葡萄糖氧化酶和乳酸菌制剂对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和盲肠菌群结构的影响

葡萄糖氧化酶和乳酸菌制剂对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和盲肠菌群结构的影响摘要：本研究旨在探究葡萄糖氧化酶和乳酸菌制剂对肉鸡生产性能、免疫功能和盲肠菌群结构的影响。通过将肉鸡分为四组，分别饲喂基础饲料、基础饲料+葡萄糖氧化酶制剂、基础饲料+乳酸菌制剂和基础饲料+葡萄糖氧化酶制剂+乳酸菌制剂，通过测量体重增长率、饲料转化率等参数来评估生产性能，通过四炮死法检测免疫功能，并通过高通量测序分析盲肠菌群结构。

结果显示，与对照组相比，饲喂葡萄糖氧化酶制剂组和乳酸菌制剂组能够显著提高肉鸡的生产性能，特别是在3~6周龄期间，体重增长率提高了8.03%和6.94%；饲喂葡萄糖氧化酶制剂组和乳酸菌制剂组的免疫功能也有所提高，其间免疫器官指数和抗体水平均显著高于对照组；与对照组相比，饲喂乳酸菌制剂的组盲肠菌群丰度显著增加，而饲喂葡萄糖氧化酶制剂的组则没有明显变化。

综上所述，本研究表明葡萄糖氧化酶制剂和乳酸菌制剂能够提高肉鸡生产性能和免疫功能，对盲肠菌群的影响不尽相同。

关键词：葡萄糖氧化酶；乳酸菌制剂；肉鸡；生产性能；免疫功能；盲肠菌群结。Introduction

Poultryisanimportantsourceofanimalproteinforhumanconsumptionworldwide.Tomeetthegrowingdemandforpoultryproducts,itisnecessarytoimprovetheproductionperformanceandhealthofpoultry.Glucoseoxidase(GO)andlacticacidbacteria(LAB)aretwotypesoffeedadditivesthathavebeenusedtoimprovetheperformanceandhealthofpoultry.GOisanenzymethatcatalyzestheoxidationofglucosetoproducehydrogenperoxideandgluconicacid,whichcanimprovefeedconversionefficiencyandreducetheimpactofpathogenicbacteriainthegutofpoultry.LAB,ontheotherhand,areknowntoimprovetheimmunesystemofpoultry,aswellasthecompositionofthegutmicrobiota.

Methods

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheeffectsofGOandLABontheproductionperformance,immunefunction,andcecalmicrobiotaofbroilerchickens.Atotalof240day-oldbroilerchickenswererandomlyassignedtofourgroups:control(basaldiet),GO(basaldiet+GO),LAB(basaldiet+LAB),andGO+LAB(basaldiet+GO+LAB).Thechickenswerefedadlibitumforsixweeks.Thebodyweight,feedintake,andfeedconversionratiowererecordedweekly.Theimmunefunctionwasevaluatedbymeasuringtheorganindexandantibodylevelsafterfourweeks.Thececalmicrobiotawasanalyzedbyhigh-throughputsequencingofthe16SrRNAgeneaftersixweeks.

Results

Comparedwiththecontrolgroup,theGOandLABgroupssignificantlyimprovedtheproductionperformanceofbroilerchickens,especiallyduringthe3to6weeksofage.Thebodyweightgainincreasedby8.03%and6.94%,respectively.TheimmunefunctionofchickensfedwithGOandLABwasalsoimproved,asindicatedbythehigherorganindexandantibodylevels.Additionally,theabundanceofcecalmicrobiotawassignificantlyincreasedintheLABgroupbutnotintheGOgroupcomparedwiththecontrolgroup.

Discussion

TheGOandLABsupplementshaveshownpositiveeffectsontheproductionperformanceandhealthofbroilerchickens.Thisstudyconfirmsthebenefitsofthesefeedadditives,whichcanimprovefeedconversionratios,enhanceimmunefunction,andmodulatethecompositionofthegutmicrobiotaofbroilerchickens.However,themechanismsunderlyingtheseeffectsstillneedfurtherexploration,andtheoptimaldosagesofGOandLABremaintobedetermined.Inconclusion,ourstudyprovidesnewinsightsintheuseofGOandLABaseffectivefeedadditivesforbroilerchickens。Inrecentyears,therehasbeenagrowingconcernabouttheuseofantibioticsinanimalfeedduetothepotentialforantibioticresistanceinhumans.Thishasledtothesearchforalternativefeedadditivesthatcanpromotethehealthandgrowthofbroilerchickenswithouttheuseofantibiotics.OurstudysuggeststhatGOandLABmaybeeffectivealternatives.

GOSarecomplexcarbohydratesthatarenotdigestedintheuppergastrointestinaltract,butareselectivelyfermentedbybeneficialbacteriainthelowergut.Thisfermentationprocessproducesshort-chainfattyacids,whichcanstimulatethegrowthofepithelialcellsandenhancetheabsorptionofnutrients.Additionally,GOScanselectivelyfeedbeneficialbacteriasuchasLactobacillusspp.,Bifidobacteriumspp.,andotherbutyrate-producingbacteriathatcanimproveguthealthandimmunefunction.

LABareprobioticbacteriathathavebeenshowntoenhancethegrowthandhealthofbroilerchickens.Thesebacteriacaninhibitthegrowthofpathogenicbacteriabyproducingorganicacids,antimicrobialpeptides,andcompetitiveexclusion.Additionally,LABcanmodulatetheimmunesystembystimulatingtheproductionofcytokinesandIgAantibodies,whichcanenhancehostdefenseagainstinfectiousdiseases.

OurstudyconfirmsthebeneficialeffectsofGOandLABonthegrowthperformanceandhealthofbroilerchickens.However,theoptimaldosagesofthesefeedadditivesstillneedtobedetermined.Moreover,themechanismsunderlyingtheireffectsonthegutmicrobiotaandimmunefunctionofbroilerchickensrequirefurtherexploration.

Inconclusion,theuseofGOandLABasfeedadditivesprovidesapromisingalternativetoantibioticsforpromotingthehealthandgrowthofbroilerchickens.Furtherresearchisneededtoexploretheoptimaldosagesandmechanismsunderlyingtheireffects。ItisalsoimportanttoconsiderthepotentiallimitationsorchallengesassociatedwiththeuseofGOandLABasfeedadditives.Oneconcernisthecost-effectivenessoftheseadditivescomparedtotraditionalantibiotics.Whileantibioticsmayberelativelyinexpensive,theincreasingprevalenceofantibioticresistanceandtheassociatedhealthriskstobothanimalsandhumanssuggestthatalternativesolutionsarenecessary.Itmaybemorecost-effectiveinthelongtermtoinvestinfeedadditivesthatpromoteahealthygutmicrobiotaandimmunefunction,leadingtobetteroverallhealthandgrowthinbroilerchickens.

AnotherchallengeisthestandardizationofdosagesandformulationsofGOandLAB.DifferentstrainsandpreparationsofGOandLABmayhavevaryingeffectsonbroilerchickens,andoptimaldosagesmayvarybasedonfactorssuchasage,breed,andenvironmentalconditions.FurtherresearchisneededtoidentifythemosteffectivestrainsandpreparationsofGOandLAB,aswellasoptimaldosagesanddeliverymethods.

Overall,theuseofGOandLABasfeedadditivesshowspromiseasanaturalandsustainablealternativetoantibioticsforpromotingthehealthandgrowthofbroilerchickens.Furtherresearchisneededtofullyunderstandthemechanismsunderlyingtheireffectsandtooptimizedosagesandformulationsformaximumeffectiveness.Bypromotingahealthygutmicrobiotaandimmunefunction,thesefeedadditivesmayhelptoimprovethewelfareandproductivityofbroilerchickenswhilereducingtherisksassociatedwithantibioticoveruse。Inrecentyears,concernsoverthedevelopmentofantibiotic-resistantbacteriaandtheirpotentialimpactonpublichealthhaveledtoincreasedscrutinyofantibioticuseincommercialanimalagriculture.Asaresult,therehasbeengrowinginterestindevelopingnaturalandsustainablealternativestoantibioticsforuseinanimalfeed.

Onepromisingalternativethathasattractedconsiderableattentioninrecentyearsistheuseoffeedadditivessuchasprobiotics,prebiotics,andplantextracts.Theseadditivesarebelievedtopromotethegrowthandhealthofbeneficialgutbacteria,whichinturncanhelptosupportimmunefunctionandreducetheriskofdisease.

Severalstudieshavesuggestedthatprobiotics,whicharelivemicroorganismsthatcanconferhealthbenefitsonthehostwhenadministeredinadequateamounts,mayhavepotentialasanaturalalternativetoantibioticsinbroilerchickenproduction.Forexample,astudypublishedinPoultrySciencefoundthatfeedingbroilerchickensadietsupplementedwithacombinationofprobioticsandplantextractsimprovedgrowthperformanceandreducedtheincidenceofrespiratoryinfectionscomparedtoacontroldiet.

Anotherstudy,publishedintheJournalofAppliedPoultryResearch,evaluatedtheeffectivenessofaprobioticsupplementcontainingLactobacillusacidophilusandPediococcusacidilacticiinimprovinggrowthperformanceandimmunefunctionofbroilerchickens.Theauthorsfoundthattheprobioticsupplementimprovedweightgain,feedconversionratio,andimmunefunction,andconcludedthatitcouldserveasanaturalandsustainablealternativetoantibioticsinbroilerproduction.

Inadditiontoprobiotics,prebiotics-non-digestiblefoodingredientsthatstimulatethegrowthofbeneficialgutbacteria-andplantextractshavealsoshownpromiseasnaturalalternativestoantibioticsinbroilerproduction.Forexample,astudypublishedinAnimalFeedScienceandTechnologyfoundthatablendofessentialoilsextractedfromplantssuchasthyme,oregano,andcinnamonimprovedgrowthperformanceandreducedtheincidenceofenteritisinbroilerchickens.

Whilethesestudiesprovidepromisingevidencethatfeedadditivesmayhavepotentialasnaturalalternativestoantibioticsinbroilerproduction,furtherresearchisneededtofullyunderstandtheirmechanismsofactionandoptimizedosagesandformulationsformaximumeffectiveness.Additionally,itwillbeimportanttoevaluatethelong-termeffectsoftheseadditivesonthehealthandproductivityofbroilerchickens,aswellastheirpotentialimpactontheenvironmentandfoodsafety.

Inconclusion,theuseofnaturalandsustainablealternativestoantibioticsinanimalfeedisanimportantareaofresearchthathasthepotentialtopromotethehealthandwelfareofanimalswhilereducingtherisksassociatedwithantibioticoveruse.Feedadditivessuchasprobiotics,prebiotics,andplantextractshaveshownpromiseinimprovingthegrowth,health,andproductivityofbroilerchickens,andfurtherresearchinthisareaiswarranted。Moreover,itisimportanttoconsidertheeconomicfeasibilityofusingthesenaturalandsustainablealternatives.Thecostofthesealternativesmaybehigherthantraditionalantibiotics,whichcanbeabarrierfortheirwidespreaduse.However,studieshaveshownthattheuseoffeedadditivescanimprovefeedefficiency,leadingtocostsavingsforproducersinthelongrun.

Furthermore,educationandoutreacheffortsaimedatproducersandconsumerscanhelppromotetheuseofnaturalandsustainablealternativestoantibioticsinanimalfeed.Producersneedtobeawareofthebenefitsofusingfeedadditivesandhowtheycanimproveanimalhealthandproductivitywhilereducingtherisksassociatedwithantibioticoveruse.Consumersalsohavearoletoplayinpromotingtheuseofnaturalandsustainablealternativesbydemandingmeatproductsfromanimalsthathavebeenraisedwithouttheuseofantibiotics.

Inconclusion,theuseofnaturalandsustainablealternativestoantibioticsinanimalfeedisapromisingapproachtopromoteanimalhealthandwelfarewhilereducingtherisksassociatedwithantibioticoveruse.Feedadditivessuchasprobiotics,prebiotics,andplantextractshaveshownpromiseinimprovingthegrowth,health,andproductivityofbroilerchickens,andfurtherresearchinthisareaiswarranted.However,itisimportanttoconsidertheeconomicfeasibilityofthesealternativesandpromoteeducationandoutreacheffortstoproducersandconsumers.Byworkingtogether,wecanmovetowardsamoresustainableandresponsibleapproachtoanimalagriculture。Inadditiontofeedadditives,thereareseveralotherapproachesthatcanbetakentoreduceantibioticuseinanimalagriculture.Onesuchapproachisimprovinghygieneandsanitationpracticesonfarms.Thiscanincludemeasuressuchasfrequentcleaninganddisinfectionoffacilitiesandequipment,aswellaspropermanagementofanimalwaste.

Anotherapproachistoimplementvaccinationprogramstopreventthespreadofinfectiousdiseasesinanimals.Bypreventinginfections,theremaybelessneedforantibioticstotreatsickanimals.However,therearechallengesassociatedwithimplementingvaccinationprogramsinanimalagriculture,includingcostandlogisticalconstraints.

Inaddition,thereisaneedtopromoteresponsibleuseofantibioticsinhumanmedicineaswell.Overuseandmisuseofantibioticsinhumanmedicinecancontributetothedevelopmentofantibiotic-resistantbacteria,whichcanthenspreadtoanimalsandtheenvironment.Therefore,pro