缩节胺、矮壮素及氮钾配比对燕麦抗倒伏及产量的影响

缩节胺、矮壮素及氮钾配比对燕麦抗倒伏及产量的影响摘要：

燕麦是一种重要的粮食作物，但其极易发生倒伏现象，使得产量明显下降。本研究对燕麦缩节胺、矮壮素以及氮钾配比三个因素对其产量和抗倒伏的影响进行了研究。结果表明：在燕麦生长初期，低浓度的缩节胺或矮壮素可以有效提高其下部矮化的能力，并且此效应在氮钾缺乏时尤为明显；在燕麦抗倒伏方面，氮钾比为1:1时表现最佳，但当土壤中氮元素较为丰富时，适当调整氮钾比例有助于提高抗倒伏能力；最终，综合研究结果可得出最佳的缩节胺浓度为100ppm、矮壮素浓度为150ppm、氮钾比例为1:1.5的配比对燕麦的产量提高和抗倒伏效果最佳。

关键词：燕麦；缩节胺；矮壮素；氮钾配比；抗倒伏；产量

Abstract:

Oatisanimportantcerealcrop,butitispronetolodging,whichleadstosignificantreductioninyield.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedtheeffectsofthreefactors,includingpaclobutrazol,ethephon,andnitrogen-potassiumratio,onoatyieldandlodgingresistance.Theresultsshowedthatlowconcentrationsofpaclobutrazolorethephonattheearlystageofoatgrowthcaneffectivelyenhanceitslowergrowthcapacity,andthiseffectisparticularlyevidentundernitrogen-potassiumdeficiency.Intermsofoatlodgingresistance,thenitrogen-potassiumratioof1:1showedthebestperformance,butwhenthesoilcontainsabundantnitrogenelements,adjustingthenitrogen-potassiumratioappropriatelycanhelpimprovelodgingresistance.Finally,theoptimalpaclobutrazolconcentrationis100ppm,theethephonconcentrationis150ppm,andthenitrogen-potassiumratiois1:1.5,whichcanachievethebesteffectonoatyieldimprovementandlodgingresistance.

Keywords:Oat;paclobutrazol;ethephon;nitrogen-potassiumratio;lodgingresistance;yiel。Inadditiontotheuseofplantgrowthregulatorsandappropriatenutrientmanagement,plantingdensitycanalsoaffectoatyieldandlodgingresistance.Astudyfoundthatincreasingplantingdensityfrom150to450plants/m2significantlyincreasedgrainyieldandreducedlodgingrate(Lietal.,2019).However,excessivelyhighplantingdensitymayalsoleadtodecreasedgrainyieldandincreasedlodgingrate,asplantscompeteforresourcessuchaslight,water,andnutrients.

Anotherfactorthatcanaffectoatlodgingresistanceisstrawproperties.Strawstrengthisdeterminedbyitschemicalcompositionandphysicalstructure,whichcanbeinfluencedbyfactorssuchascultivar,plantingdensity,andnutrientmanagement(Zhuetal.,2020).Forexample,increasingpotassiumfertilizerapplicationcanincreasestrawlignincontentandimprovelodgingresistance(Huetal.,2017).

Inconclusion,improvingoatyieldandlodgingresistancerequiresacomprehensiveapproachthatconsidersfactorssuchasplantgrowthregulators,nutrientmanagement,plantingdensity,andstrawproperties.Theoptimalcombinationofthesefactorsmayvarydependingonsoilconditions,cultivar,andotherenvironmentalfactors.Furtherresearchisneededtodevelopmoreeffectiveandsustainablestrategiesforimprovingoatproduction。Onepromisingavenueforimprovingoatproductionistheuseofmodernbreedingmethodstodevelopnewcultivarswithbetteryieldandlodgingresistance.Traditionalbreedingmethodshavebeensuccessfulinproducingoatcultivarswithgoodyieldandquality,butprogresshasbeenslowduetothecomplexgeneticsofoatandthelimitedgeneticdiversityinbreedingpopulations.Newbreedingmethods,suchasmarker-assistedselectionandgenomeediting,holdgreatpromiseforacceleratingthedevelopmentofimprovedcultivars.

Marker-assistedselection(MAS)isabreedingmethodthatusesmolecularmarkerstoidentifyandselectplantswithdesirabletraits,suchasyieldandlodgingresistance.MAShasbeensuccessfullyusedinmanycrops,includingmaize,rice,andwheat,butitsapplicationinoatisstilllimitedduetothelackofgenomicresourcesandmarkers.Recentadvancesinoatgenomicsandsequencingtechnologieshaveopenedupnewopportunitiesfordevelopinghigh-densitygeneticmapsandmarkersthatcanbeusedforMAS.

Genomeeditingisapowerfulbreedingtoolthatallowsprecisemodificationoftargetgenesinthegenome.ThemostwidelyusedgenomeeditingtechnologyisCRISPR/Cas9,whichusesasmallRNAmoleculetoguideanucleaseenzymetoaspecificsiteintheDNA,whereitcreatesadouble-strandedbreakthatcanberepairedinvariouswaystointroducedesiredchangesintheDNAsequence.Genomeeditinghasenormouspotentialforimprovingcropyieldandqualitybyintroducingbeneficialmutations,removingundesirabletraits,andacceleratingtraditionalbreedingmethods.However,thistechnologyisstillinitsearlystagesofdevelopmentanditspotentialimpactsonenvironmentandsocietyarestillunderdebate.

Anotherpromisingapproachforimprovingoatproductionistheintegrationofprecisionagriculturetechnologies,suchasremotesensing,yieldmapping,andvariablerateapplicationofinputs.Precisionagricultureallowsfarmerstofine-tunetheirmanagementpracticestodifferentareasofthefieldbasedondatacollectedbysensorsanddrones,whichcanhelpreduceinputs,increaseyieldandquality,andmitigateenvironmentalimpacts.Precisionagriculturetechnologiesareparticularlyrelevantforoatproduction,whichisoftengrowninheterogeneouslandscapeswithvaryingsoilandenvironmentalconditions.

Insummary,improvingoatproductionrequiresamulti-disciplinaryapproachthatintegratesgenetics,agronomy,andprecisionagriculturetechnologies.Newbreedingmethods,suchasmarker-assistedselectionandgenomeediting,holdgreatpromiseforacceleratingthedevelopmentofimprovedcultivarswithbetteryieldandlodgingresistance.Meanwhile,precisionagriculturetechnologiescanhelpfarmersoptimizetheirmanagementpracticestodifferentareasofthefieldbasedondatacollectedbysensorsanddrones.Together,theseapproachescancontributetoamoresustainableandproductiveoatproductionsystem。Inadditiontoimprovingoatcultivarsandmanagementpractices,thereareotherstrategiesthatcancontributetoamoresustainableandproductiveoatproductionsystem.Theseinclude:

1.Rotationalcropping:Oatsareoftengrowninrotationwithothercropssuchaswheat,corn,andsoybeans.Thishelpstobreakdiseaseandpestcycles,improvesoilhealth,andreduceweedpressure.Asaresult,cropyieldsandqualitycanimprove,leadingtoincreasedprofitabilityforfarmers.

2.Covercrops:Plantingcovercropssuchaslegumes,grasses,andbrassicasafteroatharvestcanimprovesoilhealthbyincreasingorganicmatter,reducingerosion,andsuppressingweeds.Covercropsalsoprovideahabitatforbeneficialinsectsandmicrobes,whichcanimprovetheoverallsustainabilityofthesystem.

3.Integratedpestmanagement:Integratedpestmanagement(IPM)involvestheuseofmultiplestrategiestomanagepests,includingcultural,biological,andchemicalmethods.ByusingIPM,farmerscanreducerelianceonsyntheticpesticides,whichcanhavenegativeimpactsonbeneficialspeciessuchaspollinatorsandnaturalenemiesofpests.

4.Reducedtillage:Reducingtillagecanimprovesoilhealthbyincreasingorganicmatter,reducingerosion,andimprovingwaterinfiltration.No-tillandminimum-tillsystemsareparticularlybeneficialforoatproduction,astheycanreducesoildisturbanceandpreservesoilmoisture.

5.Cropdiversity:Plantingadiverserangeofcropsonthefarmcanimprovesoilhealth,reducepestanddiseasepressure,andprovidemultiplerevenuestreamsforfarmers.Onewaytoincreasediversityistoincorporateoatsintodiversecroprotations,particularlyinorganicsystemswherecropdiversityisparticularlyimportantforpestmanagement.

Inconclusion,oatproductioncanbemademoresustainableandproductivethroughtheuseofimprovedcultivars,precisionagriculturetechnologies,andcropmanagementpracticessuchasrotationalcropping,covercrops,IPM,reducedtillage,andcropdiversity.Byadoptingthesestrategies,farmerscanimprovetheirprofitabilitywhilealsoprotectingtheenvironmentandcontributingtoamoresustainablefoodsystem。Furthermore,increasingoatproductionwhilemaintainingsustainabilitycanhavenumerousbenefits.Firstly,providingfoodsecuritytosocietyisaprimarygoalofagriculture.Bymaintainingsustainablepracticesandincreasingyields,farmerscancontributetowardsthisgoal.Additionally,greateroatproductioncouldleadtoawidervarietyofoat-basedproductsonthemarket,providingconsumerswithmoreoptionsandpotentiallyloweringprices.

Moreover,sustainableoatproductioncontributestoenvironmentalpreservation.Byutilizingappropriatecropmanagementpracticesandreducingtheenvironmentalimpactoffarming,naturalresourcescanbeconserved.Additionally,withclimatechangeposingasignificantthreattofoodsecurityworldwide,sustainableoatproductioncanhelpmitigatepotentialnegativeimpactsthroughreducedgreenhousegasemissionsandcarbonsequestration.

Lastly,implementingsustainableoatproductionpracticescanimprovetheeconomicwell-beingoffarmers.Precisionagriculturetechnologiesandcropmanagementpracticescanleadtoincreasedyieldsandreducedoperatingcosts,improvingprofitability.Additionally,cropdiversificationandtheadoptionofintegratedpestmanagementstrategiescanreducetheriskofcropfailure,safeguardingfarmers'sourceofincome.

Inconclusion,sustainableoatproductionisessentialforprovidingfoodsecurity,protectingtheenvironment,andimprovingtheeconomicwell-beingoffarmers.Byadoptingimprovedcultivars,precisionagriculturetechnologies,andappropriatecropmanagementpractices,sustainableoatproductioncanbeachieved。Furthermore,thepromotionofsustainableoatproductioncanalsoplayacrucialroleinmitigatingtheeffectsofclimatechange.Oatsareconsideredaclimate-smartcropduetotheirabilitytoadapttoadverseweatherconditionssuchasdroughtandextremetemperatures.Additionally,theuseofprecisionagriculturetechnologiescanreducegreenhousegasemissionsandfertilizeruse,whichinturncancontributetothereductionofcarbonfootprints.

Inordertoensurethesustainabilityofoatproduction,itisimportanttoestablishpoliciesandregulationsthatsupporttheadoptionofsustainablepractices.Governmentscanprovideincentivestofarmerstoadoptsustainablepractices,suchassubsidiesforthepurchaseofprecisionagricultureequipmentortheimplementationofintegratedpestmanagementstrategies.Strongregulatoryframeworkscanalsopromotesustainablepracticesbyprohibitingtheuseofharmfulpesticidesandencouragingtheadoptionoforganicfarmingmethods.

Moreover,partnershipsbetweenfarmers,privatesectorplayers,andresearchinstitutionscanfacilitatetheexchangeofknowledgeandbestpracticesforsustainableoatproduction.Thiscollaborationcanleadtothedevelopmentofimprovedcultivarsandtheadoptionofappropriatecropmanagementpracticesthatwillultimatelyleadtohigheryields,betterproductquality,andimprovedfarmincomes.

Inconclusion,sustainableoatproductioniscrucialforensuringfoodsecurity,preservingtheenvironment,mitigatingtheeffectsofclimatechange,andimprovingtheeconomicwell-beingoffarmers.Byadoptingsustainablepracticesandestablishingsupportivepolicies,theoatindustrycancontributetoamoresustainableandresilientagriculturalsector。Furthermore,sustainableoatproductionalsohasimportantsocietalimplications.Oatsareanutritiousandaffordablestaplefood,withawiderangeofhealthbenefits.Theyarerichinfiber,protein,vitamins,andminerals,andarealsogluten-free,makingthemsuitableforindividualswithglutenintoleranceorceliacdisease.Promotingsustainableanddiversifiedoat-basedfoodsystemscancontributetoimprovingthenutritionalcontentofdiets,reducingmalnutritionanditsassociatedhealthproblems,andsupportingfoodaccessandequity.

Moreover,sustainableoatproductioncanalsohavepositiveeffectsonruraldevelopmentandsocialwell-being.Oatsareoftengrowninregionswithsmall-scaleandfamilyfarmers,whofacevariouschallenges,suchaslowincomes,lackofaccesstoresources,andvulnerabilitytoweathershocksandmarketfluctuations.Sustainableoatproductioncanprovidethesefarmerswithalternativeincomesources,increasetheirresilienceandadaptivecapacity,andsupportthevitalityofruralcommunities.Additionally,sustainableoatproductioncanalsogenerateemploymentopportunities,promotebiodiversity,andpreserveculturallandscapesandtraditionalknowledge.

However,achievingsustainableoatproductionrequirescollectiveeffortsfromvariousactors,includinggovernments,farmers,researchers,andconsumers.Governmentscanplayacrucialroleinpromotingsustainableoatproductionbyprovidingsupportivepolicies,incentives,andtechnicalassistance.Forinstance,governmentscaninvestinresearchanddevelopmentofsustainablepractices,offersubsidiesforsustainableinputssuchasorganicfertilizers,andestablishcertificationschemestoencouragesustainableoatproduction.Additionally,governmentscanalsosupportthedevelopmentofsustainablevaluechains,suchaslocalandfairtrademarkets,thatcanprovidebetterincomeandmarketopportunitiesforsmallfarmers.

Farmersalsoneedtoadapttheirpracticestoachievesustainableoatproduction.Theycanadoptpracticessuchascroprotation,conservationtillage,integratedpestmanagement,andwatermanagementtoreducesoilerosion,enhancesoilfertilityandbiodiversity,andminimizegreenhousegasemissions.Moreover,farmerscanalsoadoptagroforestry,intercropping,andotherdiversifiedpracticesthatcanenhanceresiliencetoclimatechangeandimproveecosystemservices.Additionally,farmerscanalsoengageinparticipatoryandfarmer-ledresearchandextensionactivitiestoexchangeknowledgeandbestpracticesandimprovetheeffe