfluencedbyarangeofotherfactors,includingstacksequenceandoperatingconditions.Oneapproachtooptimizingcellperformanceistovarytheorderofthelayersinthecell,knownasthestacksequence.Forexample,somestudieshavefoundthatplacingthecathodeontheoutsideofthecelltendstogeneratehigherperformanceduetoimprovedgastransportandreducedresistancelosses.However,otherstudieshavefoundthatreversingthestacksequencecanleadtobetterperformanceduetoimproveddepositionofcathodematerialontotheelectrolyte.

Theoperatingconditionsofthecell,suchastemperature,pressure,andgascomposition,alsoplayanimportantroleindeterminingtheperformanceofsymmetricalsolidoxidecells.Increasingtheoperatingtemperaturecanleadtohigherperformanceduetoincreasedreactionratesandimprovedelectrodekinetics,butitcanalsoincreasetheriskofmaterialdegradationanddamagetothecellstructure.Similarly,changingthegascompositioncanalterthereactionratesandtransportpropertiesofthecell,influencingitsperformance.

Conclusion

Thedevelopmentandoptimizationofsymmetricalsolidoxidecellscomposedofoxideelectrodematerialsisapromisingareaofresearchinthefieldofcleanenergy.Theelectricalconductivity,chemicalstability,andmechanicalperformanceofoxideelectrodematerialsplayacriticalroleindeterminingtheperformanceofthesecells,andtheirpropertiesshouldbecarefullyconsideredwhendesigninganddevelopinghigh-performancecells.OptimizationofthestacksequenceandoperatingconditionscanfurtherenhancetheperformanceofsymmetricalsolidoxidecellsandleadtothedevelopmentofevenmoreadvancedfuelcelltechnologiesinthefutureInadditiontothementionedproperties,thethermalshockresistanceandthermalexpansioncoefficientofoxideelectrodesarealsoimportantfactorstoconsiderinthedesignofsolidoxidefuelcells(SOFCs).Typically,materialswithhighthermalshockresistanceandlowthermalexpansioncoefficientsarepreferredtoensurethestructuralintegrityandavoidcrackingordelaminationoftheelectrodesduringthermalcycling.

OneofthemostwidelyusedoxideelectrodematerialsinSOFCsislanthanumstrontiummanganite(LSM),duetoitshighelectricalconductivityandgoodchemicalstabilityinreducingenvironments.However,ithassomedrawbackssuchaspoorthermalshockresistanceandrapiddegradationathightemperatures,whichlimititsapplicationinadvancedSOFCsthatrequirehigh-performanceelectrodes.

Toovercometheselimitations,severalmodificationshavebeenproposedtoenhancetheperformanceanddurabilityofLSM-basedelectrodes.Forinstance,dopingLSMwithtransitionmetalelementssuchasiron,cobalt,ornickelhasbeenshowntoimprovethethermalstabilityandelectrochemicalactivityoftheelectrode.Moreover,theadditionofanoxygen-ionconductivephasesuchasyttria-stabilizedzirconia(YSZ)orgadolinium-dopedceria(GDC)canfurtherenhancetheperformanceandstabilityofLSM-basedelectrodesbypromotingthetransportofoxygenions.

AnotherpromisingoxideelectrodematerialforSOFCsisperovskite-typeoxidessuchasstrontiumtitanate(STO),whichexhibithighionicconductivityandgoodchemicalstabilityinbothoxidizingandreducingenvironments.However,theirlowelectronicconductivitylimitstheirapplicationasthesoleelectrodematerialinSOFCs,andtheyneedtobecombinedwithelectronicallyconductivematerialstoachievehighperformance.

Recently,multidimensionalnanostructuredperovskite-basedelectrodeshavebeendevelopedtoaddressthisissueandenablehigh-performanceSOFCs.Theseelectrodes,whichconsistofananoscalenetworkofperovskiteoxidesandelectronicconductivematerials,canprovidealargesurfaceareaforelectrochemicalreactionsandfacilitatethetransportofchargeandmassintheelectrode.

Overall,thedevelopmentofhigh-performanceoxideelectrodematerialsiscriticalfortheadvancementofSOFCsandtheirapplicationinvariousenergysystems.Theoptimizationoftheirpropertiesandtheirintegrationinadvancedcelldesignscanleadtothedevelopmentofefficient,reliable,andenvironmentallyfriendlyfuelcelltechnologiesthatcanmeettheincreasingdemandforcleanandsustainableenergyinthefutureInadditiontoimprovingthepropertiesoftheelectrodematerialsthemselves,thedesignandengineeringofthefuelcellsystemcanalsogreatlyimpacttheperformanceandefficiencyoftheSOFC.Oneapproachthathasbeenexploredistheuseofmultilayeredorgradedelectrodes.Theseelectrodesconsistofmultiplelayerswithdifferentcompositionsorpropertiesthataretailoredtoenhancevariousaspectsoftheelectrochemicalreaction.

Forexample,agradedcathodecanbedesignedwithaporousouterlayertofacilitategasdiffusionandadenseinnerlayerforbetterelectronicconductivity.Similarly,agradedanodecanbedesignedwithaporousouterlayerforgasdiffusionandagradedinnerlayerwithhighcatalyticactivityneartheelectrolyteinterface.Theuseofsuchmultilayeredelectrodescanimprovetheelectrodeperformanceanddurability,leadingtolongercelllifetimesandhigherenergyconversionefficiencies.

Anotherimportantfactortoconsideristhemicrostructureoftheelectrode.ThemicrostructureinfluencesthetransportofchargeandmasswithintheelectrodeandcanhaveasignificantimpactontheperformanceoftheSOFC.Forexample,ahighlyporouselectrodewithlargesurfaceareacanenhancetheoxygenreductionreactionatthecathode,butmayalsoleadtoincreasedresistanceanddecreasedconductivity.

Varioustechniqueshavebeendevelopedtocontrolandoptimizethemicrostructureoftheelectrode.Forexample,theel