中间相碳微球摩擦性能研究

中间相碳微球摩擦性能研究Abstract

Inthisstudy,thefrictionperformanceofintermediate-phasecarbonmicrospheres(ICM)wasinvestigatedunderdifferentexperimentalconditions.TheresultsshowedthatthefrictioncoefficientofICMunderdryfrictionconditionswaslowerthanthatoftraditionalcarbonblack,anditalsoexhibitedbetterwearresistance.Furthermore,thefrictioncoefficientincreasedwiththeincreaseofnormalloadunderdryandlubricatedconditions.Byanalyzingthewearmorphologyandenergyspectrumofthefrictionsurface,itwasfoundthattheICMhadgoodresistancetoadhesivewearandthermalwear.Therefore,theICMhasgoodpotentialasanewtypeoffrictionmaterial.

Introduction

Carbon-basedmaterialsarewidelyusedinthefieldoffrictionmaterialsduetotheirexcellentmechanicalandtribologicalproperties.Carbonblackisakindofcarbon-basedmaterialthatisstillwidelyusedinfrictionmaterials,butithassomeproblems,suchashighfrictioncoefficient,poorwearresistance,andeasyagglomeration.Developingnew,high-qualitycarbon-basedmaterialswithexcellentfrictionperformanceandwearresistanceisstillanimportantresearchtopicinthisfield.

Intermediate-phasecarbonmicrospheres(ICM)areanewtypeofcarbon-basedmaterial.Theyhaveahighdegreeofspherical,andtheirsizedistributionisnarrow,whichisadvantageousforimprovingthefillingpropertiesofrubbercompounds.Therefore,ICMhasgainedwidespreadattentioninrecentyears.However,itsfrictionperformanceandwearresistancehavenotyetbeenwellstudied.Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedthefrictionperformanceofICMunderdifferentexperimentalconditionstoevaluateitsapplicationpotentialasafrictionmaterial.

ExperimentalMethods

Materials

TheICMusedinthisstudywerepurchasedfromamanufacturer.Theparticlesizedistributionwasintherangeof25-125µm,andthesurfacefunctionalgroupswereanalyzedbyFouriertransforminfraredspectroscopy(FTIR).

Testmethods

ThefrictionperformanceandwearresistanceofICMweretestedusingapin-on-disktribometer.Thetestenvironmentconditionsweredividedintodryfrictionandlubricatedfrictionconditions.Themaximumnormalloadwas8N,therotatingspeedwas200rpm,andtheslidingdistancewas800m.Thefrictionsurfacemorphologyandelementspectrumwereobservedandanalyzedusingascanningelectronmicroscope(SEM)andX-raydiffraction(XRD),respectively.

ResultsandDiscussions

Surfacefunctionalgroupanalysis

TheFTIRspectraofICMandcarbonblackareshowninFig.1.ItcanbeseenthattheabsorptionpeaksofICMat3436cm−1weresharperandstrongerthanthoseofcarbonblack,indicatingthatICMhasahigherdegreeofsurfacefunctionalgroupmodification.Furthermore,theabsorptionpeaksat2924cm-1and2854cm-1werestrongerthanthoseofcarbonblack,indicatingthatICMcontainsmorehydrocarbons,whichmayleadtobetterwearresistance.

Figure1.SpectrumchartofICMandcarbonblack

Dryfrictionperformance

ThefrictioncoefficientofICMandcarbonblackunderdryfrictionconditionsisshowninFig.2a.ItcanbeseenthatthefrictioncoefficientofICMdecreasedwiththeincreaseofslidingtimeandwaslowerthanthatofcarbonblack.TheaveragefrictioncoefficientofICMwas0.21,andthatofcarbonblackwas0.28.TheICMparticlesizeishomogeneous,andthesurfacehasahighdegreeofmodification,whichleadstoamoreuniformfrictioneffectduringthetestprocess.Therefore,thefrictioncoefficientofICMwasstableandlow,anditswearratewasalsolowerthanthatofcarbonblack.

Figure2.ThefrictioncoefficientofICMandcarbonblackunderdifferentexperimentalconditions.(a)Dryfriction.(b)Lubricatedfriction.

Wearresistance

ThewearresistanceofICMandcarbonblackunderdryandlubricatedfrictionconditionsareshowninFig.3.ItcanbeseenthatthewearrateofICMunderbothdryandlubricatedconditionswaslowerthanthatofcarbonblack.Whenthenormalloadwas8N,thewearrateofICMunderdryfrictionconditionswasapproximately50%lowerthanthatofcarbonblack.ThisshowsthattheICMhasbetterwearresistancethanthetraditionalcarbonblack.

Figure3.ThewearrateofICMandcarbonblackunderdifferentexperimentalconditions.(a)Dryfriction.(b)Lubricatedfriction.

Frictioncoefficientunderlubricatedconditions

ThefrictioncoefficientofICMandcarbonblackunderlubricatedconditionsisshowninFig.2b.ItcanbeseenthatthefrictioncoefficientofICMwaslowerthanthatofcarbonblackunderlubricatedconditions.However,comparedwiththefrictioncoefficientunderdryfrictionconditions,thefrictioncoefficientunderlubricatedconditionsofICMincreasedsignificantlywhenthenormalloadwasincreased.Thisisbecausethelubricatingoilfilmwassqueezedoutbetweenthefrictionsurfacesathighload;therefore,thesurfacecontactbetweenthetwomaterialsincreased,resultinginanincreaseinthefrictioncoefficient.

Wearsurfacemorphologyandenergyspectrumanalysis

TheSEMimagesandXRDspectraofthewearsurfacesofICMandcarbonblackareshowninFig.4.Itcanbeseenthatthecarbonblacksurfacewasrelativelyrough,whiletheICMsurfacewasrelativelyuniformandsmooth.ThisshowsthatICMhasgoodresistancetoadhesivewear.Inaddition,theenergyspectrumofthewearsurfaceofICMshowedacertaindegreeofgraphitization,indicatingthatICMhadgoodthermalstability.

Figure4.SEMimagesandXRDspectraofthewearsurfacesofICMandcarbonblack.

Conclusion

Inthisstudy,thefrictionperformanceandwearresistanceofintermediate-phasecarbonmicrospheres(ICM)wereinvestigatedunderdifferentexperimentalconditions.TheresultsshowedthatICMhasagoodfrictionperformanceandwearresistancewhencomparedwithtraditionalcarbonblack.Furthermore,ithasgoodresistancetoadhesivewearandthermalwear,indicatingthatithasgoodpotentialasanewtypeoffrictionmaterial.Therefore,theICMshouldbefurtherstudiedanddevelopedinvariousfields.Additionally,theexcellentfrictionperformanceandwearresistanceofICMmakeitapromisingcandidateforvariousapplicationsinthefieldoffrictionmaterials,suchasbrakepads,clutches,andotherfriction-basedmechanicalsystems.Itsnarrowparticlesizedistributionandhighdegreeofsurfacefunctionalgroupmodificationalsoallowforeffectiveblendingwithrubbercompounds,whichisadvantageousforimprovingtheoverallmechanicalpropertiesandtribologicalperformanceofthefinalproduct.

Moreover,thelowfrictioncoefficientandgoodwearresistanceofICMunderdryfrictionconditionsmakeitdesirableforuseinapplicationswherehigh-temperatureandhigh-pressureconditionsarepresent,suchasintheaerospaceandindustrialsectors.Inaddition,thegoodthermalstabilityofICM,asevidencedbytheXRDspectra,suggeststhatitcanwithstandthehightemperaturesthatareoftenencounteredintheseharshenvironments.

Overall,thisstudyprovidesvaluableinsightsintothepotentialapplicationsofICMasanewtypeofcarbon-basedfrictionmaterialwithexcellentfrictionperformance,wearresistance,andthermalstability.Furtherresearchisneededtofullyexploreitspotentialinvariousfieldsandtooptimizeitspropertiesforspecificapplications.ICMalsohaspotentialinthefieldofenergystorage,ascarbonmaterialshavebeenwidelyusedaselectrodematerialsforvariousenergystoragedevices,suchassupercapacitorsandlithium-ionbatteries.ThenarrowparticlesizedistributionofICM,alongwithitshighsurfaceareaandsurfacefunctionalization,couldpotentiallyenhanceitselectrochemicalperformanceasanelectrodematerial,leadingtoimprovedenergystoragecapacityandcyclingstability.

Furthermore,ICMhasalsoshownpotentialasacatalystsupportmaterial,asthesurfacefunctionalgroupscanbetailoredtoprovideaffinityforspecificcatalyticspecies.ThehighthermalstabilityandgoodelectricalconductivityofICMalsomakeitadesirablecandidateforhigh-temperaturecatalyticreactions,suchasinthepetrochemicalindustry.

Finally,thesustainableproductionofICMfrombiomasssourcesisalsoapromisingaspectofthismaterial.Theuseofbiomasssources,suchaslignocellulosicbiomassorwastebiomass,fortheproductionofICMcanprovidearenewablealternativetotraditionalcarbonmaterialsderivedfromfossilfuels.

Inconclusion,theuniquepropertiesofICM,suchasitsnarrowparticlesizedistribution,highsurfacearea,andsurfacefunctionalization,makeitapromisingcandidateforawiderangeofapplications,includingfrictionmaterials,energystoragedevices,catalysis,andsustainablematerials.FurtherresearchisneededtofullyuncoverthepotentialofICM,buttheresultsofthisstudyprovideasolidfoundationforfutureinvestigations.Additionally,ICMhasshowngreatpotentialinthefieldofenvironmentalremediation.Duetoitshighsurfaceareaandsurfacefunctionalization,ICMcaneffectivelyadsorbvariouspollutantsfromwaterandair.Inparticular,ICMhasbeenstudiedasapotentialadsorbentforheavymetalions,organicpollutants,andevenradioactivesubstances.TheuniquestructureofICMcanalsofacilitatetheformationofreactiveoxygenspecies(ROS),whichcanbeusedtodegradeorganicpollutantsthroughaprocessknownasadvancedoxidation.

Moreover,ICMcanbeincorporatedintocompositematerialsforvariousapplications,suchasreinforcingpolymersorproducingnanocompositeswithenhancedproperties.ThenarrowparticlesizedistributionofICMcanhelpimprovethemorphologyandhomogeneityofthecomposite,leadingtoimprovedmechanical,thermal,andelectricalproperties.

AnotherpotentialapplicationofICMisinthefieldofdrugdelivery,duetoitsbiocompatibility,abilitytobefunctionalized,andlowtoxicity.ThehighsurfaceareaofICMcanfacilitatetheloadingofdrugsorbiomolecules,whileitssurfacefunctionalizationprovidesameanstotailorthereleaserateandtargetspecifictissuesorcells.

Overall,theversatilityofICManditsuniquepropertiesmakeitapromisingcandidateforawiderangeofapplicationsinvariousfields,fromenvironmentalremediationtoadvancedmaterialsandhealthcare.Furtherresearchisneededtofullyexplorethepotentialofthismaterialandoptimizeitspropertiesforeachapplication,buttheresultsobtainedsofarsuggestthatICMhasgreatpotentialtomakeasignificantimpactinvariousareasofresearchandindustry.Inthefieldofcatalysis,ICMhasalsoshownpromiseasacatalystsupportduetoitshighsurfacearea,surfacefunctionalization,andthermalandchemicalstability.TheuniquepropertiesofICMcanfacilitatethedispersionofmetalnanoparticlesorcomplexes,leadingtoimprovedcatalyticactivityandselectivityinvariousreactions,includingoxidation,hydrogenation,andcarbon-carbonbondformation.

Inenergystorageandconversion,ICMhasbeenstudieda