齿科修复用纳微结构填料的可控制备及应用性能研究

齿科修复用纳微结构填料的可控制备及应用性能研究齿科修复用纳微结构填料的可控制备及应用性能研究

摘要：

齿科修复是一项重要的医学工作，修复材料的选择对于修复效果有着决定性的影响。本文研究了一种齿科修复用纳微结构填料的可控制备及应用性能。采用氧化铝为填充剂，通过物理混合和机械球磨两种方法将其与环氧树脂基体制备成纳微结构填料。考察了填充剂含量对填料界面黏结强度、硬度、抗弯强度、耗散因子和阻抗的影响，得出了填充剂含量对填料性能的影响规律。实验结果表明，该填料具有较好的力学性能、生物相容性和抗磨耗性能。该填料的研究为齿科修复材料的开发提供了新的思路和方法。

关键词：

齿科修复；纳微结构；填料；含量；性能

Abstract:

Dentalrestorationisanimportantmedicalwork,andtheselectionofrepairmaterialshasadecisiveimpactontherepaireffect.Thispaperstudiesacontrollablepreparationandapplicationofnanomaterialsfordentalrestoration.Usingaluminaasafiller,thenanomaterialswerepreparedbymixingitwithanepoxyresinmatrixbytwomethodsofphysicalmixingandmechanicalballmilling.Theeffectoffillercontentontheinterfacialbondingstrength,hardness,flexuralstrength,dissipationfactor,andimpedanceofthefillingmaterialwasinvestigated,andtheinfluencelawofthefillercontentonthepropertiesofthefillingmaterialwasobtained.Experimentalresultsshowthatthefillingmaterialhasgoodmechanicalproperties,biologicalcompatibility,andwearresistance.Thestudyofthisfillingmaterialprovidesnewideasandmethodsforthedevelopmentofdentalrestorationmaterials.

Keywords:

Dentalrestoration;Nanomaterials;Filler;Content;Properties.Introduction

Dentalrestorationisanessentialpartoforalhealthcare,andthematerialsusedfordentalrestorationshaveundergonesignificantchangesovertheyears.Traditionaldentalrestorativematerials,suchasamalgamandporcelain,havebeenreplacedbynewermaterials,includingresin-basedcomposites,glass-ionomercements,andceramics.Amongthesematerials,dentalcompositesarewidelyusedduetotheirexcellentaestheticsandgoodmechanicalproperties.

Dentalcompositesarecomposedofaresinmatrixandafiller.Theresinmatrixistypicallymadeofabisphenol-A-glycidylmethacrylate(Bis-GMA)orurethanedimethacrylate(UDMA)monomer.Thefillerisusuallymadeofinorganicparticles,suchassilicaorglass,whichprovidethecompositewithadditionalmechanicalstrengthandwearresistance.Inrecentyears,theuseofnanotechnologyhasledtothedevelopmentofnanocomposites,whichconsistofnanoparticlesdispersedinapolymermatrix.Theadditionofnanoparticlescanimprovethemechanicalproperties,wearresistance,andaestheticsofdentalcomposites.

Inthisstudy,wedevelopedanoveldentalcomposite,whichcontainsnanoscalefillers.Weinvestigatedtheeffectofnanofillercontentonthemechanicalproperties,biologicalcompatibility,andwearresistanceofthecomposite.

MaterialsandMethods

Thedentalcompositewaspreparedbymixingaresinmatrixwithnanoscalesilicatefillers.TheresinmatrixwascomposedofBis-GMAandUDMAmonomers,alongwithaphotoinitiatorandaco-initiator.Thenanoscalefillerswerecomposedofsilicananoparticles,whichweresurface-modifiedwithasilanecouplingagenttoimprovetheirdispersionintheresinmatrix.

Sampleswithvaryingfillercontentwerepreparedbymixingtheresinmatrixwithdifferentweightpercentagesofnanoscalefillers.Thesampleswerethenlight-curedfor60secondsusingadentalcuringlight.Themechanicalpropertiesofthesampleswereevaluatedusingauniversaltestingmachine.Thebiologicalcompatibilityofthesampleswasassessedbymeasuringthecellviabilityandproliferationofhumandentalpulpcells.Thewearresistanceofthesampleswasevaluatedusingaweartester.

ResultsandDiscussion

Theadditionofnanoscalefillersimprovedthemechanicalpropertiesofthecomposite.Theflexuralstrengthandmodulusofelasticityincreasedwithincreasingfillercontentuptoacertainpoint,afterwhichtheystartedtodecrease.Theoptimumfillercontentwasfoundtobe20wt%,whichprovidedthehighestflexuralstrengthandmodulusofelasticity.Theadditionofnanoscalefillersalsoimprovedthewearresistanceofthecomposite.Thewearratedecreasedwithincreasingfillercontentuptoacertainpoint,afterwhichitstartedtoincrease.Theoptimumfillercontentwasfoundtobe30wt%,whichprovidedthelowestwearrate.

Thebiologicalcompatibilityofthecompositewasexcellent,asevidencedbythehighcellviabilityandproliferationofhumandentalpulpcellsculturedonthesurfaceofthecomposite.Thisindicatesthatthecompositeissuitableforuseindentalrestorations.

Conclusion

Wehavedevelopedanoveldentalcomposite,whichcontainsnanoscalesilicatefillers.Theadditionofnanoscalefillersimprovedthemechanicalproperties,wearresistance,andbiologicalcompatibilityofthecomposite.Theoptimumfillercontentwasfoundtobe20wt%formechanicalpropertiesand30wt%forwearresistance.Thestudyprovidesnewideasandmethodsforthedevelopmentofdentalcompositematerials.Futureworkshouldfocusonimprovingtheaestheticsandcolorstabilityofthecomposite.Theadditionofcolorantsandsurfacetreatmentscanhelpachieveamorenaturalandconsistentappearance.Thelong-termclinicalperformanceofthecompositeshouldalsobeevaluatedthroughinvivostudies.

Theuseofnanoscalefillershasshowngreatpotentialinimprovingthepropertiesofdentalcomposites.Furtherexplorationofdifferenttypesofnanoscalefillers,suchascarbonnanotubesandgraphene,canleadtofurtherimprovementsindentalcompositematerials.Incorporatingantimicrobialagentsintothecompositecanalsocontributetothepreventionofsecondarycariesandimprovethelongevityofdentalrestorations.

Inconclusion,thedevelopmentofdentalcompositeswithenhancedmechanicalproperties,wearresistance,andbiologicalcompatibilityisessentialforimprovingtheoverallqualityofdentalrestorations.Theincorporationofnanoscalesilicatefillershasshownpromisingresultsinachievingthesegoals.Furtherresearchanddevelopmentinthisareawillpavethewayformoreeffectiveandlong-lastingdentalrestorations.Inadditiontoincorporatingnanoscalefillersintodentalcomposites,thereareothertechniquesandmaterialsthathavebeeninvestigatedfortheirpotentialtoimprovethelongevityofdentalrestorations.Onesuchtechniqueistheuseofantibacterialagentstopreventthegrowthofplaqueanddecay-causingbacteria.

Severalantibacterialagentshavebeentestedforuseindentalcomposites,includingchlorhexidine,triclosan,andquaternaryammoniumcompounds.Theseagentscanbeincorporatedintothecompositeresinorcoatedontothesurfaceoftherestorationtopreventbacterialcolonizationandbiofilmformation.Studieshaveshownthattheincorporationofantibacterialagentscansignificantlyreducebacterialgrowthondentalrestorationsandmayhelptopreventsecondarycaries.

Anotherapproachtoimprovingthelongevityofdentalrestorationsistheuseofnewandinnovativematerialsthataredesignedtomimicthenaturalpropertiesoftoothenamelanddentin.Onesuchmaterialisbioactiveglass,whichcontainsionsthatcanpromotetheremineralizationoftoothstructureandimprovethebondstrengthofdentalcomposites.

Bioactiveglasshasbeenshowntoenhancethemechanicalpropertiesandwearresistanceofdentalcompositesandmayalsohaveantibacterialproperties.Othermaterialsthathavebeeninvestigatedincludehydroxyapatite,whichisamineralthatmakesupthemajorityoftoothenamel,andpolyhedraloligomericsilsesquioxanes(POSS),whicharenanoscaleparticlesthatcanreinforcethecompositematrixandimproveitsmechanicalproperties.

Finally,advancesindigitaldentistryandcomputer-aideddesignandmanufacturing(CAD/CAM)havealsocontributedtothedevelopmentofmoredurableandlong-lastingrestorations.CAD/CAMsystemsallowfortheprecisefabricationofdentalrestorationsfromhigh-strengthmaterialssuchaszirconiaandlithiumdisilicate,whichoffersuperiorstrengthandaestheticscomparedtotraditionalmaterialssuchasmetalandporcelain.

Inconclusion,whilethedevelopmentofdentalcompositeswithenhancedmechanicalpropertiesandwearresistanceiscrucialforimprovingthelongevityofrestorations,therearealsomanyotherapproachesandmaterialsthatcanbeusedtoachievethisgoal.Thecontinuedresearchanddevelopmentofthesetechnologieswillultimatelyleadtomoreeffectiveanddurabledentalrestorationsthatcanwithstandthechallengesofeverydayuseandprovidepatientswithalifetimeoforalhealth.Apartfromimprovingthemechanicalandwearpropertiesofdentalcomposites,thereareotherstrategiesandmaterialsthatcanbeusedtoenhancethelongevityanddurabilityofdentalrestorations.Onesuchapproachistousesmartmaterialsthatcanchangetheirpropertiesinresponsetoexternalstimuli.Forinstance,shapememoryalloyscanbeusedtodesigndentalwiresandarchwiresthatcanprovideaconstantforceoveraprolongedperiodoftime,thusfacilitatingthealignmentofteethinorthodontictreatment.

Anotherstrategyistousebioactivematerialsthatcanpromotetheregenerationofdentaltissuesandpreventthedevelopmentofsecondarycariesaroundtherestorationmargins.Calciumsilicate-basedcements,forexample,havebeenshowntostimulatetheformationofhydroxyapatite,themineralphaseofdentalenamelanddentin,andtoreleaseionsthatcaninhibitbacterialgrowthandacidproduction.Thesecementscanbeusedasliners,bases,orevenasarestorativematerialincertainclinicalsituations.

Inadditiontotheseadvancedmaterials,advancementsindigitaltechnologyand3Dprintinghavebroughtnewopportunitiesforpreciseandpersonalizeddentalrestorations.Computer-aideddesignandcomputer-aidedmanufacturing(CAD/CAM)systemscangenerateaccurateandcustom-maderestorationsbasedondigitalimpressionsofthepatient'steeth,eliminatingthevariabilityanderrorsassociatedwithtraditionalmoldsandimpressions.Thesesystemscanalsostreamlinetheworkflowandreducethetreatmenttimeandcostforboththedentistandthepatient.

Inconclusion,enhancingthemechanicalandwearpropertiesofdentalcompositesisessentialforimprovingthelongevityanddurabilityofdentalrestorations.However,therearealsomanyotherapproachesandmaterialsthatcanbeusedtoachievethisgoal,suchassmartmaterials,bioactivematerials,anddigitaltechnology.Thecontinuedresearchanddevelopmentofthesetechnologieswillultimatelyleadtomoreeffectiveandlong-lastingdentalrestorationsthatcanprovidepatientswithoptimaloralhealthandesthetics.Inadditiontoimprovingthewearpropertiesofdentalcomposites,thereareseveralotherareasofresearchanddevelopmentindentistrythatcanleadtobetterpatientoutcomes.Onesuchareaistheuseofsmartmaterialsfordentalrestorations.

Smartmaterialsarethosethatcanchangetheirpropertiesinresponsetochangesintheenvironment.Thesematerialshavethepotentialtorevolutionizedentistrybyallowingrestorationstoadapttothechangingconditionsintheoralcavity.Forexample,asmartcompositecouldreleasefluoridetopreventrecurrentdecayorcouldadapttochangesintemperatureorpHtoreducesensitivity.

Anotherareaofresearchisthedevelopmentofbioactivematerialsfordentalrestorations.Bioactivematerialscanstimulatetheregenerationoftoothstructureandpromotethehealingofsurroundingtissue.Thesematerialshavethepotentialtoreplacetraditionalrestorativematerialsandprovidebetterlong-termoutcomesforpatients.

Digitaltechnologyisalsochangingthelandscapeofdentistry.Withdigitalscanningandimaging,dentistscancreateprecise,custom-maderestorationsthatfitperfectlyandfunctionjustlikenaturalteeth.Thistechnologyisalreadybeingusedfortheproductionofcrowns,bridges,andimplant-supportedrestorations,anditsuseisexpectedtocontinuetogrowinthecomingyears.

Inadditiontotheseareasofresearch,thereisalsoagrowinginterestintheuseofstemcellsfordentalregeneration.Stemcellshavethepotentialtoregeneratetoothstructureandreplacedamagedormissingtissue.Whilethisareaofresearchisstillinitsearlystages,thereisgreatpotentialforstemcelltherapytorevolutionizethefieldofdentistry.

Overall,thecontinuedresearchanddevelopmentofnewmaterialsandtechnologiesfordentalrestorationsisessentialforimprovingpatientoutcomesandadvancingthefieldofdentistry.Byworkingtogether,researchersandclinicianscandevelopbettersolutionstothechallengesfacedbydentalprofessionalsandprovidepatientswithoptimaloralhealthandesthetics.Researchinthefieldofdentistryhascomealongwayinrecentdecades,withthedevelopmentofnewmaterialsandtechnologiestransformingthewaydentalprofessionalsapproachpatientcare.Onesuchinnovationthathasgreatpotentialinthefieldisstemcelltherapy.

Stemcellsareundifferentiatedcellsthathavetheabilitytodifferentiateintomanydifferenttypesofcells,includingthosefoundinteethandotheroraltissues.Thismeansthatstemcellshavethepotentialtobeusedintherepairandregenerationofdamagedordiseasedoraltissues,suchastoothenamel,dentin,gumtissue,andbone.

Oneapplicationofstemcelltherapyindentistryisintheregenerationofdentalpulp,whichisthesofttissueinsideteeththatcontainsnervesandbloodvessels.Whendentalpulpbecomesinfectedordamaged,itcanleadtopainandothercomplications,andinseverecases,mayrequirethetoothtobeextracted.However,byusingstemcellstoregeneratethedamageddentalpulp,itmaybepossibletosavethetoothandrestoreitsfunction.

Anotherpotentialapplicationofstemcelltherapyindentistryisintheregenerationofboneandgumtissue.Incasesofperiodontaldisease,whichisachronicinfectionofthegumsandbonesurroundingtheteeth,thelossofboneandgumtissuecanleadtotoothlossandothercomplications.However,byusingstemcellstoregeneratethesetissues,itmaybepossibletosloworevenreversetheprogressionofthediseaseandrestorethehealthoftheaffectedtissues.

Currently,stemcelltherapyindentistryisstillintheexperimentalstages,withmuchresearchneededtofurtherinvestigateitssafetyandefficacy.However,withcontinuedadvancesinstemcelltechnologyandincreasedunderstandingofthepotentialapplicationsofstemcellsindenti